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Grade 10 - about Animals and Plants Structures
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j oHdj Ydl yd i;a;aj ffi,j, jHqyh yd lD;H
fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h 108
6'1 jfha uQ,sl ;ekq tallh
1665 frdn yqla (Robert Hooke) Tyq iska ksudKh l< wKalaIh Nd;fhka lsr, wenhl fohla kslaIKh lrk ,' tys johl fuka l=r iuQyhla we;s
nj fidhd.;a Tyq tu l=r" ffi, ^cells& f,i k lrk ,'
6'1 rEmh - frdn yqla" Tyq Nd; l< wKalaIh iy lsr, wenfha ffi,
O fldgia wKalaIh ;=
Ydl yd i;a;aj ffi,j, jHqyh yd lD;H j oHdj
fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h109
ksoiqka - ksidf.a Tlaiscka mjykh i|yd r;= rerdKq ffi, msysu
wdf. ikakhkh i|yd iakdhq ffi, msysu'
f wkqj lsish ldhhla ^lD;Hhla& bgq lsug yev .eiqKq l=vd u ffch
tallh ffi,h f' jfha jHqyuh tallh fuka u lD;Huh tallh o ffi,h
nj f wkqj meye,s f'
ffi, yevfhka" m%udKfhka yd l%shdld;ajfhka O f' fYaI wjia:d lsysmhla
yereKq g idudkHfhka ffi, msh weig fkdfmfka' tu ksid tajd wdf,dal
wKalaIh hgf;a kslaIKh l< hq;= h'
6'3 ffi,j, jHqyh
i;a;aj ffi, yd Ydl ffi,j, jHqyh wOHhkh i|yd my; lafjk 6'1 yd 6'2
l%shdldrlj, ksr; fjuq'
i;a;aj ffi, i|yd ksoiqkla jYfhka myiqfjka ,nd.; yels ffi, ksoYlhla
f,i fldmq,a ffi, o Ydl ffi, i|yd ksoYlhla f,i kq isfha ffi, o
wKalaIfhka kslaIKh lruq'
i;a;aj ffi, wOHhkh lsu ^fldmq,a ffi,&'
uqLh fidaod fhda. yekaola jeks fohlska luqf,a we;= me;a; miaifuka
iQrd fldmq,a ffi, kshehla ,nd .kak' msis re lodjla f.k tA u; c,
kajla ;nd ta u; fldmq,a ffi, ksheh ;nkak' jdhq nqnq we;= fkdjk
fia jeiq fm;a;lska jid wdf,dal wKalaIfhka kslaIKh lrkak'
jK .ekajQ fldmq,a ffi,
wdf,dal wKalaIfhka
fmfkk wdldrh'
6'2 (b) rEmh6'2 (a) rEmh
l%shdldrlu -01
j oHdj Ydl yd i;a;aj ffi,j, jHqyh yd lD;H
fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h 110
Ydl ffi, wOHhkh lsu ^kq ishl ffi,&'
kq f.hla lmd rEm igyfka lafjk wdldrhg tys we;=
Ydl yd i;a;aj ffi,j, jHqyh yd lD;H j oHdj
fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h111
iEu i;a;aj ffi,hla u wdjrKh mj;skafka ma,diau mg,h fyj;a ffi,
mg,fhks' th i wO mdr.uH fuka u jrK mdr.uH mg,hls' i;a;aj
ffi,j, kHIah ffi, ma,diauh ;=< flaka.; j msysghs' ffi, ma,diauh
c,a,suh jHhls'
Ydl ffi,j, ndysr wdjrKh ffi, ;a;shhs' ffi, ;a;sh fi,shqf,daiaj,ska
iE we;' ffi, ;a;shg we;=
j oHdj Ydl yd i;a;aj ffi,j, jHqyh yd lD;H
fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h 112
flaka foayh
uhsfgdfldka%hu
ffi, ma,diauh
f.d,a.s ixlSKh
ma,diau mg,h
kHIaldjkHIa mg,h
kHIah
rhsfndfidau
isks` wka;(ma,diah cd,sld
r wka;(ma,diah cd,sld
i;a;aj yd Ydl ffi,j, jHqyh ie,l+ g tajd w;r iudkl fuka u O
fjkial o we;' i;a;aj yd Ydl ffi, w;r m%Odk fjkial my; j.=f laf'
j.=j 6'1 - i;a;aj ffi, yd Ydl ffi, w;r m%Odk fjkial
i;a;aj ffi,h Ydl ffi,h
