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June2016
InternationalTrafficandTransportManagement 3
Title: SustainableDelft!
Studentsname: Jelle Mertens
Studycourse: 3rdyearInternationalTrafficandtransportmanagement
InternshipCompany: GemeenteDelft
Companycoach: Jan-KeesVerrest
NHTVcoach: EgbertKalle
Internshipperiod March2016–June2016
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InternationalTrafficandTransportManagement 5
PrefaceThis report is the result of the third years’ curriculum based work placement of the study
InternationalTrafficManagementattheNHTVinBreda.MyresearchwasconductedatthecityofDelft,amunicipalityinbetweenRotterdamandTheHagueintheNetherlands.
DuringmyinternshipIhavebeencoachedbyJan-KeesVerrestasmycompanysupervisoratthe
cityofDelftandbyEgbertKalleasmyNHTVsupervisor.
NotonlydoIwanttothankmyNHTVcoachEgbertKalle,butalsotoJan-KeesVerrestandthe
otheremployeesofthecityofDelftwhomadetheinternshipsuchanenrichingexperience. Ihopeyouwillenjoyreadingthereport,
JelleMertens
SustainableDelft! 2ndinternshipreport
6 NHTVUniversityofAppliedSciences,Breda
SummaryThis report seeks to investigate, develop and plan the most suitable measures to increasesustainablemobilitywithinDelft,themeasuresneedtobefullydevelopedand(partly)inplaceby2019andfitinthebudgetof250.000euros.ThebackgroundofDelfthasbeendescribedandtherisinglevelsofCO2,,NO2andNOXandthis
resultsinglobalwarming.Theeffectsarenoticeableanditisbecomingsurerthattheseeffectsarerelatedtothechangingclimate.
The role of the European Union and national government is significant and they make
regulationsaboutcharacteristicsofcarsandcanstimulatetheuseofeco-friendlyvehicles.Citiescanchangetravelbehaviouronalocalscalebyreducingtheamountofkilometrestravelledand
bypromotingsustainablemeansoftransport.
The tool EcoMobilityShift is used to determine strong andweak point in the sustainability of
Delfts mobility. For this three categories are used, enablers, transport system and results &
impacts.Delfthasseveralstrongandweakpointsthatwereusedinthecreationofthebudget
goals.
Stakeholders have been determined, such as citizens, technological firms in Delft, research
institutes and YesDelft!. Also technological trends such as electrical cars, hydrogen cars, self
drivingvehiclesandopendatahavean influenceon the chosenmeasures.ThepoliticalneedsarespecifiedonattentionforinnovationinDelft,accessibilitytoDelftSouthandfortouristsand
tointegratethetransportsystem.
Thefollowingsixbudgetgoalsaredeterminedtohelpranktheproposedmeasures.1. Improvement of enablers, understanding user needs, monitoring and public
participation
2. Increasetheshareoflowemissionvehicles3. Mobilitymanagementmeasures4. Completingtheintegratedtransportsystemincludingbigdata5. SupportfieldlabsandIncreaseinnovativecityimage6. Createbetteraccessibility
The measures considered are e-scooter sharing scheme, bike sharing scheme, sharing of
innovations(mobilityhouse),greencityCentreShuttle,cleanthecitiesfleet,increaseofamount
ofchargingpoles,budgetforcitizeninitiatives,budgetforcompanystart-ups,publishdataanda
longtermparkingfacility
Thefourmeasuresthatarerecommendedare:
Themobilityhouse,toallowresearchinstitutesandcompaniestotryoutinnovationinDelft.
Publishofstandardizedopendata,toallowforamoreintegratedtransportsystem.Abudgetforsustainablemobilitycompanystart-ups,toincludelocalcompanies.
Agreencitycentreshuttle,toincreaseaccessibilityfortouristswhilepromotingDelft.
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TABLEOFCONTENT
INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................................8BACKGROUNDDELFT..........................................................................................................................................................8REASONFORSUSTAINABILITY..........................................................................................................................................8TRENDSTOWARDSSUSTAINABILITY.............................................................................................................................11GOALANDBOUNDARIES..................................................................................................................................................11RESEARCHQUESTIONSANDRESEARCHMODEL..........................................................................................................12READERSGUIDE................................................................................................................................................................14
2. DELFTSMOBILITY...............................................................................................................................15DELFTSUSTAINABILITY...................................................................................................................................................15CURRENTPROJECTS.........................................................................................................................................................15DELFTSUSTAINABILITYVISION.....................................................................................................................................16SUSTAINABILITYOFPASSENGERTRANSPORT.............................................................................................................16SUSTAINABILITYOFGOODSTRANSPORT......................................................................................................................25
3. GOALSFORSUSTAINABLETRANSPORTINDELFT...................................................................26SWOT-ANALYSIS.............................................................................................................................................................26STAKEHOLDERS................................................................................................................................................................27TECHNOLOGICALTRENDS...............................................................................................................................................28POLITICALNEEDS.............................................................................................................................................................29BUDGETGOALS.................................................................................................................................................................30
4. MEASURECATALOGUE......................................................................................................................32E-SCOOTERSHARINGSCHEME........................................................................................................................................33BIKESHARINGSCHEME....................................................................................................................................................34SHARINGOFINNOVATIONS.............................................................................................................................................35GREENCITYCENTRESHUTTLE.....................................................................................................................................36CLEANTHECITIESFLEET................................................................................................................................................37INCREASEOFAMOUNTOFCHARGINGPOLES...............................................................................................................38BUDGETFORCITIZENINITIATIVES................................................................................................................................39BUDGETFORCOMPANYSTART-UPS..............................................................................................................................40PUBLISHDATA..................................................................................................................................................................41LONGTERMPARKINGFACILITY.....................................................................................................................................42
5. MAKINGDECISIONS............................................................................................................................43SCORINGOFTHEMEASURES...........................................................................................................................................43PRIORITISING....................................................................................................................................................................45
6. IMPLEMENTATIONPLAN..................................................................................................................46BUDGETFORCOMPANYSTART-UPS..............................................................................................................................46PUBLISHDATA..................................................................................................................................................................47SHARINGOFINNOVATIONS.............................................................................................................................................48GREENCITYCENTRESHUTTLE.....................................................................................................................................49
7. CONCLUSIONANDRECOMMENDATIONS.....................................................................................51RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................................................................................................................51
APPENDIX.......................................................................................................................................................54APPENDIX1;PUBLICTRANSPORTINDELFT...............................................................................................................54
SustainableDelft! 2ndinternshipreport
8 NHTVUniversityofAppliedSciences,Breda
IntroductionIn thepast years sustainabilityhasbeenvery important formostEuropeanCities.The cityof
Delft isalsosteeringtowardssustainability,butwhyandhow?Inthisreportwillbedescribed
what the city of Delft can do to shift towards sustainable mobility. In this first chapter a
backgroundofdelftwillbegiventogetherwithadescriptiononwhysustainabilityisimportant.Following on this the assignment description, the goal of the assignment and the project
boundarieswillbegiven.
BackgroundDelftDelft isarathersmall-scalecitywitharoundonehundredthousand inhabitants. (CityofDelft,2015)Twentyper centofall inhabitantsofDelft are studentsat theUniversityofTechnology
Delft and another 3,3 per cent is studying at The Hague University of Applied Sciences and
InHolland University of Applied Sciences (City of Delft, 2015). These universities are ofteninvolved in the development of the city and collaborate with other parties and the city on a
regularbasis.Delftalsoaccommodateshousingforabiggroupoflow-incomeresidentsworking
inDelft,RotterdamorTheHague.Thisdiversity in thepopulationallowsDelft tobeavibrant
city, but also brings some challenges. Next to the educational facilities, Delft has over 700knowledge firmswith over 16.000 employees (City ofDelft, 2015). Some of these companies,
like3M,DSMandDeltares,areworldleaderintheirbusiness.
Delft is very well connected with Rotterdam-The Hague, there is a cycle highway, a fast railconnectionand is connectedby the twohighways;A4andA13.Oneof thebiggestprojects in
DelftatthemomentisSpoorzone;thecompleterailwaystationhasbeenputunderground,first
withonetunnelfortwotracks,laterwithtwotunnelswithfourtracks.Theareathatwillcome
available above ground will be used for new infrastructure, housing, working and evenrecreation.
Also supportedbyDelft is theuseof living labswithin the city.Theseare initiatives from themarketthatcanfindtheirfirstpracticaltry-outinDelft,hopefullyleadingtoamutualbenefitfor
thecompaniesandthecity.OneofthesuccessfulexamplesisthecitydistributionwithinDelft,
theideaistobundlestreamsgoingintothecityandthereforreducetheamountofservicevans
drivingintothecity,thisserviceiscarriedoutbysmallerelectricalvehicles.
ReasonforsustainabilityIn December 2015, 195 countries signed the Paris agreement, stating that global average
temperatureshouldstaywellbelow20Candtheincreaseofseatemperatureshouldbelimited
to1,50C.Theglobalemissionsshouldalsopeakassoonaspossibleandrapidreductionsshouldtakeplaceafter.Whyisthechangingclimatesuchanimportantdiscussionandwhatcancities
doonalocalscaletocontributetoglobalgoals?
