VS

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIO

N ofINDIA SAUDI ARABIA

India

India is the world's most populous democracy. A parliamentary republic with a multi-party system. India is a federation with a parliamentary system

governed under the Constitution of India, which serves as the country's supreme legal.

With its central government and capital in NEW DELHI. India comprises of 29 states and 7 union territories.

POLITICAL SYSTEM

EXECUTIVE JUDICIARY LEGISLETURE

3 PILLARS OF POLITICAL SYSTEM

Executive• The President of India is the head of state and is elected indirectly by a

national electoral college for a five-year term. • The Prime Minister of India is the head of government and exercises

most executive power. • Appointed by the president, the prime minister is by convention

supported by the party or political alliance holding the majority of seats in the lower house of parliament.

• The executive branch of the Indian government consists of the president, the vice-president, and the Council of Ministers—the cabinet being its executive committee—headed by the prime minister.

• Any minister holding a portfolio must be a member of one of the houses of parliament.

• The executive is subordinate to the legislature; the prime minister and his council directly responsible to the lower house of the parliament

Legislative• The legislature of India is the bicameral parliament. It operates under

a Westminster-style parliamentary system and comprises the upper house called the Rajya Sabha ("Council of States") and the lower called the Lok Sabha ("House of the People").

• The Rajya Sabha is a permanent body that has 245 members who serve in staggered six-year terms.

• Most are elected indirectly by the state and territorial legislatures in numbers proportional to their state's share of the national population.

• All but two of the Lok Sabha's 545 members are directly elected by popular vote; they represent individual constituencies via five-year terms.

• The remaining two members are nominated by the president from among the Anglo-Indian community, in case the president decides that they are not adequately represented

Judicial• India has a unitary three-tier independent judiciary that comprises

the Supreme Court, headed by the Chief Justice of India, 21 High Courts, and a large number of trial courts.

• The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction over cases involving fundamental rights and over disputes between states and the Centre ; it has appellate jurisdiction over the High Courts.

• It has the power both to declare the law and to strike down union or state laws which contravene the constitution.

• The Supreme Court is also the ultimate interpreter of the constitution.

The administrative structure of the Government of India(The roles of the various Ministries are defined as per the Rules of Business)

President

Vice President

Prime MinisterCouncil of Ministers

Minister

Secretary

Additional Secretary

Joint Secretary

Minister Minister

The administrative structure of the State Governments.

Governor

Chief MinisterCouncil of Ministers

Minister

Secretary

Additional Secretary

Joint Secretary

Minister Minister

District Administration(District is a unit of administration, on an average a district has a population of about 2

million)

District Collector

Regulatory Administratio

n

Law and order

Land administratio

n

Tax collection

Coordination

Development

administration

The administrative structure of the Local Governments.

Defence• The supreme command of the Armed Forces

(more than one million strong) is vested in the President of India.

• The Chiefs of Staff of Army, Navy and Air Force are the administrative and operational heads with the administrative support of the Ministry of Defence.

• The Prime Minister under National Emergencies can also summon the Army.

• The Army also assists in relief work and restoring law and order in special circumstances.

Saudi Arabia

INTRODUCTION• Saudi Arabia is an absolute monarchy, although, according to the Basic

Law of Saudi Arabia adopted by royal decree in 1992, the king must comply with Sharia (that is, Islamic law) and the Quran.

• The Quran and the Sunnah (the traditions of Muhammad) are declared to be the country's constitution, but no written modern constitution has ever been written for Saudi Arabia, and Saudi Arabia remains the only Arab Nation where no national elections have ever taken place, since its creation. No political parties or national elections are permitted and according to The Economist's 2010 Democracy Index, the Saudi government is the seventh most authoritarian regime from among the 167 countries rated.

• On 25 September 2011, Saudi Arabia's King Abdullah has announced that women will have the right to stand and vote in future local elections and join the advisory Shura council as full members.

Monarchy and royal family

• The king combines legislative, executive, and judicial functions and royal decrees to form the basis of the country's legislation.

• The king is also the prime minister, and presides over the Council of Ministers (Majlis al-Wuzarāʾ), which comprises the first and second deputy prime.

