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3 Intrinsic Motivation A person performs a task because of rewards inherent to a task or activity itself Examples: –Playing jigsaw puzzle for fun –Drawing pictures for relaxation of mind
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Lecture
Cherdsak IramaneeratDepartment of Surgery
Faculty of Medicine Siriraj HospitalMahidol University
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Motivation• Something that causes a person to act,
encourage a person to response (American Dictionary)
• The process whereby goal-directed behavior is promoted and sustained (Schunk, 1990)
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Intrinsic Motivation• A person performs a task because of
rewards inherent to a task or activity itself• Examples:
– Playing jigsaw puzzle for fun– Drawing pictures for relaxation of mind
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Extrinsic Motivation• A person performs a task because of a
stimulus outside of the task or activity.• Examples
– Money– Threat of punishment
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Motivation• Motivating students to learn1.Curiosity2.Goal orientation3.Self-efficacy beliefs4.Learning outcomes
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Curiosity
• People are motivated to learn when they see or perceive of new things.
• Novel, complex, or unique patterns in the environment are good learning motivators.
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Goal Orientation• Not all goals will prompt the persistence in
learning.
1. The specificity of the goal2. Time to achieve the goal3. Determination of achievement
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Self-Efficacy Beliefs
Self-efficacy beliefs influence how much effort students put forth, how long they will persevere with the tasks, and have a positive impact on learning outcomes
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Self-Efficacy Beliefs
1. Enactive mastery experiences2. Vicarious experiences3. Verbal persuasion4. Physiological reactions
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Learning Outcomes
1. Satisfying expectancies– Self expectations– Natural consequences of learning– Other positive consequences
2. Describing the outcomes– Good: internal, unstable, controllable– Bad: external, stable, uncontrollable
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Advantages of Lectures• Efficient• Controlled content• Access to unpublished materials• Explain difficult content• Personalized teaching style• Motivating and inspiring
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Disadvantages of Lectures• Missed content• Off-topic instructors• Passive students• Poor note-taking skills• Inability to transfer from hearing to writing,
speaking, or doing
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Interesting Research Findings• Active responders learn more than passive
observers.• Despite desiring full notes, students have
done better when provided with partial notes.
• Students who take notes and study them later consistently receive higher scores than students who only listen to the lecture.
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Lecture Tip #1• Provide clear goals and objectives
– A goal• A goal states the purpose of instruction.• A goal informs students what to expect.• A goal reminds the teacher of the lecture focus.
– An objective• An objective is a description of what to be learned.• A behavioral objective states what students is
expected to be able to do after the instruction.
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Lecture Tip #2• Focus on concepts, not on facts
– Provide only essential facts– Frame facts within concepts– Explain concepts using different context
examples
Give an example (or examples) of facts and concepts in the topic of your instructional task
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Lecture Tip #3• Use questions
– Questions engage students actively.– Questions enable students reflection.– Questions foster higher order learning.– Questions facilitate deep learning.
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Lecture Tip #4• Prepare your lectures in three parts
1. Introduction2. Body3. Conclusion
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Lecture Tip #5• Gather important information prior to your
lecture– Content: scope, depth– Audience: experience level, specialty, special
needs, number– Goal of the lecture: limit to only a single goal– Environment: room, audiovisual equipments– Time: time of the day, amount of time
provided
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Lecture Tip #6• Use your voice effectively to engage your
audience– Tone– Pitch– Pace
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Lecture Tip #7• Consider your lecture style
– Suggestions:• Keep eye contact• Speak clearly• Vary your pace• Pause from time to time• Limit filler words (umm…, ahh….)• Un-root yourself (move around)
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Lecture Tip #8• Involve your audience in your lecture
– Questions– Cases– Examples– Presentations
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Lecture Tip #9• Prepare a good handout
– A handout with• Background information• Main topics• Spaces for students to write:
– Key facts– Concepts
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Lecture Tip #10• Don’t forget to summarize your lesson
– Intermittent summary of your main points– Provide concrete examples– Ask questions– Conclusion at the end of your lecture
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