One of the reasons for a shift towards sustainability is the greenhouse effect, to explain thisknowledgeisneededofwhatcompositionofairis,andwhatischanging.Dryairintheearth’s
atmosphereconsistsfor99,96%outofthreemainsubstances,78,08%isNitrogen(N2),20,95%
is Oxygen (O2) and 0,93% is Argon (AR). A much smaller part is Carbon dioxide (CO2) with
0,04%, the remaining five gasses, Neon, Helium, Krypton, Hydrogen and Xenon are combine0,00245%.(UIGI,2016)Allofthesegasesareneededforlifeonearth,Nitrogenmakesitpossible
foraminoandnucleicacids todevelop,Oxygen isusedbybreathingand in themetabolismof
living organisms and Carbon is needed to allow for temperatures to be so, that the earth isliveable.
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InternationalTrafficandTransportManagement 9
Carbon andmethane are greenhouse gasses that reduce the amount ofwarmth from the sun
being reflected back outside the earth’s atmosphere.Without any of these gasses the average
temperature on earth would be -180C (NASA, 1998), instead of nowadays 150C. So CarbonDioxide is not necessarily bad for life on
earth, it is even necessary for humans to
liveonearth. Duringthe17thcenturythe
combustion engine was developing andeventually lead to the industrial
revolution, since than more work was
done by machines. These combustion
engineswouldlateralsoprovidepowertothe grid and be built intomotor vehicles.
These engines create power but also
produceanamountofCO2.Thisextraand
unnatural way of producing CO2 isexpected to be the cause of the relatively
high concentration of CO2in the air. (See
Figure1)Figure1;CarbonDioxide(Source;RobertA.Rohde,2009)
In 1938Guy Callendar showed that the average temperature on the earth had risen together
with the concentration of CO2. At
this time this researchwas seen asvery controversial and not believed
by many scientists. (Ed Hawkins,
2013) In between 1938 and 1972
more support came for the findingsofCallendarandin1972thefirstUN
environment conference took place
in Stockholm. In 1988 theintergovernmental panel on climate
change (IPCC) was formed and is
aiming to collect evidence for
climate change and that theincreasing amount of CO2 leads to
increasingtemperatures.Since1880
the average temperature in the
worldhasraised0,850C,asseeninFigure2insomeplacesthetemperaturewasevenhigher.Figure2;Temperaturechange(source;IPCC,2013)
Thistemperatureraiseseemsreallysmall,buttheeffectsontheenvironmentareexpectedtobe
big. The effects of climate change are really hard tomeasure, but the IPCC regularly releasesreportsthatshowaspectstogetherwiththelevelonconfidencethatthisiscausedbyincreasing
shareofgreenhousegases.
In 2014 the IPCC released their latest report on the impacts, adaptation, and vulnerabilitycaused by the climate change. The following paragraphs are a description on what the IPCC
publishedinthispaper.Onaglobalscalewithhighconfidencecanbestatedthatthegrowthof
glaciallaces,changeofthermalstructureinthewatersandearliertimingofspringactivitiesare
directlyrelatedtothehighershareofgreenhousegases.
SustainableDelft! 2ndinternshipreport
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Also on local scale agriculture and forestry are changing in Europe, but also the heat related
mortalityinEuropehasanupwardtrend.EasiervisibleistheeffectthechangealreadyhasonhumanactivitiessuchasarticexpeditionsorevenalpineactivitiesinthelowerAlps.Theglaciers
thatarestillexcisingaredecreasingeveryyearandtheheightfromwherethesnowlaysonthe
groundisgoingup.Alloftheselocalfactorsarewithmediumconfidencerelatedaseffectofthe
climatechange.
Oneof thereally important factorsof climatechange, therisingsea level canaccording to the
IPCCnotbeseenasatrendyetanddoesnotgetalevelofconfidenceyetthatthisisrelatedto
theincreasing.
Thesechangesdoalreadyhaveabigeffectontheearthandforsomeofthemtheevidencethat
theyarecausedbyhumaninfluenceissignificant.Intheupcomingyearseffectsareexpectedtobecomebiggerandhavemoreinfluenceonlifeonearth.Becauseofthesereasonsit isneeded
that we change our behaviour and have less of an influence on the earths atmosphere by
reducingtheamountofCO2.
Anotheraspectthatcanbeconsideredasinfluencingfactoronsustainabilityistheuseandreuse
of(consumable)goods.Theearthhasalimitedamountofresources,withaworldwidegrowing
demandthisneedstobemanaged.Rawmaterialsaregettinglessandatrendtowardsreuseand
recyclingofproductscanpreventscarcity.
Anotheraspectofsustainabilitycanbetheindependencyofacity,countryorarea.Whenaplace
canprovidefood,waterandelectricityforitself,thechangethatthisareawillhaveashortageof
resourceswillbeless.
The European union is focusing on these two aspects and has created a list of critical raw
materials. These are rawmaterials of which the EU tracks the supply and ensures it fits thedemand. Also the origin of this raw material is taken into account and it is tried to be as
independentaspossible,aoverviewofcriticalmaterialisshowninfigure3.
Apartfromthethreemeaningsabovetherearealotmoredefinitionsforsustainability.Inthisreport from the three aspectsmentioned above, the amount of CO2 producedwill be leading
performance indicator for sustainability. This because mobility on a local scale is easiest to
measureaccordingtoCO2levels.
Figure3;listofcriticalrawmaterials(Source;EuropeanUnion,2013)
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InternationalTrafficandTransportManagement 11
TrendstowardssustainabilityThe Paris agreement of late 2015 is an indicator that there is a current trend towards
sustainability,inhabitantsandgovernmentsareawareoftheupcomingrisksandtrytoprepare
themselvesasgoodaspossibleforthefuture.Butwhatcancitiesdo,tocreatemoreawareness
amongstpeopleandtoreducetheCO2emissions.InthissubchapteradescriptionwillbegivenontheEuropeanUnionspolicyandtheDutchpolity.Theseareleadingforlocalchangesandwill
haveabigeffect.Furthermoretheroleofcities,asisexpectedbytheDutchgovernment,willbe
scribed.
TheEuropeanUnionmakes regulations fornewmanufacturedvehicles, suchasCO2limitsper
kilometres.ThiswayCO2emissionspervehiclesperkilometrearereducedandthereformake
transportationbycarscleaner.Alsoapercentageofbio-fuelthatneedstobemixedwithpetrolanddieselwillinfluencethesustainability.
Thenationalgovernmentcanmaketaxationrules, ifacarisheavierormorepolluting, itcosts
moresalesandroadtax.Thisisoneofthepromotiontoolsforresidentstobymoreecofriendlycars and therefore pollute less in the cities itself. The Dutch government is also planning to
introduce a kilometre dependent road tax. This is expected to reduce the total amount of
kilometresby15percent.
In 2013 the Dutchministry of infrastructure and the environment have released a document
aboutwhatcitiesandprovincescandotoreducetheCO2fromtrafficandtransport.Threemain
goalsaregiventhatcitiescanusetoreducetheemissionsfrommobilityinacity,thesearethe
reductionofmobility,usingvehiclesmoreefficientandtheuseoflesspollutingvehicles.Thesegoalscaneitherberealisedbychangingthefleetofthecity,orinhabitantscanbestimulatedto
adapt.Thesegoalsandboundarieswillbetakenintoaccountinthisresearch.
GoalandboundariesDelft is a citywithmany cyclists andgood trainand tramconnections tonearby cities. In thetrafficandtransportplanforthecityofDelft,measuresarenamedthatshouldhelpdevelopthe
mobilityinDelftevenmore.AlsoinitiativesandinnovationsfromDelftUniversityofTechnology,
TheHagueUniversityofAppliedSciences, InHollandUniversityofAppliedSciences andotherresearchinstitutesareregularlysupportedbythecityofDelft.
Thetrafficandtransportplanisalong-termdocumentfortheperiodbetween2005and2020.
Inbetween investmentplansare created foraperiodof fouryears, at themoment that is theinvestment plans 2016 – 2019. Within this plan there are measures described to improve
accessibility, especially in Technopolis. Also measures are described to improve micro
accessibilityinthecitycentre,improvetheflowoftraffic,renewstreetsignsandtoimproveto
publictransportstops.Forallofthesemeasurestogetherasumof1.550.000eurosisreserved.
SustainableDelft! 2ndinternshipreport
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Aslastprogramoftheinvestmentplanabudgetisreservedforsustainabletransport.Thisisa
budgetof250.000eurosanddoesnothavea clear setofmeasuresdefinedyet.This researchseekstofindthemostsuitablesetofmeasurespossiblethatcontributetosustainablemobility.
Todefinewhatismostsuitablethetimeandmoneybudgetneedtobetakenintoaccount,but
alsothepoliticalneedsandtechnologicaldevelopments.Thegoaloftheresearchisformulated
asfollowing:
Toinvestigate,developandplanthemostsuitablemeasurestoincreasesustainablemobilitywithinDelft,themeasuresneedtobefullydevelopedand(partly)inplaceby2019andfitinthebudgetof250.000euros.Asmentioned in the goal, themeasure needs to be developed and at least partly in place by
2019,thatisbecausethemoneyisreservedforthistimeperiod.Thereisalsopoliticalneedtohavea sustainablemobilitymeasure inplaceby than; theelections for thenewcitycouncil is
alreadyin2018.
ResearchquestionsandresearchmodelThemodelbelowdescribedthedifferentresearchsteps,whichwillbetaken.Firstofallareview
will be made with the most important aspects of the vision of Delft and the metropolis
Rotterdam-The Hague. After this a STEEP analysis on the current situation in Delft will be
performed togetherwith a review on the progress towards sustainablemobilitywithinDelft.
