ADB Workshop 26-27th March 2009

ENERGISING FIJI ISLANDS

Atul RaturiThe University of the South

Pacific

Fiji

Tuvalu Tokelau

Samoa

Cook islands

Vanuatu NiueTonga

PNGS.I.

FSM Marshall Islands

Palau Kiribati

Kiribati

Population density

PNG - 8 persons/km2

Tuvalu - 363 persons/ km2

No. of islands/country

PNG > 1,400

SI~ 138

Kiribati- 33

Land Area

PNG – 462,243 km2

Nauru- 21 km2

Population

PNG – 7 Million

Niue- 2150 (est)

Pacific Island Countries (PICs)

Kiribati: North to South distance : 800 km and

East to West: 3,218 km (3 time zones)

FIJIFIJI

No. of islands= 6 Main + >300 smaller

Area= 18,333 km2

Population= 8,39000 (2008, Est.)

Viti Levu pop.= 77%

Urban population = 48.3% (2006 Est.)

Tourism driven economy

Access to Electricity (PICs)

From:Integrating Renewable Energy in the Pacific Islands, Marie Marconnet, Victoria University of Wellington

PICs Electricity per capita

From:Integrating Renewable Energy in the Pacific Islands, Marie Marconnet, Victoria University of Wellington

Fuel for Electricity Generation

Cook Islands All Diesel

FSM All Diesel

Kiribati All Diesel

Marshall Islands All Diesel

Niue All Diesel

Palau All Diesel

Tuvalu All Diesel

Tokelau All Diesel

Tonga All Diesel

Vanuatu 93% Diesel

PNG 35% Hydro,39% oil,25% Natural gas

Fiji Electricity Authority (FEA) Electricity generation mix

In late 2008 ( drier season), Diesel contribution was almost 80%

FEA operates 14 power stations with 194 MW of installed capacity (2003) , including over 80 MW of hydro.

FEA plans to generate 90 % of its requirements through RE projects

Actual costLocation

1.88$F/kWhOvalau Rural

0.38$F/kWhOvalau Urban

1.22$F/kWhVanua Levu Rural

0.40$F/kWhVanua Levu Urban

0.51$F/kWhViti Levu Rural

0.19 $F/kWhViti Levu Urban

FEA national tariff : 0.2059$F/kWh

Rural rates are being subsidized by urban consumers

Fiji Electricity Tariffs

FEA actual costs (2001)

Climate Change Issues

abc radio

CC and Fiji Islands

Fiji climate change could result in a 100 per cent increase in cyclone damage, an increase in dengue fever cases of between 20 and 30 per cent and a decline in crop yields of up to 15 per cent.Not If But When : World Bank Report(2006)

Coral Bleaching and a decrease in coral cover

Reefs : 50% reduction

Maynard,GEO109

Carteret Islands, PNG

By 2015: All 6 (7 now!!) Islands will be submerged. 2000 people displaced

The sea has dissected the Huen Island into two.

Similar stories in Kiribati, Tuvalu and others

Climate Change effects in PICs

Photo: Times

Mount Jaya , New Guinea Island

Photo:www.rbgkew.org.uk

Temperature increase on the Island ~ 0.3 Degrees every decade ; Among the fastest in the world

Glaciers have receded more then 300 meters in the last 30 years

Flora and fauna: waiting to be discovered ( if survive !!)

Climate Change effects in PICs

Pacific Year of Climate Change

Tackling the Double Whammy

•Renewable Energy Development

•Energy Efficiency Measures

Through

Renewable Energy

SOPAC

Lihir gold

Solar Home Systems (DOE)

DOEFiji times

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MWh

1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003

SHS Electricity production

Hydro Development: Nadarivatu

New project

FEA

2 X 22 MW Pelton Generators. 101 Million kWh annually

Expected completion: Mid 2011

Navutu (Fiji): Grid Connected 10 kW PV system

•Pilot project : BP Australia & FEA

•Grid connected

•Installed in 1997

•50 kVA grid interactive system

•144 panels

Fiji: Butoni Wind Farm 37 turbines:10 MW,

11.5 GWH/year

Commissioned October 2007

Ankita Raturi

FEA

Hybrid System: Nabouwalu8 Wind Turbines (6.7 kW)

37.4 kW PV

Genset

720 kWh/day ,

60% expected from from RET

commissioned in 1998

Photo: PICHTER

Current situation: Running with Diesel , RE component ~0

Problems with control systems, manpower shortage, components and maintenance issues

Biogas

Kinoya Sewage Treatment Plant : 2003

Possibilities for 240 kW – 1 MW electricity generation

P.Johnston

Biofuel CNO, Ethanol and Biodiesel

Two Pilot projects in Fiji ( DOE) (2000-2001) : Dual fuel systems

•80 kVA generator in Vanuabalavu, Lau

•45 kVA generator in Welagi, Taveuni

Concept works

Supply chain and management issues

Interest in all PICs

CNO usage in PNG

Biomass based systemsTropic Wood Fiji Sugar Corp.

