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CEBU
GeographyGeographyHistory History
and and CultureCulture
1.1.IntroductionIntroduction
2.2.Geography of CebuGeography of Cebu
3.3.An Outline of An Outline of Philippine HistoryPhilippine History
4.Cebu History4.Cebu History
Physical Geography:
9°25'N and 11°15'N latitude and between
123°13'E and 124°5'E
600 kilometers south of Manila
Boundaries:
East---Camotes SeaWest---Tanon StraitNorth--Visayan Sea Southeast--Bohol
Strait
L - 250 kilometers
from North to South
W - 45
kilometers across at its widest point
5,088 sq. kms.
(508,839 has.)
1.7% of the total land
area of the country
• Ringed by about 166 smaller islands & islets of which
Mactan, Bantayan and Camotes are considered the largest.
• 1,000 meters highest elevation (Mt. Manunggal)
• Narrow coastlines, limestone plateaus, coastal plains, rolling hills and rugged mountain ranges.
• Lowland areas are more extensive in Carmen,
Mandaue, Cebu City, Talisay, Carcar, Argao, Barili,
Toledo, Asturias, Balamban. Bogo, San Remigio, Medellin
and Daan Bantayan
Average Annual Rainfall: 1,638.20 mmMinimum Monthly Rainfall: 50.40 mm Maximum Monthly Rainfall: 206.50 mm Mean Temperature Range: 26.49 C-28.79 C
Minimum Temperature: 22.69 C Maximum Temperature: 33.19 C
No major river systems or large lakes
30% arable land
Soil composition is mainly porous
calcareous materials that do not hold much water. Cebuanos most likely have
always been part time farmers and part time fishermen.
Probably formed 350 million years ago with
large marshes and abundant vegetation.
A million years BP, during the Pleistocene period (with four Ice Ages) Cebu was nothing more
than a series of coralline-topped islets which
eventually joined together to form one
island.
Cebu is a separate biogeographic and distinctive zone, thus the existence of endemic species of flora
and fauna.
BUBALUS CEBUENSES
The Cebu Flowerpecker was thought The Cebu Flowerpecker was thought to be extinct until 1992, when it was to be extinct until 1992, when it was
rediscovered in Tabunan. rediscovered in Tabunan. It is one of the most endangered It is one of the most endangered
birds in the world. birds in the world.
www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X6967E/x6967e07.htm
Table 1. Total Population of Top 10 by Sex: Cebu, 2000
MunicipalityTotal Population Percent Male Female
Cebu 2,377,588 100.00 1,194,700 1,182,888
Lapu lapu City (Opon) 217,019 9.13 106,099 110,920
Talisay City 148,110 6.23 71,309 76,801
Toledo City 141,174 5.94 71,719 69,455
Danao City 98,781 4.15 49,423 49,358
Carcar 89,199 3.75 45,276 43,923
Naga 80,189 3.37 40,332 39,857
Minglanilla 77,268 3.25 39,898 37,370
Daanbantayan 69,336 2.92 34,738 34,598
Bantayan 68,125 2.87 34,542 33,583
Liloan 64,970 2.73 32,619 32,351
Other Municipalities 1,303,417 55.66 668,745 654,672
Population:
* 2.8 million people of whom 700 thousand live in Cebu CityRank
City Population in 2000
1. Metro ManilaMetro Manila 9,932,560
2. * Metro Cebu* Metro Cebu * 1,195,5683. Davao CityDavao City 1,147,116
4. Zamboanga CityZamboanga City 601,794
5. Antipolo CityAntipolo City 470,866
6. Cagayan de Oro CityCagayan de Oro City 461,877
7. Bacolod CityBacolod City 429,076
8. General Santos CityGeneral Santos City 411,822
9. Iloilo CityIloilo City 365,820
10.
Iligan CityIligan City 285,061
Alcantara Alcoy
Alegría Aloguinsan
Argao Asturias Badian
Balamban Bantayan
Barili Boljoon Borbon Carcar Carmen Catmon
Compostela Consolación
Cordova
Daanbantayan Dalaguete Dumanjug Ginatilan
Liloan Madridejos Malabuyoc Medellin
Minglanilla Moalboal
Oslob Pilar
Pinamungahan Poro
Ronda Samboan
San Fernando San Francisco
San Remigio Santa Fe
Santander Sibonga Sogod
Tabogon Tabuelan Tuburan Tudela
Cebu City Danao City
Lapu-Lapu City Mandaue City Talisay City Toledo City
Dialect: Cebuano is the dialect in the province, . . . widely spoken in the Visayas and Mindanao. Cebuano is the indigenous language of Cebu. . . spoken in most parts of Central and Southern Philippine Islands, including Bohol, Western Leyte, Negros Oriental, the northern and eastern coasts of Mindanao, and parts of Bukidnon, Agusan, Surigao, Davao, Cotabato, and Zamboanga del Sur.