Alsoadescriptionwillbegivenwith theprojectswhereDelft is currentlyworkingon.On the
right in themiddle theboxcanbeseenwith literaturestudy tosustainablemobility.Here the
termsustainablemobilitywillbedescribedandgoodpracticeswillbelookedfor.
AftertheseresearchstepsaSWOTwillbeperformedtodetermineinwhatsectorsthehighest
potentials lay fordevelopment. This canbe in areaswhereDelft is not up to the standard, or
where it can deploy even more because of the opportunities it has. With determining the
opportunities a stakeholder analysis will
beperformedintheformofabrainstorm
to determine who could contribute to
developingthebestsolutionsforDelft.
In the next steps will be looked at
possibilitieshowtofinancethemeasures.
Lookedwillbeatboththepossibilitiesfor
Grants as for possibilities for co-finance
out of the private sector. After all the
steps have been carried out a set of
measureswillbeproposed.Themeasures
will be chosenmaking use of aMCA and
in collaboration with advisor urban
mobility.
Figure4;reserachmodel
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InternationalTrafficandTransportManagement 13
Duringtheresearchallofthequestionwillneedtobeanswered.Themainquestionforthis
reportis:Whatmeasures,whichfitwithinthegiven(time)budget,contributeonthemostsuitablewaytothedevelopmentofsustainablemobilityinDelft
1. WhatvisiondoesDelftandthemetropolisregionRotterdam-TheHaguehaveonthe
subjectofsustainablemobility?
a. WhatisconsideredsustainablemobilityinthecityofDelft?
b. WheredoesDelftwanttobeconsideringsustainablemobilityin2020and
beyond?
c. WheredoestheMRDHwantstobein2020andbeyond?
2. WhatisthecurrentpositionofDelft,bothingeneralasinsustainablemobility?
a. WhatarethemaincharacteristicsofDelftandwhatisthepoliticalsituation?
b. HowsustainablecandetransportsysteminDelftbeconsidered?
c. Whatareinnovativemeasuresorapproachestowardsmeasuresusedin
Delft?
3. Whatissustainablemobility,whataregoodexamplesandwhatarerecenttrendsin
thisfield?
a. Whatcanbeconsideredsustainablemobility?
b. Whatneedstobedonetomaketransportsustainable?
c. Whatareinnovativeexamplesofsustainablemobility?
4. Whatmeasuresaremostsuitablebasedonthevision,politicalclimate,thecurrent
situationandthecurrentprogressinvariousprojects?
a. InwhatsectordoesthetransportsystemofDelftlacksustainability?
b. InwhatsectorisDelftalreadyverygoodonthewaywithsustainability?
c. Inwhatsectoristhemostpoliticalsupportandneedsforsustainable
mobility?
5. Which3rdpartiescanbeinvolvedinthecreationand/orimplementationofthe
measures?
a. Whatthirdpartiesmighthaveaninterestindevelopingsustainablemobility
measures?
b. Howcanthesecompaniesbeattractedtoparticipate?
6. Whatpartiescanfinanciallycontributetothemeasuresforsustainablemobilityin
Delft?
a. Isthereinterestfromathirdpartyinco-financingameasure?
b. Arethereanygrantspossibilitiesforcertainmeasures?
7. Whichmeasures,takingthecurrentsituation,vision,budget,politicalsupportand
thetimebudgetintoaccount,willcontributethemostsuitabletosustainable
mobility?
a. Whatarethepossibilitiesforsustainablemobilitymeasures?
b. Whatmeasureorsetofmeasureswillbethemostbeneficialandbestfitting
forDelft?
c. Whatmeasurescangetthemostpoliticalsupportandhow?
8. Howwillthechosenmeasure(s)becarriedout?
a. Whatisexpected,when,fromwhichstakeholder?
b. Howdoesthefinancialstatementofthemeasurelooklike?
c. Whatphasesdoestheprojecthave?
SustainableDelft! 2ndinternshipreport
14 NHTVUniversityofAppliedSciences,Breda
ReadersguideInthis first introductorychapterthebackgroundofthecityofDelft isdescribedtogetherwith
theneedforashift towardssustainabilityandtheassignment itself. Inthesecondchapterthe
currentsituationofDelftwillbedescribed,togetherwithananalysisonEUandDutchpolicyand
theireffectofsustainabilityinDelft.HerealsothevisionofDelft isdescribedtodeterminethegapinbetweenvisionandplannedprojects.
Inthethirdchaptertheinformationgainedinthesecondchapterwillbeusedtocreategoalsfor
Delft. After the goals are determined opportunities are described based on possiblestakeholders, technological innovationsandpoliticalneeds.Theseopportunitiesaretranslated
intoameasurecatalogue inthe fourthchapter.Hereseveralmeasureswillbedescribed,what
theyare,whatgoal theycontribute to,whopossiblestakeholdersmightbeandhow itwillbe
paid.
Inthefifthchapterdecisionsneedtobemadeonwhatmeasuresare,basedoncontributionto
the goals, political needs and the time and money budget, the most suitable for Delft. Thisdecisionwill be coordinatedwithaMCA todetermine theeffectsof themeasures, thedeputy
majorandthegovernmentalemployeesofthecityofdelft.
Inthe6thchapteradetailedplanwillbepresentedonhowthesemeasureswillbeimplemented.Thisincludestheimplementationsteps&timeplan,monitoringplan,stakeholderanalysisand
financialstatement.Inthelastchapterconclusionsbasedontheprocesswillbegiven.
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InternationalTrafficandTransportManagement 15
2. DelftsmobilityInthischapteramoredetailedviewonsustainabilityinDelftwillbegiven,togetherwiththeirvision and the progress in sustainable mobility. If the vision and the current policy are
compared,agapwillbefoundthatneedstobefilledwithsustainablemobilitymeasures.
DelftsustainabilityIn total 507 Kton CO2 was produced within Delft in 2011. Of this, traffic and transport wasresponsiblefor33percent.Asmentionedbefore,therearealotofstudentslivinginDelft.This
high share of students also results in a favourablemodal split.WithinDelft 52per cent of all
tripswerecarriedoutbybikeandanother21percentbyfoot.Thisleaves2percentbypublic
transport, 23 per cent by car and another 2 per cent by other means of transport. (DelftEnergieneutraal,2013)ComparingthistoothercitieswithasimilarscaleDelftdoesreallygood
insustainabletransportmeans.
BecauseofthismodalsplitDelftperformsreallywellwhenlookingatCO2producedbytraffic,withouttakingthehighwaysintoaccount. InthiscaseDelftproduces0,46tonCO2perperson
per year and is there for the 12th best scoring municipality out of 404 municipalities in the
Netherlands.Takingthehighwaysintoaccount(theA4andA13arewithinthecityboundaries)Delftproduces1,32tonCO2perpersonandisnumber149.TheministryofInfrastructureand
theenvironmentofthenationalgovernmentreleasedareportthatadvisesmunicipalitiestonot
take motorways into account when calculating the local emissions. In the most recent
measurementsofDelftthishasbeentakenintoaccount.
In the figure below the CO2 production can be seen for households, companies and traffic &
transport.ItisseenthattheCO2ratesfortrafficandtransporthavedecreasedfrom60to58in
thesesixyears.
Figure5;CO2developmentbetween2008-2014(source;Statisticoverview,Delft2015)
CurrentprojectsTwo sustainability projects that are named in the document Energy Neutral Delft 2050 are
urban distribution and Ekolectric. Urban distribution is cooperationwith PostNL and aims to
makemoreefficientuseofthecapacityofvansdrivingintothecitycentreandatthesametimemaking the vansmore environmentally friendly. Tomake this possible a distribution point is
created near exit 9 of the A13, where delivery vans can leave their packages for the urban
distribution to deliver. Urban distribution will then try to fill up small electrical vehicles as
much as possible so that as least as possiblemovements are needed. The urban distributionvehicleswill alsopickupgarbageback from the city, so that thevehiclesare filledbothways
(Maatwerkdistributie,2015).
The other initiative is Ekolectric by Accenda in cooporation with The Hague University of
Applied Sciences and the University of Technology Delft, an initiative to replace an old
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combustionenginewithanelectricalengine.Thiswaycarsarerecycledandusedwithcleaner
engines.
There is budget for the improvement of the accessibility and liveability of routes toward
Technopolis, Delft. The route needs to become faster for cyclists and the two roads will be
changedforlowerspeeds.
Apart from this there is the Cycle Action Plan, this document is bundling all measures for
improvingormaintainingthecycle infrastructure inDelft.TheCycleActionPlan is formedfor
the period between 2005 and 2020. Plans regarding infrastructure, parking, education andmonitoringaredescribedintheplan.
In the investment plan for the period 2016-2019 also special attention goes to the microaccessibility of the inner city. Currently the inner city can be accessed both by bike and by
pedestrians. Normally cyclists adapt their speed and behaviour when the pedestrian area is
busy.Toimprovethisabudgetisreservedformicroaccessibility.
Also two projects are being carried out on short term for the public transport in Delft. This
includes ameasure to prepare for a future tram line towards Delfgauw and the tram stop at
Martinus Nijhofflaan will be moved so that the stop served the shops around and the
neighbourhood better. The public transport in Delft is tendered out on a higher scale andthereforthecitydoesnothavedirectinfluenceinthepublictransportinthecity.
