1 st Industrial Revolution. Regional Economic Differences Create Differences Different economic...

1st Industrial Revolution

Regional Economic Differences Create Differences

• Different economic systems lead to political differences between regions

• North- industry• South- Cash Crops• West- produces food• All regions help to sustain other regions

Sectional Differences

North• Industry• Laborers –poor immigrants• First unions develop• Anti-slavery movement

(abolition)• Emancipation- want to free

the slaves

South• Based on agriculture• Plantation owners• Planters• Farmers• Slaves- “necessary evil”

Industrial Revolution

• Reorganizing of society and economy

• Machines replace hand tools

• Unskilled laborers replace artisans

• Expansion of cities• New England becomes

the industrial center

Samuel Slater

• Steals plans for buildings textile mill

• Known as Father of the American Factory System

Lowell Factory System

• Started by Francis Cabot Lowell

• First dual purpose textile plant

• Brought all aspects of cloth production under one roof

• Mechanizing of all stages of the manufacturing of cloth

Lowell MillLowell Mill

Lowell GirlsLowell Girls

What was their typical “profile?”

Lowell System

• Recruited women in teens and twenties

• Workforce-Mostly young unmarried farmers daughter’s

• Lived in company towns• Controlled aspects of lives• Strict moral supervision

Why did New England Become the Center of the Industrial Revolution

• Rocky soil hurt farming• Dense population for labor force• Good seaports for imports and exports• Swift flowing rivers provided the power

needed• Capital/$

Interchangeable Parts

• Use of identical parts to assemble products

• Eli Whitney was the pioneer• Done with muskets first• Increased the production of

goods in factory systems• Mass production- cheaper

and faster• Becomes the basis for

modern mass production and assembly lines

Elias Howe & Isaac Singer

Elias Howe & Isaac Singer

1840-50sSewing Machine

Sewing Machine

• Invented by Elias Howe• Perfected by Isaac

Singer• Foundation of the ready

made cloth industry• Textile production

became cheaper and faster

• Drove seamstress from the home to the factory

Steel Plow

• Invented by John Deere• Increased farm

efficiency• Purpose was to break

up the tough soil

Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical

Reaper

Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical

Reaper

- Could do the work of five men- Became the most significant technology on the frontier

Telegraph

• Invented by Samuel Morse

• Improved communication faster and further

Charles Goodyear• Received a patent

for vulcanizing rubber (1844)

• Over 500 different uses in the new industry

Steamboat

• Invented by Robert Fulton

• Made two way river travel possible

• can go upstream or downstream regardless of the current

• Cut freight costs, speeds up travel

The Erie Canal connected the Great Lakes to the Hudson River, which connected to the Atlantic Ocean. This opened up new trade opportunities for those states

surrounding the Great Lakes.

Erie Canal• New York dug a 363 mile canal

linking the Hudson River to Great Lakes

• Completed in 1825• Governor DeWitt Clinton built using

only state money

Erie Canal

• Links the Hudson River to the Great Lakes

• Makes NYC the Gateway to the West

• Lowers cost for shipping• Cuts down time for

shipping• Stimulates a population

boom along the canal and Great Lakes

Erie Canal• Connected Eastern manufacturing and western

agriculture• Cost of shipping a ton of grain from Buffalo to NYC fell

from $100 to $5• Time fell from 20 to 6 days• Land value skyrocketed and new cities like Syracuse,

Utica and Rochester emerged along canal• Great Lake towns exploded Cleveland, Detroit,

Chicago• Immigrants traveled west using canal

Erie Canal

• Connects Midwest farmers to Northeast and world markets

• Financed totally by the state of New York

Erie Canal SystemErie Canal System

Turnpikes• 1st turnpike built 1790- Lancaster, Pa.- 62 miles

connected Lancaster to Philadelphia• Highly profitable broad hard surface highway• Tolls were collected, drivers were confronted with

spike barriers until toll was paid• Touched off a turnpike boom• State righters opposed federal aid to local projects• Eastern states protested against exodus of their

population

TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION

• turnpikes • National Road

The Historical National Road traveled through the states Maryland, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and

Illinois

Cumberland Road (1811)• National Road passed by Congress• 591 miles connected Cumberland, Maryland

to Vandalia, Illinois• Both state and federal funding• Became vital highway to the west• Freight cheaper became cheaper• Population centers boomed in the west• Land values along road enhanced

TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION

- Steam locomotives were pioneered in England

- John Stevens demonstrated a locomotive in NJ 1820

- Allowed people and products to be shipped great distances

- Fast, reliable, and cheaper than canals to construct

- Not frozen in winter- Able to go almost anywhere

Railroads

• Shipping by railroads more expensive than canals

• Railroads were faster, more reliable, could go over any terrain, could operate in winter

• B & O Railroad- 1st railroad

Railroad Revolution

• Funding both private and state• Cornelius Vanderbilt- made a fortune with the

NY Central Railroad• Land Grants given by government for building

railroads• Built by immigrants in the North• Built by slaves in the South

Transportation Revolution

The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)

The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)

1830 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RR

By 1850 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 31,000 mi.]

Mohawk And Hudson Railroad’s Dewitt Clinton

Impact of Railroads

• Promoted national trade and economic growth

• Linked Northeast to old Northwest• Promoted growth of other industries (iron,

coal, telegraph)• Encouraged farmers to specialize• First corporations in US

Rise to New Market Economy

• Push west in search of cheap land• A vast number of immigrants settling in

the cities• Newly invented machinery• Better roads, faster steamboats, farther

reaching canals and railroads• Thoreau- The Walden – questioned the

spiritual cost of the market revolution

Markets Expand

-by the mid 1800’s people were no longer totally self-sufficient

produce one product, buy all others

-specialization Focus on one specific

task -capitalism Free trade; people can

make as much money as wish

-standard of living rose for almost everyone

“America is a country in which fortunes have yet to

be made…All cannot be made wealthy, but all have a chance of securing a prize. This stimulates to the race, and hence the eagerness of

the competition.”

Changing Workplace

-decline of skilled labor

Just need people to run machines, no skills

-growth of urban areas

Cities begin to grow in the North; dirty conditions

-

Working Conditions

-long hours

-six days a week

-poor ventilation and lighting

Causes sickness and stunted growing

-unsafe working conditions

No workers’ compensation

No unemployment

Northern Working Conditions

• Workers forbidden by law to form unions• Strikes were rare• Workers had a difficult time of keeping precise

timetable• Women and children toiled 6 days a weeks

while earning small wages

Expected attitudes and habits of the new economic order

• Responsibility• Hard work• Steadiness and sobriety• Reining in of employee spontaneity

LABOR & THE EARLY UNION MOVEMENT

• National Trades’ Union- Philadelphia (1834)• Early issues:

– Child Labor Laws– 10 Hour Workday – Right to Strike

• Commonwealth v. Hunt (Massachusetts,1842) - ruled forming unions were not illegal if their methods were honorable and peaceful

Early unions were usually local, social, and weak – and were largely ineffective before the Civil War

Cult of Domesticity• Men went to work leaving wife and

children home alone• Separated into spheres• Mothers replaced fathers as rearers of

children• Replaced fear with love and reason• Family size decreased• Became the expected and accepted

role of women…whether they liked it or not

• Education of women- Oberlin College

POPULATION GROWTH

• 1775 2.5 Million

• 1790 4 Million• 1820 10

Million• 1840 17

Million• 1860 32

Million

POPULATION GROWTH

Causes• Natural

increase• Immigration

Immigration to the

United States, 1820-1860

Immigration

-lots of immigration in the mid 1800’s

-mostly Irish or German

Language, culture different

-low wages of immigrants caused problems with other workers

Employers hire immigrants because they will work cheap

-Growth of Nativism

Favoring natives, discriminating against immigrants

-Know-Nothing Party

Nativist political party that harassed immigrants

Rise of Nativism

• Began as the American Party (Know-Nothing)

• AKA –Supreme Order of the Star Spangled Banner

• Promoted Banning Catholics from office

• Wanted stricter naturalization laws

• Literacy tests

The distribution of foreign-born residents of the United States in 1860.

Results of Industrialization• Increased productivity began to feed mass

consumption markets• Towns and cities grew around factories• Labor shortage stimulated immigration and

encouraged inventiveness• Effects of boom and bust cycles were broadly felt• Government was increasingly promoting industry• sectionalism