In the Camotes Islands, Porohanon is a language related to Waray-Waray . What distinguishes it from Cebuano is that what is normally "y" in Cebuano is "z" in Porohanon.
In Bantayan Island, Bantayan Visayan ... is closer to Hiligaynon than it is to Cebuano.
Spanish is spoken by its mestizo and Spanish communities.
Chinese (Fookien & Mandarin) are spoken by the Chinese Cebuanos.
English is also used in education, media, commerce, and the government.
Usual Question: Why Cebuanos and most Filipinos do not speak Spanish?
The Cebuano speaking world
Number of native speakers:Approximately a little more
than 20 million…
An Outline
of Philippine
History
400,000 BC
People belonging to the species Homo Erectus were the first to set foot in the Philippines
50,000 BCEThe Tabon Man made Stone tools
in the Tabon Cave in Palawan
40,000 BCE Negritos started to settle4500-300 BCE Multiple Austronesian migrations
100 - 900 CE
Emergence of several settlements in different parts of the Archipelago like the
Sulu Archipelago, Maguindanao, Surigao, Butuan, Misamis,
Zamboanga, Negros, Panay, Cebu, Manila
1240 CETuan Mash`ika, a Muslim,
traveled and introduced Islam to Sulu
1521 Arrival of the Spaniards
1565 Start of Spanish Colonization of the Philippines with Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
1570 Conquest of Manila & transfer of the Spanish Capital to Manila
1570-1770
Continuing process of conquest, colonization, & Christianization of the Philippines and the Filipinos despite threats from the Portuguese, Dutch and British to oust them from the Islands. Threats also came from several insurrections and rebellions from various parts of the Islands. The continued resistance of the people from the Muslim, Cordillera and other interior parts of the archipelago mostly failed.
1770 – 1898
Gradual incorporation of the Philippines to the expanding global trade network. Cash Crops were introduced for cultivation Commercialization of the Economy Opening of the Philippines to World Trade (1834) – The Rise of the Middle Class Opening of Schools and a University to the Filipinos - Rise of the IlustradosRise of Philippine Nationalism – Propaganda MovementPhilippine Revolution – Declaration of Philippine Independence
1898 – 1946
American Period of Philippine History Introduction of Self Rule by the Filipinos Introduction of Popular Education, Health and Sanitation ProgramsPhilippine Commonwealth Pacific War in the Philippines Granting of Philippine Independence
History of
Cebu
What was the state of Cebu before 1521?
When and where did Spanish Rule Begin in the Philippines?
Why did Legazpi move the Capital of the Spanish Colonization from Cebu to Manila and what happened to Cebu after the Spaniards
transferred their capital to Manila?
When did Cebu finally re-emerge as a major city in the Philippines?
What was Cebu’s involvement during the Philippine Revolution?
What was the state of Cebu during the American Period?
How did Cebu survive the ravages of WWII?
How did Cebu emerge as the Queen City of the South?
Where to Cebu?
What was the state of Cebu before
1521?
Butuan
Cebu
Negros
Panay
Sulu
Maitum
Earliest
Known
Settlements
We do not exactly know when Cebu was populated but some evidence point to the early metal age
as the earliest.
We are definite that it was through migration.
Settlers from nearby islands.
Fishing villages that eventually also became cultivators.
Promontory (Ilihan) dwellers
As to when the Cebuanos became seaport traders, that is not clear but definitely in the 9th and 10th
centuries Cebu was already actively engaged in trade.
TRADE LINKS BETWEEN
EUROPE, AFRICA, MIDDLE EAST AND ASIA
Trade Items
Gold
Metal works
Cotton
Food Supplies
Marine Products
Slaves
Pottery (Cebu Red)
Cultivated Products
Rice
Millet
Sugar Cane
Porcelain
Musical Instruments
Beads
Religious Icons
Silk and other embroidered cloth
One way or another, inhabitants in the Philippines were
able to participate in the trade
network.