TheMRDHhasabudgetforself-drivingvehicleswithinthemetropolitanarea.TheUniversityof
TechnologyDelfthasappliedwithaSURFproject,thatisinvestigatingtheimpactsofelectricalself-drivingvehicles,tothissubsidyandwillseekforcooperationtosetupafieldlab.Thisway
the project can be financially subsidized while the vehicle in development can be used for
challengesintheregion.
Alloftheseprojectsarealreadyinprogressandthereforetheyarenottobeconsideredinthis
budget.Thebudgetismeanttoimplementnewprojectandnotsupportalreadyexcisingprojects
andinitiatives.
DelftsustainabilityvisionMostcitiesnowadayshavetheirownsustainabilityplanwheretheydescribewhattheywantto
reach regarding sustainability. Every city has their own approach to this theme, but also
differentgoals.Agoalofacitycaningeneralbethreedifferentthings,eitherCO2neutral,energyneutralorenvironmentallyneutral.
Anotherfactorthatcanvarybetweencitiesistheterminwhichtheywouldliketoaccomplish
this goal. Delft wants to be energy neutral by 2050. To reach this they have three goals inbetween,15percentCO2reductionby2012,35percentby2020and50percentby2030.Allof
thesereductionsarerelativelytothebaseyear1990.ApartfromgoalaboutCO2reductionthere
aregoalsfortheuseandoriginofenergy.
SustainabilityofpassengertransportIn this part the sustainability of the transport system will be reviewed based on the
EcoMobilityShiftmethod.This is a tool createdwithinaEuropeanproject in cooperationwith
partners as the Local Governments for Sustainability in Bonn, Germany, Napier University in
Edinburgh,UK,Mobiel 21, Leuven,BelgiumandMobycon inDelft,Netherlands.The goal is toallow cities to assess their eco mobility performance. The tool exists of two parts, the self-
assessmentandtheaudit.InagreementwiththecityofDelft,chosenistoonlyperformtheself-
assessmentandtoverifythisinternally
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InternationalTrafficandTransportManagement 17
Thetoolisonlybasedonpassengertransportandnotongoods.Thereforethesustainabilityof
goodstransportwithinDelftwillbedescribedseparately.Theassessmentforpassengertrafficis subdivided into three parts, enablers, the transport system & services and the results &
impacts.Intotal20indicatorsarebeingdescribed.
This tool is used for the assessment because it gives themost compete and accurate viewonsustainablemobilityinacity.Becauseofthespecialfocusonsustainabilityitsuitsbettertothe
purposeofthisassignmentthanothercomparisontoolssuchasUNEPortheSUMPtool.
Enablers
UnderstandingUserneedsTwomethodsarebeingusedbythecityofDelfttogatherdatafrominhabitant;thisdatawillbe
usedtomakeanalysesoftheneedsandmonitorchangesanddevelopments.
The first tool used by Delft is the DIP, Delft Information Panel; this is a group of over 2.500membersthatareaskedfortheiropinionorbehaviouronaregularbasis.Since2002theyhave
beenaskedtocarryoutasurvey37times,thiscomesdowntoanaverageoftwotothreetimesa
year. Thereasonforthesurvey,theresultsandinformationaboutwhatthecityisgoingtodo
with these results can be found on theirwebsite. Over the last yearsmany different subjectshavebeensurveyed,examplesareasurveyforbiketheft,wherethecityaimedtofoundouthow
manypeoplewerevictimofbiketheftandiftheyreportedthistothepolice.Anotherexampleis
asurveyforcitymarketing,wherethecityaimedtofindouthowresidentsthinkaboutDelftandwheretheyareparticularlyproudof.Lastmobilitysurveyhasbeencarriedoutin2014andgave
insightinmodalsplitforseveraldestinationsandpurposesoftheirtrips.
TheDIPtoolisveryeffectiveforthecitytogetagoodviewonpeopletheirbehaviourandaboutthe opinion of residents about a topic. The tool and its results are publicly available and all
residentscanparticipate.Thetoolisalsoactivelypromotedbytheuseofcouponsthataregiven
awayonlotterybase.
AmoreopenmethodusedistheOmnibusenquete.Thisisaquestionnaireofover75questions
whereresidentscanfill intheiropinionaboutallaspectsof thecity.Onthisquestionnairethe
city is not looking for a specific subject but in general what the residents think and where
improvements can be made. This questionnaire is also an important factor on assessingdevelopmentandresults frompolicy.The lastquestionnairehasbeencarriedout in2013, the
resultsofthesequestionnairesarepublishedonthewebsiteinfactsheets.
ParticipationAgovernmentalinstitutioncantrytounderstandtheneedsofresidentsandintegratethisinthe
plans,butagovernmentcanalsochosetoactivelyengagecitizens,getinsightintheirideasfor
new developments and let them decide on certain aspects. In 2005 Delft started with active
participationbyinvolvingresidentsinanearlystageaboutfuturepolicy.Residents cando thison severaldifferentways, they canmakeaproposal for the city council
aboutwhattheythinkwillhelpthecityfurther,theycanbeinvolvedinplansinearlystagesand
givetheircommentsandtheycancontributetocitycouncilmeetings.Heretheycaninformthecouncilwithrelevantinformationwhyapolicyneedstobechanged,keptorputinplace.
FinanceforsustainablemobilityThe financescore isdeterminedby thepercentageof the transportbudgetbeingdedicated to
sustainable modes of transport within the city of Delft. Currently, the investment plan formobility for the timeperiod2016-2019 is inuse.Thisplanhassixmainsubjectswithseveral
measuresforeachofthesesubjects.ThefirstoneisgivingaboosttoTechnopolisDelft;thisisa
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newcitypartthatshouldattracttechnologyfirms.Forthisgoalfivemeasuresareplanned,one
involvestheimprovementofcaraccessibilitytowardstheTICbypromotinganalternativerouteforbikes.AttheJaffalaancarshavedifficultiescrossingthecyclepaths,duringthedaysomany
cyclistsusethis intersectionthattrafficneedstoberegulatedbyatrafficcontroller.Theother
fourmeasuresareacyclehighway towardsZoetermeer, separatecycle routeon theSchieweg
andtocreatealowdensityofcarsontheJulianalaanwestandthemiddleoftheJulianalaan.Asecondpart is being invested formicro accessibility. This budgetwill be used to improve the
accessibilitybyfoot(andbike)oftheinnercity.Asthirdsubjectthetrafficflowontwolocations
willbeimprovedforcarsandtheBrasserskadewillbenewlydesigned.Furthermoreabudgetis
reserved forsighing, twopublic transportstopsandabudget forsustainablemobility. In total69,5percentofthebudgetfortheperiod2016-2019willbeforsustainabletransportmodes.
Monitoring,evaluationandreviewOneofthemonitoringtoolsistheDelftsInternetPanel,theoutcomesareoftensurveysthatarecarriedoutonregularbasis.Theoutcomeofthesepanelscanthereforebeusedformonitoring
ofthecitystrategy.Bymeanofthesesurveysthemodalsplitcanforinstancebemonitoredand
theCO2emissionscanbecalculatedfromthis.
Transportsystemandservices
PlanningWithin Delft most new developments consider sustainability and sustainable modes of
transport. Nieuw Delft (Spoorzone) is the biggest project in Delft at the moment. The trainstationisputunderthegroundandthelandthatbecomesfreebecausethetracksareunderthe
groundcanbenewlydeveloped.Thenewresidentscanaccesstheirhousereallyeasilybytrain,
tram,busandbike.Butalsothecaraccessibilitywillbeimportant,althoughthecarwillbeguestonthestreets.Technopolisisoneoftheexampleswheresustainableaccessibilitydidnothave
thehighestpriority.ThisnewareaisclosetheA13,butwithjustonebuslinethroughthemiddle
notverywellconnectedtopublictransport.Thenewtramline19,whichshouldbeinplaceby
2019,willimprovethisbyaddinganotherstopanddecreasingthetraveltimefromthestationofDelft.
CarfreeandlowspeedareasThedivisionof areawith a low speedor carfree zones anddistributor roads ismade; all
thedistributorroadsaremadetoconnectthe
neighbourhoods and motorways. The
neighbourhoods themselves are low speedzones,wherecarsareallowedtodrive15or
30km/h. In the innercity there isa car free
area. Even though the percentage has not
beenmeasureditisestimatedthatmorethan60 per cent is low speed or car free. This is
based on the following map, these are the
distributorroadsandtheotherroadswillbe
residentialroads.CamerasstrictlyenforcethecarfreeareasofDelft,thelowspeedareasare
enforcedwithuseof speedbumpsandother
trafficcalmingmeasures.
Figure6;DistributorroadsDelft(Source,LVVP)
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InternationalTrafficandTransportManagement 19
InformationprovisionWithin Delft and the metropolitan region Rotterdam-The Hague there are no specific
applicationsthatprovidetravellerswithinformationoftheirtravel.Whentravellerswouldlikeinformationonslowmeansoftrafficthereareothernationalwidetoolssuchas9292OV.nl.On
thissiteamultimodaltripcanbeplannedwithallmeansofpublictransport.
For the trains,bussesand trams the travelplannerof thespecificoperatororvia the9292OV
siteorapp.GreenwheelsandOV-Fietsarenotincludedinthisappandneedtobeapproachedfrom their specific sites.Alsoparkand ride facilities inDelft, orother cities, arenot included.
Thismeans that theapp isonly forcompletepublic transport tripsand isnotable toadvisea
multimodaltrip.Onthestreetthereisdynamic,solarpoweredinformationatthebusstopsto
providetravellerswithinformationaboutwhennextbusortramisapproaching.
