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VP UniversityVP University

Primary Framing SystemsPrimary Framing Systems

VP UniversityVP University

Clear Span(Rigid)

Modular(Continuous)

Primary Primary FramesFrames

Primary FramesPrimary Frames

VP UniversityVP University

Primary Primary FramesFrames

• Carry loads to the foundationCarry loads to the foundation• Manufactured from 50 ksi Manufactured from 50 ksi

steelsteel• Shop Coat is 1 mil thick and Shop Coat is 1 mil thick and

bronze in colorbronze in color• Spans and Eave Heights in Spans and Eave Heights in

increments of 1/16”increments of 1/16”

VP UniversityVP University

Pre-punched Pre-punched HolesHoles

• VP primary frames have VP primary frames have pre-punched holes for purlin pre-punched holes for purlin connectionsconnections

VP UniversityVP University

Typical Connections

RAFTER BEAM SPLICE

HAUNCH TOCOLUMN

Typical ConnectionsTypical Connections

Top Bolted Face Bolted Vertical Bolting Plate

VP UniversityVP University

Factory Welded Factory Welded ClipsClips

Girt Clip

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Primary FramesPrimary Frames

Two SystemsTwo Systems

Open Web

Solid Web

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Primary FramesPrimary FramesFeatures & Features &

BenefitsBenefits• What roof pitches are What roof pitches are

available for Primary Frames?available for Primary Frames?

•Usually 1/4:12 to 4:12, steeper Usually 1/4:12 to 4:12, steeper pitches available if neededpitches available if needed

• How high can the eave height How high can the eave height be? be?

•As required by the end userAs required by the end user

VP UniversityVP University

Exterior Column Exterior Column VariationsVariations

Tapered Straight StraightTaperedStraightTapered

TaperedStraightTaperedStraight

ReverseTaperedReverseTapered

Straight then TaperedStraight then Tapered

Column Tapered-Column Tapered-StraightStraight

Reversed Taper Reversed Taper Exterior ColumnExterior Column

Exposed FramingExposed Framing

VP UniversityVP University

Inset Girts

Columns can be hiddenwithin a finished wall

Straight Column Straight Column Features & BenefitsFeatures & Benefits

VP UniversityVP University

Interior Column Interior Column OptionsOptions

3-PlateBuilt-up

Pipe Tube(Square orRectangular)

Interior ColumnsInterior Columns

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Primary Primary FramesFrames

Rigid FrameRigid Frame

VP UniversityVP University

Rigid Rigid FramesFrames

Rigid Frame

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Rigid Frame Cross Rigid Frame Cross SectionSection

When a “CLEAR SPAN” is required

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RF with an Offset RF with an Offset RidgeRidge

VP UniversityVP University

RF Single SlopeRF Single Slope

VP UniversityVP University

Loads to the Foundation

Forces

LOAD

LOAD

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Rigid FramesRigid FramesFeatures & BenefitsFeatures & Benefits

• Why or when should this type of Why or when should this type of frame be used?frame be used?

• When CLEAR SPANS are requiredWhen CLEAR SPANS are required

• How wide can a Rigid Frame be?How wide can a Rigid Frame be?

• VP has done them up to 300’ VP has done them up to 300’ widewide

RF (Steelers-Pitt)RF (Steelers-Pitt)

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Primary Primary FramesFrames

Continuous Continuous BeamBeam

VP UniversityVP University

Continuous Beam Continuous Beam FramesFrames

Continuous Beam Frame (CB-1)

Continuous Beam Continuous Beam FrameFrame

VP UniversityVP University

Continuous Beam Continuous Beam FramesFrames

CB-1

CB-2

CB-3

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CB Frame w/ Offset RidgeCB Frame w/ Offset Ridge

VP UniversityVP University

CB Frame with CB Frame with Unequal ModulesUnequal Modules

VP UniversityVP University

CB Frame Options - Single Slope

VP UniversityVP University

Continuous Beam Continuous Beam FramesFrames

Features & BenefitsFeatures & Benefits• When should this type of When should this type of

frame be used?frame be used?

• Wide Span BuildingsWide Span Buildings

• What does adding interior What does adding interior columns do to the rafter?columns do to the rafter?

