1 Lecture Cherdsak Iramaneerat Department of Surgery Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital Mahidol...

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Lecture

Cherdsak IramaneeratDepartment of Surgery

Faculty of Medicine Siriraj HospitalMahidol University

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Motivation• Something that causes a person to act,

encourage a person to response (American Dictionary)

• The process whereby goal-directed behavior is promoted and sustained (Schunk, 1990)

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Intrinsic Motivation• A person performs a task because of

rewards inherent to a task or activity itself• Examples:

– Playing jigsaw puzzle for fun– Drawing pictures for relaxation of mind

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Extrinsic Motivation• A person performs a task because of a

stimulus outside of the task or activity.• Examples

– Money– Threat of punishment

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Motivation• Motivating students to learn1.Curiosity2.Goal orientation3.Self-efficacy beliefs4.Learning outcomes

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Curiosity

• People are motivated to learn when they see or perceive of new things.

• Novel, complex, or unique patterns in the environment are good learning motivators.

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Goal Orientation• Not all goals will prompt the persistence in

learning.

1. The specificity of the goal2. Time to achieve the goal3. Determination of achievement

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Self-Efficacy Beliefs

Self-efficacy beliefs influence how much effort students put forth, how long they will persevere with the tasks, and have a positive impact on learning outcomes

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Self-Efficacy Beliefs

1. Enactive mastery experiences2. Vicarious experiences3. Verbal persuasion4. Physiological reactions

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Learning Outcomes

1. Satisfying expectancies– Self expectations– Natural consequences of learning– Other positive consequences

2. Describing the outcomes– Good: internal, unstable, controllable– Bad: external, stable, uncontrollable

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Advantages of Lectures• Efficient• Controlled content• Access to unpublished materials• Explain difficult content• Personalized teaching style• Motivating and inspiring

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Disadvantages of Lectures• Missed content• Off-topic instructors• Passive students• Poor note-taking skills• Inability to transfer from hearing to writing,

speaking, or doing

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Interesting Research Findings• Active responders learn more than passive

observers.• Despite desiring full notes, students have

done better when provided with partial notes.

• Students who take notes and study them later consistently receive higher scores than students who only listen to the lecture.

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Lecture Tip #1• Provide clear goals and objectives

– A goal• A goal states the purpose of instruction.• A goal informs students what to expect.• A goal reminds the teacher of the lecture focus.

– An objective• An objective is a description of what to be learned.• A behavioral objective states what students is

expected to be able to do after the instruction.

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Lecture Tip #2• Focus on concepts, not on facts

– Provide only essential facts– Frame facts within concepts– Explain concepts using different context

examples

Give an example (or examples) of facts and concepts in the topic of your instructional task

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Lecture Tip #3• Use questions

– Questions engage students actively.– Questions enable students reflection.– Questions foster higher order learning.– Questions facilitate deep learning.

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Lecture Tip #4• Prepare your lectures in three parts

1. Introduction2. Body3. Conclusion

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Lecture Tip #5• Gather important information prior to your

lecture– Content: scope, depth– Audience: experience level, specialty, special

needs, number– Goal of the lecture: limit to only a single goal– Environment: room, audiovisual equipments– Time: time of the day, amount of time

provided

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Lecture Tip #6• Use your voice effectively to engage your

audience– Tone– Pitch– Pace

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Lecture Tip #7• Consider your lecture style

– Suggestions:• Keep eye contact• Speak clearly• Vary your pace• Pause from time to time• Limit filler words (umm…, ahh….)• Un-root yourself (move around)

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Lecture Tip #8• Involve your audience in your lecture

– Questions– Cases– Examples– Presentations

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Lecture Tip #9• Prepare a good handout

– A handout with• Background information• Main topics• Spaces for students to write:

– Key facts– Concepts

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Lecture Tip #10• Don’t forget to summarize your lesson

– Intermittent summary of your main points– Provide concrete examples– Ask questions– Conclusion at the end of your lecture

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Cherdsak.ira@mahidol.ac.th

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