MobilitymanagementThe term mobility management in short is related to steering people to act different andthereforepositivelyinfluencethemobilitymarket.Mostofthemobilitymanagementmeasures
areinitiativesofhighergovernmentssuchastheprovinceornationalinitiatives.
Oneofthenationalmobilitymanagementmeasuresthathaveeffect inDelftcanbeconsideredthe OV-Fiets that provides travellers a lastmile solution from the train station towards their
destination.Anothertypeofsharing is theGreenwheels,sharedcar thatare forrent.Theyare
not only standing at train station andprovide travellers theoption touse the car, evenwhentheydonotownacarorwhensomeoneiscarryingoutthefirstpartofthetripbyanothermean
oftransport.Bothofthesesharinginitiativesareratherinflexibleinthehiringperiodandhand
inplaces.OV-Fietsisonlyavailableatstationsandcanonlyberentedforawholedayandnota
partofaday.ItisalsoratherexpensivetohandinanOV-Fietsatanotherstationthanwhereitisfirstrented.FortheGreenwheelscountsthesameregardingthehandinplace,butthecarscan
alsoberentedperhour.
Other examplesofMobilityManagement are thepromotionof flexworking,whereemployersarestimulatedtoallowemployeestoworkathomeacertainamountofdaysperweekormonth.
Alreadysmallreductionsofcommutingtraffichaveeffectoncongestionsonthemotorwaysand
insideofthecities.EmployeesofthecityofDelftareallowedtoworkathomeonedayaweek,
andtheythereforecontributetofewermovements.
Carpoolingisalsoamethodofmobilitymanagement, increasingtheoccupationdegreeofeach
individual car will lead to a reduction of the amount of cars needed to transport the sameamountofpeople. InDelft thereare twospecifiedcarpoolplaces,oneoneachsideof the city
(parkeerlijn,2016).Theyaccommodatespacenearmotorwayssothatcommuterscanshareone
car,reducingcostsanddecreasingtheamountofvehiclesonthemotorway.
ParkingDelfthasanintegralparkingpolicythatrestrictsshortstayvisitorsfromparkingonthestreet
andfacilitatesthemwithparkingplacesinparkinggarages.Mostofthecityisregulatedparking,depending on the place it is restricted to residents, hourly payment or only for day ticket
holders.
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Figure7;parkingtimesinthecityofDelft(CityofDelft,2013)
ComparedtoothercitiesDelfthasareasonableexpensivetariffforparkingonthestreets.The
tariff for street parking is 3,00 per hour, and therefore more expensive than for exampleGroningen,EindhovenandLeiden(CityofDelft,2016).IntheparkinggaragesofDelftthisisa
bitcheaper,toattractcarusers.Fouroftheparkinggaragesinthecityareownedbythecityof
Delft.
There isaparkandride facilityatstationDelftZuidandanotherparkandride facilitywillbe
builtatthenewparkinggarageatthestationofDelft.NearthestationDelftthetemporarylong
termparkingNijverheidspleinisavailableforparkandrideuntilthenewparkinggarageatthe
stationDelft isready.AtthehighwayA13andA4therearecarpoolplacesforcommutersthatwanttotraveltogether.
SlowmeansoftransportTheinnercityofDelftisacarfreezoneandonlyallowspeoplethatarewalkingandcycling.Thismeansby footorbike the transportation fromdoor todoor ispossiblehere,whilewithother
meansof transport this isnotpossible.Thecombinationofpedestriansandcyclists inthecity
centremeansthatcyclistswillhavetoadapttheirspeedtothespeedofthepedestriansif it is
busy.Eventhoughthiscanbescaryforsomeusers,itseemstogoverywellinmostcases.Delftis aiming to increase the amount of 30-km per hour zones so that cars will have less of a
dominantroleintheneighbourhoods.Morespacecanbecomeavailableforwalkingandcycling.
InDelftmorepeopleuse thebike thanpeople thatarewalking.To facilitate thishighshareofcycling the city has a special policy paperwith all theplans for cycling, theCycleActionPlan
(Fietsactieplan).Hereallplansforthecyclinginfrastructurearestatedforthecomingfiveyears
oftime.
ThelastpublicationwithareviewoftheDelftcycleinfrastructurederivesfrom2001inthecycle
actionplan.ThestrongpointsthanwerethedensityofDelft,thegoodsafetyforcyclists.Points
that were less good were the disruption because of other traffic and the low percentage ofdedicatedcycleinfrastructure(Fietsbalansscore,2001).In2010theupdateforthecycleaction
planworksfurthertoimprovethesegoalstogetherwithnewchallenges.Oneofthesechallenges
istheSpoorzonethatchangesthecyclingstructureinDelft.
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InternationalTrafficandTransportManagement 21
Publictransportcoverage,speedandUsabilityThe busses and trams that are driving in Delft are from different concession areas. The city
busses in Delft are being driven by Veolia and belong in the concession Haaglanden streek(OVinNederland.nl,2015).ThebussesandtramstowardsTheHaguearebeingdrivenbyHTMin
theconcessionareaHaaglandenStad.FinallythebustoRotterdamisbeingdrivenbyRET,inthe
concessionRotterdamstreek.
The coverage of the bus and tramnetwork in the city ofDelft is average forDutch standards
withabusstopeverycoupleofstreets.TherearestillsomeneighbourhoodssuchastheRode
KruisBuurtwherepublictransportisnotavailableandadistanceupto700metresisneededto
reachapublictransportstop.
Thefrequenciesofthecity linesofDelft isbetween1and2timesperhour,exceptforthebus
linetothetechnicaluniversity.Thisonedrivesupto8timesperhourinthemorningpeak,butdoesnotdriveatnightorintheweekends(OvinNederland.nl,2016).Thecompletelineschedule
canbefoundinappendix1.ThetrainconnectionsfromthestationofDelfttoRotterdamandThe
Hague are driving up to 10 times per hour, and from Delft Zuid four times per hour (NS.nl,
2015).
In2017itisproposedtoremoveapartoftheline62,sothattheVoorhofwillnotbeconnected
anymorebythebus(MRHD,2016).Thisisnotforsureyet,sincethecityofDelftwouldliketo
keeptheline62.Thismeasureisresultofthelowusageofthisline.Apartfromthislinethereisdiscussionaboutline61thatiscurrentlydrivingthroughthecitycentreofDelft.Withremoving
the line is that there isnot a replacement that canbeused forpeople thatneed toaccess the
inner city by bus, but a bus right through the car-free centre is also not the most desirable
situation.
Delft has a public transport system that is mostly focussing on the lines with the biggest
demandsandthesearedrivingrelativelyfrequent.OtherplacesinDelftarereachablebypublictransport,butwithalowerfrequencyandwithsomedistancetocoverafterthefinalbusstop.
Thiscanbetheresultofacycleculture,becauseofthatthepublictransportisnotaneedbuta
supportingsystemapartfromthebikeandthecar.
LowemissionvehicleInthiscategoryadistinctionwillbemadebetweenthevehiclesofcityresidentsandthevehicles
ofthecityofDelft.Fourdifferentkindsofvehiclesarebeingdistinguishedforthecitiesfleet,the
personvehicle, van, truckandgarbagecollection truck. In2006 thecityofDelfthad7personcars, 100 vans, 28 trucks and 20 garbage trucks (CEDelft, 2006). The kilometres driven per
vehicle differ from 1.500 km per year up to 20.000 km per year. Bassed on the vehicle type,
annualkilometres, fuel type,vehicleageand fuelconsumption theextent towhich thevehicle
harmstheenvironmentwillbedetermined.
In 2016 a new parking enforcement system was introduced where each car needs to be
registeredwithaparkingpermissionbasedontheirlicenseplate.Thisisbothforresidentswith
a fixed parking permit and for visitors that buy a ticket. A scan scar now driver through thestreetstocheckeverycarforpermission.Thisscancardrivesaroundthescancardriveswitha
medianof104kmperdagovertheperiodJune2015untilJune2016averyhighaverage.Inthis
year thecardroveover35.000kmonly in thecentreofDelft (TomTomWebfleet,2016).This
vehicleisdrivingondiesel,whileitwouldhavegreatpotentialtobefromasustainablesource.
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The other aspect of low emission vehicles is that one of the residents andwhat the share of
electrical vehicles is amongst them. In Delft 0,65 per cent of all cars are electrical, this is
compared to othermunicipalities reasonably good. The best scoring big city, Eindhoven, justover2,4percentofallcarshaveanelectricalengine(RDW,2015).Theleadingstimulationfor
electricalcarsistheamountofchargingfacilities(RVO,2011).Delfthas43chargingfacilitiesfor
chargingofelectricalcarsinthecity(CityofDelft,2016),thisamountshouldgrowtofacilitate
furthergrowth.
Resultsandimpacts
ModalsplitInDelftthebicycleisbyfarthemostimportantfactorindemodalsplit.In2014aDIPhasbeencarried out and 1101 resonances have provided the citywith data about their trips andwith
whatmeanoftransportthesetripsarecarriedout.