• Makes it lighterMakes it lighter

VP UniversityVP University

• How does this affect the price How does this affect the price of the rafter?of the rafter?

• The price decreasesThe price decreases• How wide can a CB frame be?How wide can a CB frame be?

• VP has done them over 800’ VP has done them over 800’ widewide

Continuous Beam Continuous Beam FramesFrames

Features & BenefitsFeatures & Benefits

VP UniversityVP University

In Place Cost ConsiderationsIn Place Cost Considerations

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Primary FramesPrimary Frames

Unibeam Unibeam Frames Frames

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Unibeam Unibeam FramesFrames

Unibeam

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Unibeam Features & Unibeam Features & BenefitsBenefits

TYPICAL RIGID FRAME

VP UniversityVP University

Ceiling Line

Unibeam Features & Benefits

More vertical clearanceat sidewalls

VP UniversityVP University

Ceiling Line

Unibeam Features & Unibeam Features & BenefitsBenefits

Straight Columns Vs. Tapered

VP UniversityVP University

Truss FramesTruss Frames

Truss Beam

Continuous Trusses

(CT-2)

(CT-1)

Rigid Frame TrussRigid Frame Truss

Rigid Frame TrussRigid Frame Truss

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Truss BeamTruss Beam

•Straight Columns

•Flat Bottom

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Continuous TrussContinuous Truss

VP UniversityVP University

Th

e O

pen

Web

Th

e O

pen

Web

A

dvan

tag

eA

dvan

tag

e

Piping and wiring can be run through an open web frame...

... It doesn’t have to go under the frame.

VP UniversityVP University

Open Web Open Web ConsiderationsConsiderations

• Manufacturing Manufacturing availability varies availability varies by Service Centerby Service Center• Alabama, California, Alabama, California,

and Wisconsinand Wisconsin

• Lateral Bracing to Lateral Bracing to bottom cordbottom cord

• Economical for Economical for large span and large span and large interior gridslarge interior grids

Sample ProjectSample Project

180 x 350 x 20180 x 350 x 20

2000 IBC2000 IBC

20 LL20 LL

90 mph Wind90 mph Wind

50 ft. bays50 ft. bays

$0$5,000

$10,000$15,000

$20,000$25,000

$30,000$35,000

Frame Type

P&BRFWBCB-1CT-1CB-2CT-23P P&B

Frame ComparisonsFrame Comparisons

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Primary FramesPrimary Frames

Lean-to Lean-to Frames Frames

VP UniversityVP University

Lean-To FramesLean-To Frames

Below Eave Lean-to

At Eave

Lean-to

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Endwall Lean-Endwall Lean-ToTo

End wall Lean-to

VP UniversityVP University

Below Eave Below Eave Height Lean-ToHeight Lean-To

•Can add interior columns if needed.

VP UniversityVP University

CB Lean-toCB Lean-toBelow eave Height or at eave Lean-to’s

Mainly large span lean-to’s

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CT Lean-CT Lean-toto

Lean-ToLean-To

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Primary Primary FramesFrames

Endwall Endwall FramingFraming

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End FramesEnd Frames

End Frames

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Post & Beam End Post & Beam End FramesFrames

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ComponentsComponents

Rake Beam

Corner Posts

“P&B”

Endposts

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Typical Endpost Typical Endpost SpacingSpacing

23'20' 20'18'-6" 18'-6"100'

VP UniversityVP University

23'20' 20'18'-6" 18'-6"100'

1’6”5’0” 5’0”

1’6”5’0”

5’0”

CL

Why 23’?

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MaterialMaterialss

Back-to-Back Cee’s(Factory Welded)

3-Plate Built-Up3-Plate Built-Up

VP UniversityVP University

How a Post & Beam How a Post & Beam Frame WorksFrame Works

VP UniversityVP University

How a Post & Beam How a Post & Beam Frame WorksFrame Works

The Rake Beam is designed as a CONTINUOUS BEAM spanning acrossthe end posts

VP UniversityVP University

How a Post & Beam How a Post & Beam Frame WorksFrame Works

End posts span from the floor tothe rake to support wind loads

VP UniversityVP University

End posts also support the gravity loadsvertically, carrying them from theRake Beam to the foundation