• The royal family dominates the political system. The family’s vast numbers allow it to control most of the kingdom’s important posts and to have an involvement and presence at all levels of government.

• The royal family dominates the political system. The family’s vast numbers allow it to control most of the kingdom’s important posts and to have an involvement and presence at all levels of government.

• The number of princes is estimated to be at least 7,000, with most power and influence being wielded by the 200 or so male descendants of King Abdul Aziz.

• The Council of Ministers headed by king simultaneously undertakes both executive and legislative functions.

The Executive Branch• The executive branch of the Kingdom consists of the King, the Council of

Ministers, local governments, ministry subsidiaries, and other public, independent and quasi-independent agencies.

• The King has ultimate authority over the executive branch, the reference point for all authority ; he is also the supreme commander of all military forces.

• Headed by the Prime Minister (the King), the Council of Ministers is the direct executive authority in the Kingdom. The Council of Ministers has the power to set down the nation's internal, external, financial, economic, educational, and defense policies.

• the Council of Ministers has the power to set up committees which review the conduct of the ministries, other governmental agencies or any specific case which might be brought to its attention.

• Local governments, branches of ministries and other public agencies in the Kingdom's different regions are considered to be parts of the executive branch.

The Legislative (Regulatory) Branch

• Islamic Shari'ah, derived from the Qur'an and the Sunnah, forms the basis of Saudi Arabia's legal system.

• The Basic System used the term "regulatory authority" to refer to the Kingdom's legislative authority, which is entitled to lay down statutory laws and regulations.

• The legislative authority is shared by the King, the Council of Ministers, and the Consultative Council (Majlis al-Shura).

• The King in Saudi Arabia has a major and independent rulemaking function.

• Each minister has the right to propose a draft law or regulation related to the affairs of his ministry.

• To consider a proposal approved by the Council of Ministers, two-thirds of those members who are in attendance must agree to adopt it.

• It is important to note that in the process of enacting any legislation, the legislative authority must take into consideration the following factors: the legislation must not conflict with the clear text of the Qur'an or valid Sunnah.

The Judicial Branch• The current Saudi court system is composed of a Supreme Judicial

Council, Courts of Appeals, and First-Instance Courts (General Courts and Summary Courts).

• Saudi Arabia also has an administrative judicial body known as the Board of Grievances which stands alongside the Courts System and is affiliated directly with the King.

• The board judicial function is carried out through Board of Appeal Circuits, Circuits of Appeals, and First-Instance Circuits.

• Each of these judicial bodies has jurisdiction over cases brought before it in accordance with the law. In addition, the Saudi legal system has several administrative committees that adjudicate civil, commercial, administrative and criminal cases.

• The judicial jurisdiction of each committee is always determined by the decree which constituted it.

• The new Board of Grievances Law organizes the Board in the following order: seniority is held by the High Administrative Court, followed by the Administrative Courts of Appeals and, lastly, the Administrative Courts.

• The High Administrative Court will be established to look into cases objecting to the rules issued by Administrative Appeal Courts.

• There will be Administrative Courts to look into cases related to the rights of employees, administrative decisions, compensations, contracts, disciplinary actions and requests for the implementation of foreign rules.

• This section conducts a brief overview of the current and new Saudi Judicial System, and explores the qualifications, job performance, and training of judges along with those safeguards which are provided to judges to ensure their independence and impartiality.

Comparison

• From my point of view India has better public administration system.

• There is hand written constitution in India where as Saudi Arabia follow the Quran and the Sunnah.

• King can interfere in all the three branches legislature, executive and Judiciary.

• High corruption can take place in Saudi Arabia as whole power vast with king so he can take decision as per his need.

•

30 countries and their

Administration

BruneiAbsolute monarchy

Executive

All authority vested in absolute monarch

The political system in the country is governed by the constitution and the tradition of the Malay Islamic Monarchy, the concept of “Melayu Islam Beraja” (MIB). The three components of MIB cover Malay culture, Islamic religion and the political framework under the monarchy

OmanAbsolute monarchy

Executive

All authority vested in absolute monarch

The Basic Statute of the State stipulates that the system of governance is Sultani hereditary in the male descendants of Sayyid Turki bin Said bin Sultan, that the Sultan is the Head of the State and the Supreme Commander of Armed Forces, that he is to preside over the Council of Ministers, and that he is responsible for promulgating laws and appointing judges.

