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WHAT ARE THE BIG IDEAS IN EARTH/PHYSICAL SCIENCE?
• Matter• Energy• How they interact• How do we use them?
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• Physical Change is the same substance
• Chemical Change new substance (compound)
WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PHYSICAL CHANGE and a CHEMICAL CHANGE?
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PUT THESE IN ORDER OF SIZE: Cell atommolecule grain of sand
• Atoms make up molecules which are in cells which are smaller than a grain of sand
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WHERE DID YOUR ATOMS COME FROM?
• The atom of oxygen inside the molecules of water in the cells in your body….
• …have been traveling around the earth since it was formed
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Where do we get our resources?
• We use minerals, metals, compounds from the ground (mostly).
• We change/refine them.• Everything we use is a chemical.
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Where does our waste go?
• Some items get decomposed.• Some items get burned, atoms in the air.• Some items get dumped, landfills forever.
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WHAT MAKES UP AN ATOM?
• Protons and neutrons in the center (nucleus)
• Electrons orbiting around
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HOW IS THE PERIODIC TABLE PERIODIC?
• Arranged by similar properties that repeat.
• Elements in the same columns (groups) are alike, because the same number of outside electrons
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WHAT'S A COMPOUND?
• 2 or more atoms joined together.
• Like H2O, water (di hydrogen monoxide), or O2 (oxygen gas)
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RULE OF EIGHT
• Lose an electron is POSITIVE (metals)Gain an electron is NEGATIVE (non metals)
• OPPOSITES ATTRACT: Form Compounds IONIC (Give/Get)
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What are plastics used for?
• Come from petroleum, used for strength, flexibility, lightness.
• Tough to decompose!
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WHAT'S A CHEMICAL EQUATION MEAN?
• Combining elements and compounds, rearranging their electrons to make a new substance.
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State this in words:HCl + NaOH ---> H2O + NaCl
• Acid + Base make Water and a Salt
• Same number of atoms on left as right.
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What are the differences in the phases?
• Gases: like preschoolers in a gym!
• Liquids: like middleschoolers at a dance!
• Solids: like elderly at a Bingo dinner!
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HOW DO THEY CHANGE FROM ONE TO THE OTHER?
• Solid --> Liquid --> Gas Take In heat to break bonds
• Gas --> Liquid --> Solid Give Off heat to form bonds (you could say take in cold)
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WHAT's THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HEAT AND TEMPERATURE?
• Temperature is the AVERAGE movement energy of each molecule.
• Heat is the TOTAL energy transferred.• Campfire and Wood Match, same temperature, different heat
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WHAT ARE THE WAYS IN WHICH HEAT CAN BE TRANSFERRED?
• Conduction: molecules touch like dominos
• Convection: hot molecules spread apart from each other and rise, or cool and fall.
• Radiation: Light/Heat travel to move molecules
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WHAT HAPPENS TO THE TEMPERATURE OF ICE AS IT MELTS?
• It stays the same ( 0° C ) while melting… it takes in heat from the air to break the bonds NOT to make molecules move faster
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WHY DO YOU FEEL HOTTER ON A HUMID DAY?
• You cool yourself by sweat evaporating (Liquid to Gas) and taking in heat from…
• Your skin!• If the sweat can’t evaporate (air is “full”) you stay HOT!
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WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF ENERGY?
• Types NOT sources• Heat (movement of molecules)• Kinetic (movement)• Chemical (electrons)• Light/Radiation• Electrical• Nuclear • And each kind can have POTENTIAL
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HOW CAN ENERGY BE TRANSFORMED FROM ONE KIND TO ANOTHER?
• Devices/Things change energy from one kind to another
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What are the energy transformations for a TOASTER?
• Coal is burned at plant (chemical)• Heats up water (heat) to make steam• Steam turns a turbine (mechanical), which turns wire near a magnet
• Makes electricity, travels to your house• Toaster changes electricity to heat.
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WHAT'S A CIRCUIT?
• A complete electrical path• Has a source (battery) to push the electrons
(voltage)• Has a conductor (wire) (current)• Has resistance (light bulb)
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HOW DO THEY GENERATE ELECTRICITY?
• Move a magnet near a wire• (or a wire near a magnet).• Generator is the opposite of a Motor
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WHAT ARE THE SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY?
• RENEWABLE, NON RENEWABLE• Most are Generating HEAT to make steam turn the turbine/wire/magnet: Nuclear (using heat from fission) Burning Fuels: Coal, Oil, Natural Gas, Wood, Ethanol, etc..
• Wind, Water turn the turbine directly
• Solar: causes photochemical reaction
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HOW DOES CARBON CYCLE THROUGH THE EARTH?
• Normally: Carbon from Animals to Air To Plants, to Ground to Animals.
• Burning Fossil Fuels or Plants causes more carbon to be added
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WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS DUE TO BURNING FOSSIL FUELS?(releasing carbon)
• Non Renewable Resource• Pollution• Acid Rain• Global Warming (Carbon Dioxide in the air traps in heat)
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WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GLOBAL WARMING, OZONE DEPLETION, AND ACID RAIN?
• Ozone Depletion: NOT caused by burning fuels, by CFC’s combining with ozone which protects us from cancer causing UV rays
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Global Watming
• Global Warming caused by: CO2 from burning , water, and methane from rice/cows,
• temperature of earth rises
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What are the effects?
• Rise in temperature• Unstable climate (wet places wetter, dry places dryer)
• Rise in sea level
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How is acid rain caused?
• Something burns (combines with oxygen). Like Sulfur… to make SO3
• Goes into air, combines with water SO3 and H2O make H2SO4, an acid!
• Comes down in the rain
• Acid Rain caused by burning fuels.
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What are the effects of acid rain?
• Acid rain reacts with the metals and nutrients (limestone, magnesium, etc..)
• Causes damage, hurts plants, fish, etc..
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