How a Post & Beam How a Post & Beam Frame WorksFrame Works

VP UniversityVP University

Half Load Frames Half Load Frames with End Postswith End Posts

End Post“EP”

End Posts can be used

With any frame type

VP UniversityVP University

Full Load Frames with Full Load Frames with End PostsEnd Posts

• When future When future expansion is expansion is expectedexpected

• End Posts can be used with any frame type

End Post“EP”

VP UniversityVP University

Soldier ColumnsSoldier

Columns A A Soldier ColumnSoldier Column is used to reduce is used to reduce

the span of the sidewall girts when the span of the sidewall girts when long bays ( 30’-0” +) are required.long bays ( 30’-0” +) are required.

Soldier Column

VP UniversityVP University

Primary Primary FramingFraming

Applied Design Applied Design Concepts and Concepts and ConsiderationConsideration

ss

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Applied Design Applied Design ConceptsConcepts

• Moment ResistingMoment Resisting

VP UniversityVP University

Primary Primary FramesFrames

Moment Resisting FramesMoment Resisting Frames

Load

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P & B’s AreP & B’s AreNOT Moment NOT Moment

ResistingResisting

Load

How a Post & Beam How a Post & Beam Frame WorksFrame Works

Diaphragm is the metal panel’s ability to resist loads within its surface.

VP UniversityVP University

Post & Beam Post & Beam FramesFrames

Bracing or the diaphragmaction of wall panels is

required to resist wind loadsfrom the side of the building

VP UniversityVP University

Applied Design Applied Design ConceptsConcepts

• Moment ResistingMoment Resisting • Pinned and Rigid Pinned and Rigid ConnectionsConnections

VP UniversityVP University

Connection Connection TypesTypes

Rigid Connections at thehaunches and rafter splices

Pinned Connectionsat the base

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Applied Design Applied Design ConceptsConcepts

• Moment Resisting • Pinned and Rigid Connections• Fixed Base Columns

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Fixed Base ColumnFixed Base Column

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Fixed Base Fixed Base ColumnColumn

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Applied Design Applied Design ConceptsConcepts

• Moment Resisting • Pinned and Rigid Connections• Fixed Base Columns• Deflection Considerations

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Frame Frame DeflectionDeflection

HorizontalDeflection

Vertical Deflection

VP UniversityVP University

Applied Design Applied Design ConceptsConcepts

• Moment Resisting • Pinned and Rigid Connections• Fixed Base Columns• Deflection Considerations• Unsupported Columns and Unsupported Rafters

VP UniversityVP University

Unsupported Unsupported ColumnsColumns

and Rafters and Rafters

Supported Members have Flange Braces

Unsupported Members do not have Flange Braces.(may or may not have girts)

VP UniversityVP University

Unsupported Unsupported ColumnsColumns

and Raftersand Rafters• A column or rafter is considered A column or rafter is considered

unsupported when it does not unsupported when it does not have Lateral support. have Lateral support.

• This condition occurs when there This condition occurs when there are no flange braces attached to are no flange braces attached to the compression (Inside) flange.the compression (Inside) flange.

• Unsupported columns are typically Unsupported columns are typically more expensive than Supported.more expensive than Supported.

VP UniversityVP University

Flange BracingFlange Bracing

Primary Framing TipsPrimary Framing Tips

• The more you The more you reduce the spanreduce the span of a of a member the more you reduce the cost member the more you reduce the cost (to a certain point)…(to a certain point)…

• RF-higherRF-higher roof pitch better (up to roof pitch better (up to 3:12)3:12)

• CB-lower CB-lower roof pitch betterroof pitch better• TaperedTapered members most economical members most economical• Span Span frames shortestframes shortest distance in distance in

buildingbuilding

Primary Framing TipsPrimary Framing Tips

• Gage Post and BeamGage Post and Beam most most economical endwall frameeconomical endwall frame

• Reduce endbay span if possibleReduce endbay span if possible• Reduce Int. Col. Span near Reduce Int. Col. Span near

sidewallssidewalls• Do Not specify deflection higher Do Not specify deflection higher

than necessarythan necessary• Open Web frames economical with Open Web frames economical with

large spans and heavy loadslarge spans and heavy loads

VP UniversityVP University

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