QatarAbsolute monarchy

Executive

All authority vested in absolute monarch

Qatar has an unelected, monarchic, emirate-type government. The position of emir is hereditary.

Council of Ministers The Emir has the exclusive power to appoint and remove the prime minister and cabinet ministers who, together, comprise the Council of Ministers, which is the supreme executive authority in the country. The Council of Ministers also initiates legislation. Laws and decrees proposed by the Council of Ministers are referred to the Advisory Council (Majilis Al Shura) for discussion after which they are submitted to the Emir for ratification.

Saudi ArabiaAbsolute monarchy

Executive

All authority vested in absolute monarch

The king combines legislative, executive, and judicial functions[57] and royal decrees to form the basis of the country's legislation.[58] The king is also the prime minister, and presides over the Council of Ministers (Majlis al-Wuzarāʾ), which comprises the first and second deputy prime.The Quran and the Sunnah (the traditions of Muhammad) are declared to be the country's constitution, but no written modern constitution has ever been written for Saudi Arabia, and Saudi Arabia remains the only Arab Nation where no national elections have ever taken place, since its creation.[54] No political parties or national elections are permitted

Swaziland Absolute monarchy Executive

All authority vested in absolute monarch

The king appoints the prime minister from the legislature and also appoints a minority of legislators to both chambers of Libandla (parliament), with help from an advisory council. The king is allowed by the constitution to appoint some members to parliament for special interests. These special interests are citizens who might have been left out by the electorate during the course of elections or did not enter as candidates. This is done in order to balance views in parliament. Special interests could be people of gender, race, disability, business community, civic society, scholars, chiefs and so on. The Senate consists of 30 members which some are appointed by the king on recommendation of the advisory council and others elected by the lower house. The House of Assembly has 65 seats, 55 of which are occupied by elected representatives from the 55 constituencies around the country, 10 appointed by the king on recommendation of the advisory council and the attorney general is the ex-officio member. Elections are held every five years.

Vatican City Absolute monarchy Executive

All authority vested in absolute monarch

The government of Vatican City has a unique structure. The Pope is the sovereign of the state. Legislative authority is vested in the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State, a body of cardinals appointed by the Pope for five-year periods. Executive power is in the hands of the President of that commission, assisted by the General Secretary and Deputy General Secretary. The state's foreign relations are entrusted to the Holy See'sSecretariat of State and diplomatic service. Nevertheless, the pope has full and absolute executive, legislative and judicial power over Vatican City. He is currently the only absolute monarch in Europe

Dominica Republic Ceremonial

Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

The president is the head of state, while executive power rests with the cabinet, headed by the prime minister. The unicameral parliament consists of the thirty-member House of Assembly, which consists of twenty-one directly elected members and nine senators, who may either be appointed by the president or elected by the other members of the House of Assembly.

East Timor Republic Ceremonial

Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

The head of state is the President, who is elected by popular vote for a five-year term. Although the role is largely symbolic, the president does have veto power over certain types of legislation. Following elections, the president appoints the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as the Prime Minister. As head of government, the prime minister presides over the Council of State or cabinet.

The unicameral Timorese parliament is the National Parliament whose members are elected by popular vote to a five-year term. The number of seats can vary from a minimum of fifty-two to a maximum of sixty-five, though it exceptionally has eighty-eight members at present, due to this being its first term of office.

Government departments include the police, Ministry for State and Internal Administration, Civil Aviation Division and Immigration Department.

Estonia Republic Ceremonial

Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Prime Minister of Estonia is the head of government and of a multi-party system. The political culture is very stable, where the power is held between two to three parties, that have been in politics for a long time.

he Riigikogu elects and appoints several high officials of the state, including the President of the Republic. The supreme judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court or Riigikohus, with 19 justices

Executive branch is formed by the Prime Minister of Estonia, nominated by the president and approved by the parliament. The government exercises executive power pursuant to the Constitution of Estonia and the laws of the Republic of Estonia and consists of 12 ministers, including the prime minister.