9.3 MW co-generation

FEA Grid connected

20 MW plant underway

D.Robins on

Plans for 25 MW

3.5% of FEA supply in 2003

Bagasse +wood waste

Kerosene for Lighting :The Numbers

• Money spent on kerosene globally ; ~ 48 Billion USD/annum

• Sub-Saharan Africa : ~17 Billion USD /annum

• % of household budget on kerosene: 15%

• People without electricity in PNG ; 4.5 Million

• Money spent on kerosene in PNG ; ~100 Million USD/annum

• Fiji: 37% kerosene/benzene lighting

The K-lamp: It is inefficient

Photo: SOPAC

•Produces 1 lux (1 lumen/m2) at 1 m

•Recommended light level for casual reading/kitchen work ; 300- 500 lux

•Gives 0.1 lumen of light for 1 W of power used : incandescent bulb - 17 lumens/W

•Cost of lighting ($/lumen hour): 325 times of a bulb and 1625 times that of a CFL

•Light produced in a year = light produced by a bulb in 10 hours

• Women and children in kerosene lamp lit kitchens are exposed to dangerous levels of Carbon mono oxide and particulate matters.

• Children vulnerable to influenza and pneumonia.

• Eye strain

The K-lamp: It is unhealthy

The K-lamp: Bad for Environment

• CO2 ( major Green House Gas) produced : 2.6 kg per liter of kerosene used

• Fuel based lighting produces 244 Million MT of CO2 globally.

Solutions: simple and immediate

Solar based lighting:Small systems incorporating CFL s and increasingly, White Light Emitting Diodes (WLEDs)

Solar lanterns Solar Home Systems (SHS)

Monthly spending on lighting fuel & batteries in unelectrified Fiji

households

Department of Energy (DOE) threshold for SHS viability = FJ$ 20 per month (O&M costs)

LED based lighting: Cheap and Efficient

Replace all K-lamps with PV based WLED lamps Micro financing Institutes

Energy Efficiency Measures

SOPAC

Cagle Cartoons

CFL Promotion in Fiji :DSM for Residential Sector

• FEA initiated and private sector supported• Buy one and get one free scheme• 80,000 units distributed• FEA contributed F$1 per unit : payback period of one

month• Evening peak reduction : 3.9 MW• Supplier contribution:F$0.82 per CFL , Profit:

F$30,000• Retailer’s contribution:F$1.05 per CFL, Profit:

F$47,500

FEA CFL Promotion Outcomesweekday

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:FEA

CFL promotion in Fiji

Barriers

• Affordability; CFL Cost: 6-8 times the cost of an incandescent bulb

• Information• Behavioural and preference• Technical issues

DSM programme

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Energy savings

(% of MWh

generated)

Fiji PNG S.I. Palau Tonga Tuvalu

Potential savings from DSM programme (1994-2013)

Standards and LabellingFiji government has approved the S & L regulations.Proposed standards for Fiji S&L programme• Energy labelling: All household refrigerating appliances

should be tested under standard conditions, and ranked on a 6- star scale according to their energy consumption.

• Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS):: set a legally enforceable level of energy efficiency

Expected Benefit /cost ratio 4.2

Electricity use reduction: 8 % below BAU ( source : DOE)

Projected Energy Savings

With Energy labelling and MEPS ( 1995 study)

Source: SRCI

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Fiji SI Palau Samoa Tonga Kiribati Tuvalu PNG

Energy savings ( Refrigerators + AC)

Labelling AwarenessRadio, TV and newspaper advertisements

FEA bills carry the message

Retailers distribute broachers

Photo: Ankita Raturi

Energy Efficiency initiatives in the PICs

• ADB funded REEP :Opportunities for RE investment and EE project=institutional and capacity development

• UNDESA supported SOPAC project on DSM• Promotion of environmentally sustainable

transportation in the PICs: GEF funded SOPAC project

• Pacific Power Association (PPA) :Supply side Management for its member utilities.

• Australian Greenhouse Office and IIIE: MEPS & labelling Photo: Ankita Raturi

Fiji:CDM Project

•Small Scale and bundled projects

•2 run-of-river hydro projects. Vaturu (3 MW) and Wainikasou (6.5 MW)- displace diesel generation

•Developed by Pacific Hydro and FEA

•Combine output: 35 GWh/year

•CDM registration : October 2005

•24,928 tonnes of CO2 reduction per year

SEL

THANK YOU FOR YOUR PATIENCE