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April 12, 1861 – South Carolina Lincoln sent supplies to U.S. soldiers
in the fort Confederates open fire on fort from
the harbor No one was hurt but it signaled the
start of the Civil War One result - VA, AK, NC, TN join Confederacy
Rating the North & the South
Railroad Lines, 1860
Resources: North & the South
Both were largely unprepared for war Both thought they were superior and
would win the war quickly and easily Both thought the other side was
responsible for the breakup of the U.S.
Southerners enlist eagerly because• Southern honor & local acclaim – grand
farewell ceremonies• Felt they were fighting tyranny – like
Revolution• Thought it would be a short, exciting
adventure
Slave states that stayed in the Union• Kentucky• Missouri• Delaware• Maryland
Overviewof
Civil WarStrategy
:
“Anaconda”Plan
Strategies North – Anaconda Plan – Blockade the
coast to prevent ships going in or out of the South & gain control of the Mississippi River
South – Similar to Patriots in the Revolution – defensive battles, fight on land you know, guerilla warfare
Battle of Bull Run (1st Manassas) July, 1861
AKA: First Manassas July 1861 – just outside of
Washington, D.C. Festive atmosphere among
Northerners Southern victory – North sent running
Confederate President – Jefferson Davis
Confederate Capital – Montgomery, AL until May, 1861 then Richmond, VA
Union President – Abraham Lincoln
Union Capital – Washington, DC
Presidents
Primary objective in beginning was to restore the Union – reconciliation "If I could save the Union without freeing any slaves, I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it, and if I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that”Never actually called it a WAR always a REBELLION
The Battle of the Ironclads,
March, 1862Monitor vs. Merrimack – iron plating and revolving turrets – ends in stalemate
•End of wooden warships
•Continuation of Union blockade
New Orleans – largest Confederate port
Combined Army/Navy effort under flag officer David Farragut
Captured New Orleans – mouth of the Mississippi River
One of the very few timesthat the navy captured a city
Naval Warfare – New Orleans
Battle of Shiloh
Corinth – major Confederate rail junction connecting east and west
Confederate army stationed here under Albert Sydney Johnston & PGT Beauregard
Pittsburg Landing – along the TN riverUnion army stationed here with William
Tecumseh Sherman (Grant =overall command)
Battle of Shiloh Cont.• Named this b/c it was near Shiloh
Church• Confederates achieved complete
surprise – Grant was in Savannah• Union divisions rally and fight back
during mid-afternoon• Hornets Nest – WHL Wallace &
Prentice are left as the right and left flanks retreat around them – Confederates move in
Battle of Shiloh Day 2• April 7th • Union =40,000
Confederates=28,000• Grant launches Union counterattack• Cause Confederate retreat to Corinth
• One of the first battles that showed the real brutality and potential length of the war
Battle of Antietam
Antietam –McClellan is fired as commander of
Army of the PotomacEmancipation Proclamation is issuedUnion victory convinces the British not
to help the South
Vicksburg Campaign – April - July 4, 1863 Gave the Union full control of the Mississippi River
Gettysburg – July 1-3, 1863• Pickett’s Charge• Joshua Chamberlain – Little Round Top• South could not replace the men they lost
The War in
the West, 1863:
Vicksburg
Commanders in the Vicksburg Campaign
Confederates• Braxton Bragg and Johnston
=Army of TennesseeUnion – • Ulysses Grant and William
Tecumseh Sherman = Army of THE Tennessee
• David Porter = Navy commander
The Set-Up
• Confederates control Vicksburg to Port Hudson blocking Union trade on MS river
• Union compensates with Railroads
• Vicksburg = key to Union Anaconda Plan
Start of Vicksburg Campaign
April 16-17 Union runs gunboats down
MS river past Vicksburg at night =
success
Simultaneous Union army movement
west of MS River
Also simultaneous Union cavalry
raid through MS to Baton Rouge
April 29th Grant reaches Bruinsburg by
crossing the MS river
Vicksburg Campaign Eastern Side of MS River
• May 1st Grant @ Port Gibson - doesn’t establish supply base• Caused Confederate confusion
• Grant moved East to Jackson -MS capital & key rail junction
• Battle @ Champion’s Hill – Confederates had high ground and still lost
• May 19th & 22 TWO frontal attacks on Vicksburg
The Siege of Vicksburg
May 18 – July 4, 1863
• Union waits for the trapped Confederates to surrender
• No hope for Confederates b/c all possible supply lines are cut off
Emancipation Proclamation – did not actually free anyone!!!!!!!!!! Freed the slaves in the areas where the Union was not in control – all slaves in the Union were still slaves
13th Amendment – abolishedslavery
Battle of Chancellorsville• April 30 – May 6, 1863• Union Army of the Potomac (Joseph
Hooker) vs. Confederate Army of Northern VA (Robert E. Lee)
• Union General Hooker had the advantage but gave it up to fight a defensive battle in the “Wilderness”
• Considered Lee’s greatest victory • Faced an army 2x the size by splitting
his troops in half for two offensives• Stonewall Jackson is killed in friendly fire
The Road to Gettysburg: 1863
Gettysburg Set-Up• Army of Northern VA – Lee