Ethiopia Republic Ceremonial

Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

The politics of Ethiopia takes place in a framework of a federal parliamentary republic, whereby the Prime Minister is the head of government. Executive power is exercised by the government. Federal legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament. the Judiciary is completely independent of the executive and the legislature.[65] The current realities of this provision are questioned in a report prepared by Freedom House.

Finland Republic Ceremonial

Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

the prime minister is country's most powerful politician. the President of Finland is the head of state. The 200-member unicameral Parliament of Finland exercises supreme legislative authority. The judicial system of Finland is a civil law system divided between courts with regular civil and criminal jurisdiction and administrative courts with jurisdiction over litigation between individuals and the public administration.

Germany Republic Ceremonial

Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

Amendments generally require a two-thirds majority of both chambers of parliament; the fundamental principles of the constitution, as expressed in the articles guaranteeing human dignity, the separation of powers, the federal structure, and the rule of law are valid in perpetuity. The chancellor is the head of government and exercises executive power. The members of the Bundesratrepresent the governments of the sixteen federated states and are members of the state cabinets.

Greece Republic Ceremonial

Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

The nominal head of state is the President of the Republic, who is elected by the Parliament for a five-year term. Executive power is exercised by the President of the Republic and the Government. The position of Prime Minister, Greece's head of government, belongs to the current leader of the political party that can obtain a vote of confidence by the Parliament. The President of the Republic formally appoints the Prime Minister and, on his recommendation, appoints and dismisses the other members of the Cabinet. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature and comprises three Supreme Courts.

Hungary Republic Ceremonial

Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

The members of the National Assembly elect the President of the Republic every five years. The President has a largely ceremonial role, but is nominally the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. The President's powers include the nomination of the Prime Minister who is elected by a majority of the votes of the Members of Parliament based on his recommendations. The Prime Minister has a leading role in the executive branch . the Prime Minister selects Cabinet ministers and has the exclusive right to dismiss them as is the case with the Chancellor of Germany.

India Republic Ceremonial

Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence

it has six recognised national parties and more than 40 regional parties. Federalism in India defines the power distribution between the federal government and the states. The federal government comprises three branches:

Executive: The President of India is the head of state[154] and is elected indirectly by a national electoral college[155] for a five-year term.[156] The Prime Minister of India is the head of government and exercises most executive power.

Legislative: The legislature of India is the bicameral parliament. It operates under a Westminster-style parliamentary system and comprises the upper house called the Rajya Sabha ("Council of States") and the lower called the Lok Sabha ("House of the People").[160] The Rajya Sabha is a permanent body that has 245 members who serve in staggered six-year terms

Judicial: India has a unitary three-tier independent judiciary[164] that comprises the Supreme Court, headed by the Chief Justice of India, 21 High Courts, and a large number of trial courts.[164] The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction over cases involving fundamental rights and over disputes between states and the centre; it hasappellate jurisdiction over the High Courts.

Sahrawi Republic Republic Executive

Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement

The highest office of the republic is the President who appoints the Prime Minister. The SADR's government structure consists of a Council of Ministers (a cabinet led by the Prime Minister), a judicial branch (with judges appointed by the President) and the parliamentary Sahrawi National Council.

Turkmenistan Republic Executive

Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement

The former Communist Party, now known as the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan, has been the only one effectively permitted to operate. Political gatherings are illegal unless government sanctioned. The politics of Turkmenistan take place in the framework of a presidential republic, with the President both head of state and head of government.

Eritrea Republic Executive

Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement

Eritrea is run by the People's Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ). The National Assembly has 150 seats, of which 75 are occupied by the PFDJ. National elections have been periodically scheduled and cancelled; none have ever been held in the country

Laos Republic Executive

Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement

The only legal political party is the Lao People's Revolutionary Party(LPRP). The head of state is President . The head of government is Prime Minister . Government policies are determined by the party through the all-powerful eleven-member Political Bureau and the 61-member Central Committee. Important government decisions are vetted by the Council of Ministers