A crude Ganesha found in Maktan.
BALANGABALANGAYY
ISLA DE PINTADOS
Based on archaeological finds from the Magallanes and Lapulapu
Street area: This area may have been the oldest section of the city
2 meters section:
Three burials were found &together with the bones, an iron dagger, beads and gold were found. Possibly iron age.
1.3 to 1.2 section
9 burials; 6 of them had Asiatic potteries
(Yuan, early Ming, Siamese and Annamese pottery.)
Habitation areas with an array of artifacts.
Middens with fishbone, shells, fowl, pig, sinkers, worked bone antlers, ornaments, earthenwares, iron slags, native pottery, cloth, post holes…
Dwellings •Post holes
•Rectangular to square
•Wooden stilts made of heavy round timber (probably mangrove, therefore water resistant)
•Probably like typical coastal dwellings where the front of the house faces dry land and the back part towards the sea (convenient for docking vessels)
Middens•Fishbones ( small and large fish)
•Shallow and deep sea shells
OTHER CRAFTS
•Red clay Pottery with blackened bottoms
•Weaving
Back strap horizontal loom (lompot), most likely used with the evidence of cloth and nets
(also based on Pigafetta’s accounts and others)
LUTAWS?
Semi-nomadic boat people drawn to the island because of its rich marine
resources
Peterson claims though that
Cebuanos at the start of the
contact period had already become promontory dwellers.
•Ancestor Worship
•Animism
•Anthropomorphism
•Magic and Spells
•Spirit world actively involved in
daily life
WORLD
VIEW AND RELIGION
PERMEATES EVERY ASPECT OF DAILY LIFE,PERMEATES EVERY ASPECT OF DAILY LIFE,
CULTURE AND SOCIETYCULTURE AND SOCIETY
PHYSICALREALM
SPIRITUALREALM
PHYSICALREALM
SPIRITUALREALM
WORLD VIEW AND
RELIGIONSACRED GROVES
TRADITIONAL LAWS
PREMIUM IN BEING ELDERLY
DIWATA, LAON
BABAYLAN, BAILAN
1521
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Magellan-Map-En.png
1521 was when the first contact
between the Spanish
forces and the
inhabitants of Cebu
happened
First Philippine Massni Carlos V. Francisco, undated
http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Tagalog_Default_files/Philippine_Culture/
spread_of_roman_catholicism_and_.htm
Nag unsa man na
sila diay?
Unsa ni?
Biraaah…bug-at bayaaa niiii!
Unsa man diay na?
Ayay!!!Slide ko
da’…
Naa pa’y lain?Naa pa?
Garcia Jofre Loaisa (1525)
Sebastian Cabot (1526) Alvaro de Saavedra (1527)
Ruy Lopez de Villalobos* (1542)
1565
From Villa San Miguel to Ciudad del Santisimo Nombre de Jesus
Spanish Fort City in Cebu was established on
May 8, 1565 and named Villa San Miguel in honor of Sr. San Miguel
June 4, 1565 Treaty between Spaniards and Cebuanos
Periodic acts of hostility on both sides
Occasional Portuguese attacks and food shortage
Cebuanos were subsistence farmers
1569 Legazpi moved to the island of Panay
1570 Returned with 50 Spanish couples to settle
in Cebu and renamed the settlement
after the Holy Child
1571 Legazpi moved to Manila
Cebu in the Economic Backwaters for 200 years (+ -)
Cebu’s role as regional trade center was undermined by the Galleon Trade based in Manila.
The Galleon trade also did not carry much of Philippine products (only 10%) and the only product that were from Cebu were the lampotes (cotton gauze)
Its traditional trade linkages with other Asian and SEAn traders was disrupted as traders began to by-pass the port of Cebu.
1594 Decree allowed Spanish citizens in Cebu to build
and send one Galleon to New Mexico but the trade items that could be loaded were limited to products that did not necessarily have a high demand in New Mexico
1604 the Cebu based Galleon Trade closed…
Cebu in the Economic Backwaters for 200 years (+ -)
1611 the Spaniards tried to revive the Galleon Trade but were turned down.
Spanish population declined as well as that of the Cebuanos in the port area.
