Energy Flow in Ecosystems Section One Energy Roles An organisms role is determined by how it...

Matter and Energy in Organisms and

Ecosystems

Energy Flow in Ecosystems

Section One

Energy Roles

An organisms role is determined by how it obtains energy and how it interacts with other organisms.

What are the three energy roles an organism may have: Producer Consumer Decomposer

Producers

It is important to remember that energy enters an ecosystems as sunlight

Plants use the light in photosynthesis to turn water and carbon dioxide into food molecules

An organism that can make its own food is a producer

Producers are the source of all the food

in the ecosystem.

Consumers

An organism that obtains its food by feeding on other organisms is called a consumer

Consumers are classified by what they eat: Herbivores-only eats plants Carnivores- only eats animals Omnivores –eats both plants and animals

What are some examples?

Carnivore HerbivoreOmnivore

Consumer

Decomposers

Decomposers break down wastes and dead organisms and return the raw materials to the ecosystems.

What are some examples of decomposers?

What would happen if there were none?

Food chain and food webs

Energy enters most ecosystems as sunlight

The energy is transferred to each organism that eats a producer.

The movement of energy through an ecosystem can be shown in diagrams called food chains and food webs

Food Chains

A food chain is a series of events in which one organism eats another and obtains energy.

Remember that the first organism in the food chain is always going to be a producer

The second organism feeds on the producer is called 1st level consumer ‘

The organism that feeds on the 1st level consumer is called the 2nd level consumer

Food chain

Producer1st level Consume

r

2nd levelConsume

r

Food webs

A food web consists of many overlapping food chains

An organism may play more than one role in the ecosystem.

Example: An omnivore like a mouse is a 1st level

consumer when it eats grass When the mouse eats a grasshopper it is a

second-level consumer

Food webs

Just as food chains overlap and connect, food webs interconnect as well

All the world’s food webs interconnect in what can be thought of as a global food web.

Food Webs

Energy pyramids

When an organisms eats, it obtains energy.

The organism is going to use this energy to carry out its daily functions such as moving growing, and reproducing

Since the animals use energy, it means that only a portion of the energy it obtains will be available to the next organism

Energy Pyramids

A diagram called an energy pyramid shows the amount of energy that moves from one feeding level to another

The most energy is available at the producer level of the pyramid. As you move up the pyramid, each level has less energy available than the level below.

Energy Pyramids

In general only about 10% of the energy is passed on to the next higher level.

The organisms at higher higher levels of an energy pyramid do not require less energy than animals on the lower levels.

Since so much energy is lost, it limits the number of consumers an ecosystem can hold.

Energy pyramids

Photosynthesis

Section Two

Every living thing needs energy in order to survive. Cells use energy to:

Carry out their functions Make proteins Transport substances in and out of the cell

Most organisms get their energy from the food that they eat. However, plants are different they lack the ability to graze or hunt so they obtain their energy in a different way.

Photosynthesis

They Make It Using……. !!

Photosynthesis

Sources of Energy

The process by which a cell captures energy in sunlight and uses it to make food is called photosynthesis

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Sources of Energy

Nearly all living things obtain energy either directly or indirectly from the energy of sunlight captured photosynthesis

Sources of Energy

Plants manufacture their own food through the process of photosynthesis.

An organism that makes it own food is called an autotroph

Sources of Energy

An organism that cannot make its own food is called a heterotroph.

Heterotrophs survive by eating other organisms or absorbing them.

Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups

Cell Energy:• Cells usable source of energy is called ATP• ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate

• ADP stands for adenosine diphosphate

Adenine Ribose 2 Phosphate groups

• All energy is stored in the bonds of compounds—breaking the bond releases the energy

• When the cell has energy available it can store this energy by adding a phosphate group to ADP, producing ATP

• ATP is converted into ADP by breaking the bond between the second and third phosphate groups and releasing energy for cellular processes.

During photosynthesis plants and some other

organisms use energy from the sun and to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and sugars.

Occurs in two stages: Stage One: Capturing the Sun’s Energy Stage Two: Using Energy to Make Food

The Two Stages of Photosynthesis

The Two Stages of Photosynthesis

Stage One: Capturing the Sun’s Energy

The first stage of photosynthesis involves capturing the energy in sunlight.

This energy-capturing process occurs mostly in the leaves.

The chloroplast are green organelles inside plant compounds that absorb light.

The green color comes from pigments, colored

chemical compounds that absorb light. The main photosynthetic pigment in

chloroplast is chlorophyll

Stage One: Capturing the Sun’s Energy

Stage One: Capturing the Sun’s Energy

Chlorophyll has a similar function as solar panels. They capture the sun energy, and use the energy to carry out its functions.

Chlorophyll captures light energy and uses it to power the second stage of photosynthesis.

In the second stage, the cell uses the captured

energy to produce sugars.