Ofalltripsmade52percenthavebeencarriedoutbybike,21percentbyfootand21percent
bycar.Theremaining4percentarescooters,carpassengersandpublictransport(DIP,2015)
This score is very favourably and the total percentage of car is relatively low. Looking atdifferentdestinations,theTUDelft,Technopolisistravelledtobybike80percentandjust7per
cent by car, also the inner city of Delft scores high with 61 per cent bike usage. The three
destinationswiththemostcarusagearetheIkea(44percent),hospitalReinierdeGraaf (38
percent)andshoppingCentreindeHoven(25percent)
SafetyThe last data about traffic safety in Delft originates out 2009, in this research the traffic
casualties in the province South Holland have been reviewed. In total there were 27 seriouscasualties due to traffic of whom one died, another 105 casualties have been lightly injured
(monitortrafficsafety,2009).
Per10.000inhabitants2,7peoplewereseriouslyinjuredorworse.Ofthe27severelyinjuredinDelft9wereinacar,6onascooter,11onthebikeand1casualtywaswalking.Thehighamount
ofcyclistcanbeexplainedbythehighpercentageofbikeusage.Outoftheseverecasualties17
were ina50-km/hstreetand3 ina30km/hzone.Theotherwas inthe70,80and100km/h
zones.
ComparedtotheDutchaveragethisisalowaverage.Inthatyearintotal677peoplewerekilled
intrafficand9.310wereseriouslyinjured(SWOV,2009),inthatyeartheNetherlandscounted16,5million inhabitants.This comesdown toanaverageof6,05seriously injuredor fatalities
per10.000inhabitants.
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InternationalTrafficandTransportManagement 23
GreenhousegasesToestimatetheamountofgreenhousegassesproducedwithinacityboardertherearedifferent
kind of calculation methods. When the nota energy neutral Delft 2050 was created the CO2producedwithinthecityboarderswasestimatedtobe166Ktonperyear(2011).Theprogress
reportforthetime2012-2014estimatesthetotalproducedCO2fortrafficandtransporton58
Ktonin2012.
The difference of 108 Kton can be explained by a different calculation method. The Dutch
Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment have created a handbook for cities how to
measuretheirlocalCO2emissions.
In this handbook the cities areadvised not to take motorway
emission into consideration, this
because they do not haveinfluence on the CO2 on these
roads, but they do effect the end
result and therefor give a wrong
impression about CO2
performancesofcities.
58kton produced within the city
boarders without taking the A13into account comes down to 0.58
tonCO2percityresidentperyear.
Compared to other cities in the
Netherlands this is a good scoreformobilityemissions.
AirqualityFortheairqualityinthecitytwoindicatorsareused,theNO2andPM10valuesofthiscity.The
EuropeanUnionhasmadenormsforthesevalues,thanarestatedbelow;
− PM10
Annualnorm:40µg/m3
Daynorm:50µg/m3,maximumof35timesexceeded.
− NO2
Annualnorm:40µg/m3
Hournorm:200µg/m3,maximumof18timesexceeded.
TheworldhealthorganizationadviseddifferentnormsforPM10.Theyadvisehalfofthevalues
oftheEU,20µg/m3asannualaverageand25µg/m3asadailymax.
According toNSLmonitoring there are less than 35 times per year that Delft exceeds the 40
µg/m3,andthattheaverageisbelow40µg/m3.TheconcentrationofNO2isanumerousoftimes
exceededasideoftheA13.Therearenopointsinthecitywheretheaverageistoohigh.
Figure8;CO2mobilitypercity(source;KPVV,2013)
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ResultsEcoMobilityShiftThefollowingthreediagramsgivetheschematicresultsoftheEcoMobilityShift.Oftheenablers
there is a sufficient amount of finance for eco mobility. This is determined based on thepercentageofthetotalspendingonmobilitythatisrelatedtosustainablemeansoftransport.On
theotherpoints,Delftcanstillimprove.Theindicatorsallhavetodowiththeextendwithwhich
thecityhasthegoodcircumstancestoimplementsustainabilitymeasures.
Figure9;Enablers(Source,EcomobilityShift)
In the transport system& service, there ismore variety in the different indicators. The lowemissionvehiclesare lackingthemost togetherwiththemobilitymanagementservices.Other
indicatorssuchasparkingmeasuresandplanningofnewcityareasarescoringreallyhigh.
Figure10;Transportsystem&service(Source;EcoMobilityShift)
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InternationalTrafficandTransportManagement 25
The last category is the results & impacts and specifies the performance regarding effect,
regardlessofhowthis isbeingreached. Hereweseethatthemodalsplit isperformingabove
100percentofthescoredefinedbyEcoMobilityShift,thescoreofthemodalsplitisdependingontheusageof thecar.Thesafetyconditionsalsoscorehigh,witha fatalaccidentrateof2 in
2015 and 64 severe injuries. The local air has a window for improvements, it meets the
European Unions guidelines but not in all circumstances the advice of the world health
organisation.Alsothegreenhousegaseshaveplaceforimprovement,thisisonlywhentheA13istakenintoaccount.WithouttheA13DelfthasaCO2valueof58Kton(2014) insteadof166
Kton(CityofDelft,2015).Thisis lessthan5.8Ktonper10.000inhabitantsandwillresult ina
higherscore.
Figure11;Results&impacts(Source;EcoMobilityShift)
Thesegraphsareusedtogiveanoverviewonwhichelementsofthetransportsystemstillneed
themostattentionand theyareused in theSWOT-analysis in chapter3.TheEcoMobilityShift
method does not take goods transport into account even though this is seen as an important
factorforthesustainabilityofatransport.Thiswillthereforebediscussedseparatelyinthenextsubchapter.
SustainabilityofgoodstransportDelfthasanemissionzonefortrucksinthecitycentre.Thisrulerestrictstrucksinthisinnercitythatdonotatleasthaveaeuro4-dieseltruck.Truckwithothertypesoffuelsisalwaysallowed.
Thisway(old)dieseltruckswithhighemissionratescannotenterthecitycentre.
DelftinitiatedaprojecttogetherwithPostNLcalledStadslogistiekDelft(CityDistributionDelft),
to make city distribution in Delft efficient and sustainable The city distribution is aiming to
reducetheamountofmovementinthecitybyvans,whiledrivingsmallelectricalvehicles.These
smallelectricalvehiclesdoresult inreducedCO2emissionbutwillalso improvethequalityofpublicspaceinDelft,becausetherearefewermovementsandthevehiclesproducelessnoise.
BecauseofthesemeasuresDelft isalreadyaheadofmanyothercitieswiththeir influenceand
contributionongoodstransportwithinthecity.
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3. GoalsforsustainabletransportinDelftInthischapteranoverviewtheopportunitiesandthreatsforDelftwillbedeterminedresultingingoalstomakemobilityinDelftmoresustainable.Afterthegoalsaredeterminedmeasuresare
lookedforthatcanhelpaccomplishthesegoals.
SWOT-analysisBasedonmeetingswithemployeesof thecity, theMetropolitanregionRotterdam-TheHague,consultancyFirmAdvier,Boltmobilitytogetherwithonlineresearchonstatsandtrendsasetof
strengths,weaknesses,opportunitiesandthreatshavebeendetermined.
StrengthsBeneficialgeographic,Delftisadensecitywithshortdistancesinbetweenthecityparts.These
shortdistancescreateafavourablesituationforgreenmeansoftransport.Alsothedistanceto
RotterdamandTheHagueisverybeneficial.
AccessibilityofDelft,situatedinbetweentwomajorDutchcitiesdelfthasexcellentconnections
bytrain, tram,bus,carandevenbiketoRotterdamandTheHague. In2015themotorwayA4
was finished, creatinga secondconnectionbetween the twocities, this reducescongestionon
theothermotorway,theA13.
Cyclingtrips,Delfthasanincredibleamountofpeoplecyclingwithinthecity.Intheinnercity61
per centof the trips aremadebybike (DIP,2015).Delft is verygoodaccessiblebybike fromRotterdamandTheHagueandalsowithinDelftthedistancesaregoodtocycle.Cyclistsarealso
allowedtocycleeverywhereintheinnercity,whichmakesitverycompetitivetowalking,public
transportandthecar.Thehighusageofthebikecanpartlybeexplainedbythebigamountof
studentsinDelft.Ofalltripsgoingtoorfromthecampus80percentofalltripsisdonebybike.
P&R, inDelftoneparkandridefacility ispresentattheedgeofthecity,this isattrainstation
Delftzuidanditisfreetoparkthere(Parkerenindestad,2016).Fromtheparkandridefacility
there isdirectaccess to thecitycentrebysprinter.This ticket isnot integrated in theparkingfacility,becausetheparkingisfree.
Small-scalecity,withinDelfttherearemanydevelopmentsthatneedtobetestedasapilot.Delft
wouldliketheseinnovationstobepresentedandtestedinDelft.ComparedtobiggercitiesDelftis rather small, which can be an advantage for smaller pilots. Delft is also situated very
beneficial,sothatpilotscaneasilyrolloutfurtherintothemetropolitanareaofRotterdam-The
Hague. Thebig shareofhigh-educatedpeople and students canalso lead to ahighattractionfactorfornewinnovationsandpilots.Thiscanresultinmoreusageandabetterresultofapilot.
Numberof tourists, in2015Delftwasvisitedbyabout2,3million tourists.1,7millionvisitors
came from form the Netherlands and another 600 thousand came from outside of theNetherlands.These tourists spend30eurosperday forDutchvisitors a250euros for foreign
visitors, inclusiveovernightstay (CityofDelft,2013). Thisgroup iseasy to influencebecause
theydonothavearoutineandtheyarewillingtopay.Thiscancreateopportunitiestodevelop
sustainable transport for this group. Furthermore a technological innovation can attract extravisitorsthatcanbeanextrastimulationforDelfttoimplementnewmeasures.