01& ffi, ;a;shla ke;' 01& ffi, ;a;shla we;'
02& ffi, ;=< je wjldYhla
.kafka ffi, ma,diauhhs'
02& ffi, ma,diauh ffi,fha
mhka;hg ;,a mj;S'
03& Yd, la;l ke;' ^iuyr fgl
;djld,sl b;d u l=vd la;l
lsysmhla ;sh yels h'&
03& Yd, uOH la;lhla fyda la;l
lsysmhla ;sh yels h'
04& y;,j ke;' 04& fndfyda g y;,j we;'
6'4 ffi, bkashsld yd jHqy'
ffi,hla ;=< mj;sk iEu jHqyhla u Bg iqfYaIs jQ lD;Hhla bgq lrhs' tk
ffi,h ;=< Y%u Nckhla fmkakq lrhs'
6'7 rEmh - bf,lafg%dak wKalaISh f;dr;=re mok lr" ksudKh lrk ,o oYSh i;a;aj ffi,h
Ydl yd i;a;aj ffi,j, jHqyh yd lD;H j oHdj
fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h113
ffi, ;a;sh (Cell wall)
6'8 rEmh
Ydl ffi,j, ndysr wdjrKh ffi, ;a;shhs'
ffi, ;a;sh w h' ffi, ;a;sh iE we;s
m%Odk ix>glh fi,shqf,daia h' Bg wu;rj
fyfi,shqf,daia yd fmlaka we;' ffi, ;a;sfha
m%Odk ldhhka jkafka ffi,fha yevh mj;ajd
.ekSu" ikaOdrKh yd wdrlaIdjhs'
ma,diau mg,h (Plasma membrane)
6'9 rEmh
Ydl ffi,j, ffi, ;a;shg we;=
j oHdj Ydl yd i;a;aj ffi,j, jHqyh yd lD;H
fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h 114
uhsfgdfldka%hu (Mitochondrion)
6'11 rEmh
uhsfgdfldka%hu wKavdldr fyda oKavdldr yeve;s
mg,uh ffi, bkashsldjls' uhsfgdfldka%hd ;=< iajdhq
Yajik m%;sl%shd is Yla;sh ksoyia lrk neka ffi,
;=< mj;sk cjfmd
Ydl yd i;a;aj ffi,j, jHqyh yd lD;H j oHdj
fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h115
la;lh (Vacuole)
6'15 rEmh
la;lh hkq Ydl ffi,j, mj;sk mg,hlska jg jQ
;r,hlska msreKq Yd, bkashsldjla f' la;lfha mg,h
la;l mg,h fyj;a ;dkma,diagh f,i ykajhs' la;lfha
jQ ;r,h ffi, hqIh f,i ykajhs' tys c,h" iSks"
fkdfhl=;a j.j, whk yd jKl jH .nvd lrhs' i;a;aj
ffi,j, idudkHfhka la;l olakg fkd,efnk w;r
iuyr g l=vd la;l ;sh yelsh' tal ffi,sl kaf.a
ixfldapl la;l olakg ,ef' ffi,j, c, ;=,H;dj
mj;ajd .ekSu" ikaOdrKh mj;ajd .ekSu yd jKl u.ska
ffi,j,g jKh ,ndu la;lfha lD;Hhka f'
y Tf oHd .=re;=udf.a iydh we;sj oHd.drfha we;s iar lod wdf,dal wKalaIfhka kslaIKh lrka ffi, yd ffi, bkashsld ykd.kak'
y bf,lafg%dak wKalaIsh PdhdrEm u.ska ffi, bkahsldj, iajNdjh wjfndaO lr .kak'
l%shdldrlu - 03
6'5 ffi, jOkh (Cell Growth) yd ffi, Ndckh (Cell Division)
ffi, jOkh
6'16 rEmh
mK; fkdjQ ffi,h
mK; ffi,h
jOkh
kaf.a uQ,sl ,laIKhla f,i jOkh ie,lsh yels h'
ffi, jOkh hkq ffi,hl m%udKh fyda h
j oHdj Ydl yd i;a;aj ffi,j, jHqyh yd lD;H
fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h 116
ffi, Ndckh
ffi,j,g jOkh ug fuka u .=Kkh ug o yelshdj we;' ta wkqj tla
ffi,hlg ffi, folla" y;rla" wgla wd f,i .=Kkh h yels h' ffi,
.=Kkh fuka kj ffi, we;s f' ffi, .=Kkh jkqfha ffi, Ndckfhks'
ffi, Ndckh hkq kj ffi, iEfok m h ffi,hl is jk ffi,Sh jH
fnf l%shdj,sh hs'
i;H kHIal ffi,hl ffi, Ndckh imQK u i|yd m
Ydl yd i;a;aj ffi,j, jHqyh yd lD;H j oHdj
fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h117