Cebu was reduced to being an outpost of Spanish Colonial Administration
Inter-island trade also was disrupted by Moro raids and whatever little domestic trade activities existed, the Alcalde-Mayor monopolized this…
Rene B. Javellana’s Fortress of Empire, 1997
James Warren Ilanun & Balangingi 2002
Cebu in the Economic Backwaters for 200 years (+ -)
Introduction of the concept of land ownership In theory, the crown owned all of the lands…
Changes in the landholding patterns.
Banilad Estate in Banilad and the Talisay-Minglanilla Estate of the Augustinians
Mandaue Estate of the Jesuits
Chinese and Chinese mestizos also began acquiring land holdings
Introduction of New Crops
- corn - tobacco - cacao
Took a while before the Cebuanos were able to adjust to these new crops…
Conversions and Colonization in Cebu
Beginnings of Missionary Work in Cebu
1565 Augustians and 2 Secular Priests
1592 Jesuits
1622 Recollects
Became a diocese in 1592 that included all of the Visayas, Christian Mindanao, Palawan, the Carolines, Marianas and Palau islands until 1865
But Cebu was basically Augustinian territory as they owned the Banilad Estate,
Talisay-Minglanilla Estate and the guardians of the Holy Cross and the Image of the Sto.
Nino
Jesuits also had a small estate in the North (Mandaue Estate) …
Conversions and Colonization in Cebu
CONVERSION ISSUES
Not sweeping as we sometimes would like to believe
scarcity of missionaries
the few who where in Cebu concentrated their work in Cebu port area
visitas were rarely visited
accounts point to the widespread practice of pre-hispanic customs and beliefs
and practices even after WWII
reducciones were not immediately successful as very few chose to live in the
cabecera
accounts of some missionaries who wrote about their second thoughts as to whether they will ever succeed in their missionary endeavors…
Conversions and Colonization in Cebu
Conversions and Colonization in Cebu
1860 CEBU
WAS OPENED TO
WORLD TRADE
When did Cebu finally re-emerge as a major city in the Philippines?
Along with the opening of Philippine ports to world and global demand for agricultural products, large plantations surfaced in the region, especially in the
Visayas –Filipinos would come to call them "haciendas”
Other cities in the Visayas and Mindanao opened to
world trade:
Ilo-ilo (1855) – sugar and rice from plantations in Panay and Negros and textiles from Europe
Tacloban – agricultural products, mainly abaca, from Samar and Leyte abaca (closed in 1884)
Zamboanga - also agricultural products, mother of pearl, pearls, coffee,
Population Increase and Distribution by Region: Population Increase and Distribution by Region: Cebu, 1818-1840Cebu, 1818-1840
Region 1818 1834 1840
Cebu City & environs 29,808 (40%) 48,854 (38%) 66,032 (40%)
Southeast Coast 20,565 (28%) 37,526 (29%) 43,002 (26%)
Northeast Coast 6,231 (8%) 10,727 (8%) 14,283 (9%)
Southwest Coast 12,150 (16%) 22,318 (17%) 28,677 (17%)
Bantayan & Northwest 5,235 (7%) 10,777 (8%) 12,952 (8%)
TOTAL 73,989 (99%) 130,202 (100%) 164,946 (100%)
Source: Michael Cullinane’s, “The Growth of population in Cebu during the Spanish Era:
Constructing a Regional Demography from Local Sources.”
In Population and Demography, eds. Doeppers and Xenos, p. 105
“…“…a time between times” a time between times” 1898-1906 - A highly disturbed period :
Health crisis, agricultural collapse Period of relative stability, 1906-12 Improvements in infrastructure, public
education, health, sanitation and public order
Introduction of modern commercial farming, 1920s
Backdrop of agricultural products, 1930s American colonialism strengthened
economic forces already at work in the Spanish period…
CEBU OVERTAKES ILO-ILO CITY AS PREMIERE COMMERCIAL AND TRADING
CENTER
SOUTH OF MANILA
Cebu becomes the main base for
the Philippines’ shipping industry .
Urban Center Population
Metro Manila 11,553,427
Metro Cebu 2,314,897
Davao City 1,650,337
Zamboanga City 774,407
Cagayan de Oro 553,966
Bacolod 499,497
Iloilo City 418,710
The three living Negrito groups today (solid red dots) and a much larger area with many still living
or only recently extinct possible Negrito relatives.
http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter25/text25.htm#homeground