WeaknessesElectrical cars, In begin 2015 Delft had 40 electrical vehicles; this is one per every 3.000inhabitants.InplacesasAmsterdamandEindhoventhisisalreadybetweenoneelectricalcarfor
every570and640inhabitant.Delfthaslesschargingstationinthecitythanonaverageinthe
Netherlands (CBS,2015), inDelft are43public charging facilities (Delft, 2016)This is still an
facilitytoimproveandcangiveaboosttoelectricdriving.
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InternationalTrafficandTransportManagement 27
Small-scalecity,asmuchasbeingasmall-scalecityisanadvantageitcanalsobeadisadvantage.
Pilotsthatneedalotofspaceorabigamountoftravellerstohavethebesteffectmightchoseforbiggercitiesfromthebeginningon.Butbecausethehighlevelofinterestandthegoodoptions
toscaleupfromDelftthisisexpectedtobeaminimumweakness.
OpportunitiesTechnologicalcompanies,700technologicalcompaniesaresituatedinDelftandareworkingonnew developments. The companies do not only offer working places but can also help Delft
brandasatechnologicalhotspotandthereforeattractevenmorecompaniestosettleinthearea
and collaborate with other parties. The city of Delft can then use these companies and their
knowledgefordevelopmentsinandaroundthecity.
Research institutes, The Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), The Hague University of
AppliedSciencesandInHollandUniversityofAppliedSciencesarethreeresearchandeducationinstitutes inDelft. Inthefieldofmobilityandsustainabilitythey(together)aredoingresearch
on several topics. TU Delft is working on a self-driving vehicles and is doing research to the
effectself-drivingvehicleswillhaveinUrbanareas,TheHagueUniversityofAppliedSciencesis
working on a project Ekolectricwhere they replace a combustion engine in a regular car andconvert it to a electrical car supported by a nitrogen engine. These developments can also
contributetonewdevelopmentsinDelft.
Start-ups,YES!Delft isacompany inDelft thangivesyoungentrepreneurssupport todeveloptheirproduct.Collaboratingtogetherwiththesestart-upsDelftcanimplementnewtechnologies
directlyonthestreets,supporttheCO2reductionwhilesupportingtheDelftinnovationsector.
ThreatsThe change of the political climate can be seen as the most relevant threat to plans for
sustainable developments. Different political parties have different view on the situation and
differentmethods to reach sustainability. Plans shouldbemadeon such away that also after
upcomingelectionsthemeasureswillstillbesupportedandinplace.
StakeholdersThe city ofDelftworks togetherwith several stakeholders that canhelp themwith becoming
more sustainable. In this subchapter an overviewwill be given of possible stakeholders that
couldbedeterminedinthelimitedtime.Itcouldbethatacertainstakeholderisnotmentionedhere that could have been. Due to the limited time, stakeholders have been determined that
seemed most suitable at that moment. The stakeholders were chosen because of already
ongoing projects or interests into an aspect of sustainable mobility at the moment that this
reportwasreleased.
− Citizensofdelft
− Delftscompanies(suchasAdvier,TNO,SiemensandExcect)
− MRDH
− DelftUniversityofTechnology
− TheHagueUniversityofAppliedScience
− Yes!Delft
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TechnologicalTrendsThedevelopmentsofnew technologies is amust for sustainabledevelopment,becauseof this
dependencebut also theunpredictability of technological innovation it canbehard for policy
makers to create their long termplans. In thispartof the report a summarywillbegiven for
recent innovations that can influence themeasures for sustainablemobility that are planneduntil2019.Sothesedevelopmentsareexpectedtohaveaninfluenceonthemobilitymarketona
reallyshortterm.
EmissionfreevehiclesAlready in in the 20th century cars were produced with other engines than conventional
combustionengines.Inthe1996theEV1wasdevelopedandproducedbyGeneralMotors.This
electricalvehiclehadarangeof100km’sandcoulddrive129km/h. (EV1.org,2016) In2016
thistechnologydidnotcamethatmuchfurther.AVolkswagenE-golfforexamplecandrive130km/hwitharangeof190(Volkswagen,2016).
But in June 2012 TeslaMotors camewith theModel S, an electrical super carwith over 500kilometresofbatteryrange,andatopspeedof250km/h.TheteslamodelSisahighsegment
carthatisinthesamepricecategoryasanAudiA8orPorschePanamera.Teslaisplanningon
bringing out a cheapermodel in 2017with similar specifications. Because of this new trend
driving electrical has become a new trend and in the next year it is expected that thedevelopmentsattheothermanufacturerswilldevelopandthereforemakingtheelectricalcara
massproductioncar,insteadofanexclusiveproduct.
Anothertypeofemissionfreevehiclesisthehydrogenvehicle.IntheNetherlandsthereisonecaravailableonthecommercialmarket thatdrivesonhydrogen,andthat is theHyundai iX35
FuelCell(ANBW,2015).Thecarhasasellingvalueof25.000eurosbutcanintheNetherlands
onlybeleasedfor2.000eurospermonth.Afterpossiblesubsidiesthismightgetless.TheIX35
fuel cell is heavier than the normal IX35 and drives around 600 kilometres on a full tank.Fuelling hydrogen can be done on only three places in the Netherlands and costs 50 euros
(Fuelswitch.nl,2016).Becauseoftheearlystageofthistypeofvehicleitisnotexpectedtoplaya
majorroleuntil2019,althoughtheneedforatankstationmightbethere.
AutonomousvehiclesAnothertrendthatisalsodevelopingfastistheautonomousvehiclesthatcandrive(partly)on
their own.Many carmanufacturers and other companies are investing in the development of
self-driving vehicles. Tesla motors has recently made an update available that allowed tesladriverstoactivateautopilot.Withthefeaturetheteslaisabletostaybetweentwolanesandto
keep distance to the cars in front. The autopilot can also change lanes. This is the first self-
drivingcarthatisavailableforprivateconsumers.
OpendatasourcesAnother technological trend can be considered the huge amount of data that came available
because of GPS, Bluetooth, RFID tickets,WIFI and other innovations that allowpolicymakers
andoperatorstocollectlivedataortoanalysestaticdata.
Thisdatacanalsobedirectlypublishedtotheconsumers,withthisextradatatheconsumercan
makebetterdecisionsoritcanmakehisorhertraveleasier.
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InternationalTrafficandTransportManagement 29
PoliticalneedsInthisreportthepoliticalprocesswillbeconsideredlessthanthefactualresultofthemeasures.
But tobeable todefendthechosenmeasures togetherwith thepolitics,attentionneedstobe
giventothepoliticalneedsinDelft. InthissubchapterabriefexplanationwillbegivenonthepoliticalclimateinDelftandfromthedeputymayorthathasreservedthebudgetforsustainable
mobility.
TendifferentpartiesarepresentinthecitycouncilofDelft.Thebiggestpartyarethedemocrats(D66), followedbyStudentparty (STIPP),Greenparty (GroenLinks) and the socialdemocrats
(PvdA). All four of these parties have their representative as a deputymayor and of course a
representationinthecitycouncil.
− The first deputy mayor is A. Hekker from D66, he is responsible for finance, youth,
educationandpublicservices.
− TheseconddeputymayorisF.FörsterfromSTIP,heisresponsibleforeconomy,culture
andspatialplanning.
− The third deputymayor is S. Brandligt fromGroenLinks, he is responsible for labour,
sustainabledevelopmentandmanagementofthecity.
− Thefourthdeputymayor isR.dePrez fromPvdA,he isresponsible forhousing,urban
renewalandcare.
− ThelastdeputymayorisL.HarpefromVVD,heisresponsiblefromtrafficandtransport,
landmanagement&realestateandrailwayzone.
In2014thepartieshaveformedacoalitionagreementfortheperiodbetween2014and2018,for this agreement all parties in the city council have signed the actionpoints for this period.
Specialattentionpointsare the improvementof cyclehighways, safetyoncycleways, integral
parkingpolicyforcarsandenoughparkingfacilitiesforbicycles.
The budget for the sustainable mobility measures comes from the budget of the last deputy
mayor L. Harpe. In 2014, the year of the elections, the VVD has announced goals for 2018
regardingtrafficandtransport.Acoupleofexamplesare;wholeparkingsystemcarriedoutbyathird party, better accessibility and flow of traffic by tramline towards Rotterdam-TheHague
airport,accessibilityfordisabledattramstops,nomovableobstaclesaroundtheinner-cityand
betteraccessibleTU-neighbourhood.
Thesearejustacoupleofexamplesofwhatthepartiesambitionswerein2014,notallofthese
ambitions are still feasible and some different ones came in place. In the description for the
sustainablemobility budget is referred to the use of smart or big data and the promotion of
innovativelivinglabssuchasself-drivingvehiclesontheTUCampus,onlastmilesolutionandsingleticketingmethods.InallthesemeasuresbrandingforthecityofDelftisimportant,hereby
thesustainablemobilitywillgetmoreattentionandDelftcouldhaveinfluenceonabiggerscale
duetotheirstatus.
Allofthesemeasuresabovecangiveanindicationonwhatmightbeinterestingforthedeputy
mayorandthecitycouncil.Nevertheless thisresearch takesmore intoaccount, suchasactual
CO2reduction.Thepoliticalviewswillthereforenotbeseenasaconstrain,buttakenintoaccountwhendeterminingthemostsuitablemeasures.