wkQkk Ndckh
6'18 rEmh
2n
2n
2n
ffi, kHIahl mj;sk jKfoay ixLHdj
ksh;j ;nd .kska ffi, ixLHdj jelr .ekSu
wkQkk Ndckh f,i ykajhs' wkQkk
Ndckfha ud;D ffi,fha jKfoay ixLHdjg
u iudk jKfoay ixLHdjla ys;D ffi,hg
,efnk w;r ij iu ffi, folla we;s f'
wkQkk Ndckfha jeo.;alu
nyq ffi,sl kaf.a foay jOkh i|yd
w,sx.sl m%ckk l%uhla f,i
;=jd, iqj u iy uereKq ffi, fjkqjg kj ffi, ,nd u
W!kk Ndckh
6'19 rEmh
2n
2n
n
n
,sx.sl m%ckkfha isjk ud;D yd mS;D ckaudKq
ixfhdackfhka miq fYaIhl jKfoay
ixLHdj mrmrdfjka mrmrdjg ksh; j
mj;ajd .; hq;=hs' f i|yd ckaudKq ffi,
iEf jKfoay ixLHdj y wvla njg m;a
lr.; hq;=h' tk ffi,hl jKfoay ixLHdj
n ixLHdjla njg m;alr.; hq;=hs' tfia jKfoay ixLHdj wvla njg m;a lrk Ndckh
W!kk Ndckh f,i ykajhs'
tu ksid Wiia kaf.a ckaudKq we;sf
W!kk Ndckh is f' tk Y=l%dKq yd n
j, we;af;a jKfoay hq.,hlska tlla ne.ska
mu' (2n n) ckaudKq ixfiapkh hqla;dKqj iEfok g jKfoay kej; tl;= tk (n + n 2n njg m;a f')
W!kk Ndckh mshjr follska is jk w;r tys m
j oHdj Ydl yd i;a;aj ffi,j, jHqyh yd lD;H
fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h 118
W!kk Ndckfha jKfoayj, jHqyuh fjkial is jk ksid kaf.a m%fNaok
fyj;a kj ,laIK yg.kS' fuh ffcj mKdufha b;d jeo.;a ixisoahls'
W!kk Ndckfha jeo.;alu
mrmrdfjka mrmrdjg jKfoay ixLHdj ksh;j mj;ajd .ekSu'
jKfoayj, we;sjk fjkia fyj;a m%fNaok yg.kakd ksid
mKdufha jeo.;a u'
W!kk yd wkQkk Ndckfha fjkial 6'2 j.=fjys olajd we;'
j.=j 6'2 - W!kk yd wkqkk Ndckfha fjkial'
W!kk Ndckh wkQkk Ndckh
1' Ndck wjia:d follska iuka; h'Ndckh tla wjia:djlskaa muKla
iuka;h'
2' oa.=K ffi,j, muKla is f'tal.=K fuka u oa.=K ffi,j,o is
f'
3' m%fNaok yg .kS' tk jKfoayj,
fjkial we;s f'
m%fNaok yg fkd.kS' jKfoayj,
fjkial b;d r,hs'
4' Ndckh wjidkfha ys;D ffi,
y;rla iEfoa'ys;D ffi, folla iEfoa'
5' ud;D ffi,fha jKfoay
ixLHdfjka wvla ys;D ffi,hg
,ef'
ys;D ffi,j, jKfoay ixLHdj
ud;D ffi,fha jKfoay ixLHdjg
iudk f'
6' ys;D ffi, ud;D ffi,hg iudk
fkdf'
ys;D ffi, ud;D ffi,hg iEu
w;skau iudk f'
Ydl yd i;a;aj ffi,j, jHqyh yd lD;H j oHdj
fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h119
1' 1'1 Ydl ffi,hl yd i;a;aj ffi,hl fh rEm igyka my; oelaf'
tu rEm igyka we| tys A, B, C, D, E, '''''''' fldgia ykd .kak'
AB
CD
E
FG
HI
J
L
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
1'2 Ydl ffi,hla i;a;aj ffi,hlska fjka lr ykd .; yels ,laIK
fudkjd o@
1'3 my; lafjk bkashsldj, lD;H i|yka lrkak'
1' uhsfgdfldka%hd 2' f.d,a.s ixlSKh
3' r wka;#ma,diah cd,sld 4' la;lh
2' W!kk Ndckfha jeo.;alu ms
j oHdj Ydl yd i;a;aj ffi,j, jHqyh yd lD;H
fkdf,a fnodyeu i|yd h 120
mdNdIsl jpk
oYsh ffi,h - Typical cell
bkahsldj - Organelle
jK foay ixLHdj - Chromosomal number
ffi, Ndckh - Cell division
wkqkk Ndckh - Mitosis
W!kk Ndckh - Meiosis
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