• Key commanders = • Longstreet (Lee’s Key subordinate)• Ewell (replaced Stonewall Jackson)• A.P Hill• Jeb Stuart Cavalry leader
• Army of the Potomac • June 27th Joseph Hooker resigns b/c Lincoln refused to give him additional troops• George G. Meade takes over command • John Buford Cavalry leader
The Road to Gettysburg• Lee crosses the Potomac river above
Harper’s Ferry and moves quickly through MD to PA
• John Buford and cavalry arrive at Gettysburg• Key defensive location• 10 roads converge – key transportation hub• Strategically great location
• Meade is in MD• Prefers to fight a defensive battle• He wants to fight Lee at Pipe Creek• Orders get confused and troops move
towards Gettysburg to help Buford
Gettysburg Day One
Gettysburg Day 2
Gettysburg Day 3
Gettysburg Casualties
Runaway inflation – almost 9,000% Class resentment
Those w/20+ slaves exempt from service
Upper class could afford substitutes 50,000 were purchased
High desertion rates 1/4 of the slaves escaped to Union
lines – the rest were increasingly disobedient
Peace movements spring up
Problems in the South
Northern Society
Decline in sale of products consumed/supplied by South – cotton goods, shoes for slaves, construction
Plentiful jobs but high inflationQuarter master Dept. single largest
U.S. employer w/thousands of manufacturing contracts
Union • Lower paid at first - 54th Massachusetts
refuse pay and their officers join protest• Given menial jobs• Segregated units with white officers• A few came from other places besides the
North – Canada, Africa, France, escaped from South
Violent attacks on black businesses, orphanages, homes
Also attacked homes of upper-class whites who could afford to pay a substitute to avoid the draft• A reflection of the gap between rich and
poor
Changing Roles of Women
South• Clerk jobs• School teachers for the first time
• North• Form the backbone of U.S Sanitary
Commission – nutrition/1st aid• Professionalization of nursing
Extensive Legislation Passed
Without the South in Congress
1861 – Morrill Tariff Act
1862 – Homestead Act -
1862 – Legal Tender Act
1862 – Morrill Land Grant Act
1862 – Emancipation Proclamation
1863 – Pacific Railway Act
1863 – National Bank Act
Emancipation
March 1862 – gradual emancipation - states choice• Wanted to colonize African Americans in
Caribbean/South America• Confiscation act (1862) take property of anyone
supporting the rebellion
• September 1862 – Post-Antietam = threat to Confederacy put down arms or lose slaves
• Jan 1, 1863 – formal Emancipation Proclamation for Confederate States Only
• 1864 Election – Republican Platform contained 13th Amendment proposition
Chickamauga/Chattanooga• September 1863 – November 1863• If Union can capture Chattanooga they can go
down Railroad to Deep South
• Union – Army of the Cumberland = Rosecrans
• Confederate = Army of TN = Bragg
• Initial Confederate victory – Bragg then institutes a siege on Chattanooga where Union has fallen back to
• Part of Army of the Potomac arrive in TN• Grant is now in overall command of West –
fires Rosecrans
Chattanooga
• Another decisive battle for the Union in the West
• Chattanooga was now PERMANENTLY in Union Control• November 26th – coincientally the day
following the end of the Battle of Chattanooga, was declared as a national day of Thanksgiving by President Lincoln
• This date had been set on Oct. 3, 1863 following Gettysburg in the middle of the siege on Chattanooga
Chattanooga & Atlanta
Atlanta Campaign
Atlanta – July1864• Atlanta = 2nd most important Confederate city
left
• Confederacy – Army of TN – Johnston• 60,000 men
• Union – Grand Federal Army – Sherman• 100,000 men• Contained the Armies of THE Cumberland,
TN, & OH• 10 weeks of fighting following the railroad down to Atlanta• Union forced Johnston back across the
Chattahoochie River towards Atlanta
Atlanta Continued
• 3 separate battles around Atlanta• Confederates lose each one
• Part of Union Army goes South around Atlanta to cut off Southern RR in
• Confederates incorrectly believe it’s a diversion
• By September 2, 1864 Atlanta is evacuated and in Union control
Types of WarfareLimited War – Make war on armies not
armies, civilians, and property Total War – Everything (armies, civilians, property) consumed by the war or involved in it
War of Attrition – the side with the greatest resources uses their power to wear down the other side
Sherman’s
Marchthroug
hGeorgiato theSea, 1864
March to the SeaNov. 1864 – Dec. 1864
• Atlanta to Savannah = 300,000 miles
• Tore up the landscape • Property damage emphasized – not harm to
civilians• Took livestock, crops, burned factories,
homes,etc• Goal was to undermine the morale of the
Confederacy and destroy the economy
Sherman’s March Overall• 650,000 Miles
• Under 100 marching days
• Captured 3 state capitals – GA, SC, NC
• Lost less than 600 men
Presidential
Election of 1864
The Progress of War: 1861-1865
The Final Virginia Campaign:1864-1865
South had abandoned Richmond=capital
Not a courthouse Unconditional Surrender
Casualties on Both Sides
Civil War Casualtiesin Comparison to Other
Wars
John Wilkes Booth – Ford’s Theater Confederate Sympathizers
Conspiracy Same day as a ceremony at Fort
Sumter – Lincoln chose to see a play instead of attending
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