The cell needs two materials to make this work: Water Carbon dioxide

Water enters the plant through the roots and the carbon dioxide enters the plant through small openings on the underside of the leaves called stomata

Stage Two: Using Energy to Make Food

Stage Two: Using Energy to Make Food Inside the

chloroplasts, the water and carbon dioxide undergo a series of complex chemical reactions.

The reactions are powered by the energy captured in the first phase.

Stage Two produces two products:

Sugar Oxygen

Recall that the sugar is a type of carbohydrate and the cells use energy in the sugar to carry out important cell function.

Stage Two: Using Energy to Make Food

Stage Two: Using Energy to Make Food The other product of

photosynthesis is oxygen, which exits the leaf through the stomata.

Almost all oxygen in the Earth’s atmosphere was produced through the process of photosynthesis

The events of photosynthesis can by summed

up by the following equation:

The Photosynthesis Equation

How photosynthesis is used:

1. Plants use some of the sugar for food.2. The plant breaks down the sugar molecule to

release the energy they contain.3. The energy is then used to carry out the cells

functions.4. Used in the cell wall as cellulose5. Stored for later use

The Photosynthesis Equation

When you eat food from plant, such as

potatoes or carrots, you are eating the plant’s stored energy.

The Photosynthesis Equation

Respiration

Section Three

1. Before your body can provide your body with energy,

it must pass through your digestive system.

2. In your digestive system your food is broken into small molecules.

3. Molecules go from your digestive system through the bloodstream to your body cells.

4. Inside the cells, the energy in the molecules is released

How Food Gets to Your Cells

Cellular Respiration is the process by which

cells obtain energy from glucose.

During cellular respiration, cells break down simple food molecules such as sugar and release the energy they contain.

Cells of all living things carry out cellular respiration continuously.

What is Cellular Respiration?

There are two types of cellular

respiration: Aerobic –requires oxygen Anaerobic – does not require oxygen

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Types of Cellular Respiration

During photosynthesis, plants capture and the

energy from sunlight and “save” it in the form of carbohydrates, including sugars and starches.

When cells need energy they “withdraw” it by breaking down the carbohydrates in the process of cellular respiration.

Storing and Releasing Energy

Like photosynthesis, respiration is a two-stage

process.

Stage one also known as glycolosis, takes place in the cytoplasm of the organism’s cells

The Two Stages of Cellular Respiration-

Aerobic

There, molecules of glucose are broken down

into smaller molecules. In this stage oxygen is not involved and only a

small amount of energy is released

The Two Stages of Cellular Respiration-

Aerobic

Stage Two also known as oxidization, takes

place in the mitochondria.

Small food particles are broken down more

The chemical reactions require oxygen, and they release a lot of energy.

This is way they call the mitochondria the “power house” of the cell

The Two Stages of Cellular Respiration-

Aerobic

The Two Stages of Cellular Respiration-

Aerobic

Products of respiration:

Energy is release in both glycolysis(stage 1) and oxidation (stage 2).

Carbon dioxide Water

These products are going to be diffused through the cell membrane

The Two Stages of Cellular Respiration-

Aerobic

The Two Stages of Cellular Respiration-

Aerobic

Although respiration occurs in a series of

complex steps, the overall process can be summarized in the following equation:

The Respiration Equation

How organisms get the raw materials for

respiration: Plants undergo photosynthesis to make their

own sugar Animals get their sugar from consuming food The oxygen used in respiration comes from the

air or the water surrounding the organism

The Respiration Equation

Photosynthesis vs. Respiration

Photosynthesis Chemical formula is

opposite respiration Turn carbon dioxide and

water into sugar and oxygen

Respiration Chemical formula is

opposite photosynthesis

Turn sugar and oxygen into carbon dioxide and water

Photosynthesis vs. Respiration

Photosynthesis and respiration keep the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide fairly consistent in Earth’s atmosphere.

Some cells are able to obtain energy from food

without using oxygen ----anaerobic respiration

Organisms who do this: Single celled organisms who live in places that

contain no oxygen Mud Deep ocean

Fermentation

Organisms who obtain their energy through

fermentation, an energy-releasing process that does not require oxygen.

The amount of energy released during fermentation, however, is much lower than the amount released during respiration.

Fermentation

Two Examples of Fermentation:

Alcoholic fermentation Lactic acid fermentation

Types of Fermentation

One type of fermentation occurs when yeast

and some other singled-celled organisms break down sugars.

This is sometimes called alcoholic fermentation because this is one product that is produced.

The products of alcoholic fermentation are carbon dioxide and a small amount of energy.

Alcoholic Fermentation

Alcoholic Fermentation

Alcoholic Fermentation

CO2 in bread caused by yeast causes it to rise.

CO2 is the source of bubbles in beer

Lactic Acid Fermentation occurs when your

cells use up oxygen faster than it can be replaced. Because your cells lack oxygen, fermentation occurs.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

The fermentation supplied your cells with

energy

One product of this type of fermentation is an acid called lactic acid.

When lactic acid builds up you feel pain in your muscles

Lactic Acid Fermentation