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BudgetGoalsThe main goal of the budget is to contribute on the most suitable way to sustainable
developmentswithinDelft.Inthischapterallfactorsthatarebeingtakenintoconsiderationare
described.This results in thedefinition for suitable in the situationofDelft.To contribute themostsuitabletosustainablemobilitydevelopments inDelftmeasuresshouldcontributetothefollowingsixgoals,theyaredescribedinthischapter.
ThemainambitionstillbeingtoreduceCO2createdbymobility,buttakingintoaccountallthestrengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats, stakeholders, technological trends and political
needswill lead toabetterresult forDelft. Inchapter5 thegoalswillbegivenaweight in the
multicriteriaanalysis..
1. Improvement of enablers, understanding user needs, monitoring and public
participation
Thefirstgoal isto involvecitizensandcompanieswithinthecityboardersmorewithplansofthe city of Delft. It is often seen that these ideaswill bring the city further andwill give the
citizensmoretrustintheirmunicipality.
Also from within the government more emphasis needs to be laid on a more demand-bases
supplyofcityservices.ThisisarecenttrendthatisseenbackinmanyEU-projectsandwillhelpDelfttodevelopfurther.
Furthermore the monitoring of the measures and the effects of measures on predetermined
performanceindicatorsandpublishedtopolicymakesbutalsotocitizensandcompaniescanbe
improved,theycanthanseethisperformanceandknowhowthemeasureshaveeffectontheircity.
Thisgoal is importantbecausethere isa lackofregularandsystematicwayofmonitoringthewishes of the inhabitants and the performances of the government. By making this more
systematicabetterreviewcanbemadeoftheeffectofpolicy.Thereforenewinitiativescanbe
reviewed easier and with proper participation the knowledge of residents can be used to
optimizethemobilitysystem.Byusingalltheinputandassessingmeasuresinanearlierstage,moreprojectsforsustainablemobilitycanbedoneonabetterway.
2. Increasetheshareoflowemissionvehicles
TheshareofCO2neutralvehiclesindelftisnotscoringtobad,butcoulddobetter.Toincrease
this amountmeasureshave tobe taken topromote theuseor the ease thepurchaseof these
vehicles.Anothermeasurecouldbetoimprovethevehiclesofthemunicipalityitself.
It is seen that the share of electrical cars is increasing exponentially. The goal of the Dutch
government istohave200.000(semi)electricalcars in2020intheNetherlands.Basedonthe
amountofcarsinDelftthiswouldbeapproximately800carsinDelft,wherethereareonly16full electrical vehicles at themoment and707hybrid vehicles (RDW,2016).Because taxation
rules for hybrid vehicles are less favourable a big jump in full electrical vehicles is needed to
contributetothegoalof200.000electricalcars.
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InternationalTrafficandTransportManagement 31
3. Mobilitymanagementmeasures
WithinDelftothersoftmeasuressuchaspromoting, rewardingorpunishingcertainmeansoftransportcanalsoleadtoaCO2neutralDelft.Meansoftransportsuchaswalking,cycling,public
transportandCO2neutralcarscanbepromoted.Bigdata(alreadyavailabletoabigextend)can
helptomakethetransitiontowardsothermeansoftransporteasierormoreattractiveforthe
users.
Delfthasalackofmobilitymanagementmeasures;thesemeasurescanbelowcostandhavea
big effect on themobilitymarket and potentially emissions. Therefore this goal is taking into
account.4. Completingtheintegratedtransportsystemincludingbigdata
Anotherambitionistocreateacompleteandintegratedtransportsystemincludingallmeansof
transport.Thegoalsbelongingtothisgoalaretocreateaplatforminwhichtravellerscanhaveintermodaltraveladviceandwherealltransportmeansareintegratedintooneticket.
InDelftthereisstillalotofservicesseparateofeachother,thiscanhavenegativeeffectsfortheawarenessoftraveloptions.Givingresidentsknowledgeabouttheiroptionwillbethefirststep
for transition. This is combined with big data because of the technological trends that allow
moredatatobeadaptedinallkindoffeatures.Thereisalsopoliticalneedintheuseofbigdata
inDelft,thisisbecauseoftherecenttrendsoftheuseofthisdataandtherolethiscanplayinthedevelopmentofthecity.
5. SupportfieldlabsandIncreaseinnovativecityimageforsustainablemobility
ThelastambitionistoprofileDelftmoreasaleadingcitywithintheMRDHbutalsowithinthe
Netherlands.ManyresearchandeducationinstitutedaresituatedinDelftbutoftenfieldlabsare
notcarriedoutwithinthecityitself.IfDelftwouldbeabletokeepmoreoftheinnovationsfrom
thecityitself,itmightattractmorevisitors,companiesandstudents.
Delfthasalotofknowledgeandhasgoodcircumstancesfortryingoutpilots,thesepilotshelp
new innovations to develop. It is therefore important to support them and give them space,especiallyinDelft.
6. Create better accessibility of the inner-city for tourists and visitors towardsTechnopolis,Delft-southandRotterdam-TheHagueairport
One of the ambitions is to create extra accessibility towards these three destinations. This is
becausepublictransportislackingherewhichcanresultinhighercarusage.Forthetouristsa
solutionisneededforthetouringbussesthatcannotdrivefurtherthantheHampshirehoteljustoutsideofthecanalofDelft.
Tohavemoresupportformeasuresitcanbeimportantthatthesemeasuresarenotstand-alone
projects,butdoactuallycontributetoalreadyexcisinggoalsofthecity.Thereforethissixthgoalcanplayanimportantfactor.
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4. MeasurecatalogueDuring the interviews with different city employees and with knowledge from previous(European) projects measures have been worked out that could be useful for Delft.. The
measures in this catalogue are all the options that will be considered in a later stage of the
research.
Thetenmeasuresdescribedinthischapterare:
− E-scootersharingscheme
− Bikesharingscheme
− Sharingofinnovations(Mobilityhouse)
− GreenCityCentreShuttle
− Cleanthecitiesfleet
− Increaseofamountofchargingpoles
− Budgetforcitizeninitiatives
− Budgetforcompanystart-ups
− Publishdata
− Longtermparkingfacility
Allmeasureswillbedescribedbythesameheadlines,Thesearewhatthemeasureis,whythis
measuresisformedthisway,whowillcontributeandwhothetargetgroupis,whatthesuccess
factors,whatthedesiredeffectisandwhatvariationsarepossible.Thefindingsinthischapter
arebasedonexperiencesinthepastwithotherprojects.
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InternationalTrafficandTransportManagement 33
E-scootersharingschemeWhat?Asharingsystemof20scootersthatarefreefloatinginthecity,the20scooterswillbeputintoplaceandareavailableforresidentandvisitors.ThescootersareavailablewiththeOV-
chipcardwithoutsubscription.Why? The scooter sharing systemwill createmore freedom and increase the accessibility fornon-carusers.Itincreasesthechoiceofpublictransportandwillmakeitmoreattractivetovisit
Delftwithothermeansoftransport.Thefree-floatingsystem,wherethescooterscanbeparked
directlyatthedestinationofthepersonthatisrentingthescooter,willgivetheuserthefreedom
totraveldoortodoor.Thescootersandthesystemneedtobeinnovativeandthereforepromotethe innovative city character of Delft while getting extra attention for sustainable transport
means.Thisincreaseinattractivenesswillgraduallyresultinahighershareoftravellersusing
environmentallyfriendlytransportsystems.ThereforetheproductionofCO2,NOXandNO2will
decreaseovertime.Who? Three parties are involved in the operation of themeasures, the city of Delft,whowillhave a co-financing role, an operator, who needs to make an investment as well and is
responsibleforthebusinessmodel,andfinallyascootermanufacturer.
The target group is in general visitors and inhabitants. Visitors are able to rent the scooterbecauseoftheintegratedticketsystemandbecausenosubscriptionisneeded,commutersare
alsobelonginginthisgroup.Anothergroupofusersaretheinhabitantsthemselvesthatwantto
accessaplacethatistoofarforthebikeorwhereparkingpossibilitiesbycartocomplicated
How?Thereare severalpossibilitiesofputting inplacea scooter sharing system.Factors thatcandifferare,amongstothers,thepaymentsystem,price,andminimumdurationofrentalandif
arentalsystemisstationbasedorfreefloating.Forthissystemafree-floatingsystemischosen
toensurethatuserscanuseitupanduntiltheirdestination.ThepaymentsystemwillbetheOV-
chipcard and if possible in combination with the credit card, so that visitors without an OV-chipcardcanalsousetheservice.Thepaymentwillbeper15minutes,butthescooterscanalso
berentedforanentireday,sothattheycanuseittotravelRotterdamorTheHague,inthiscase
the scooterwillneed tobebroughtback to thegeographical area that isdetermined toenda
rentalperiod.Inthefutureitispossiblethatthescooterscanbehandedinthereaswell.Desiredeffect?Thescootersshouldbewellusedbyinhabitantsandvisitors;theEuropeanunionreleasedahandbookforbikesharingincludingaveragerentalperyear.Forabikeinasmallcity
thisis235timesperyear,inbiggercitiesthisgrowsupanduntil463timesperyear(European
Union,2013).Forscootersharingthedesiredeffectistoattracttheearlyadaptersandrentouteachscooter235timesperyear.Thisamountshouldbeenoughtocovertherunningcosts,the
maintenanceandtogrowwithinheMRDH.
Variations− Stationbasedscooters
− Useofascooterapptopay
− Amountofsharingscooters
− Petrolfuelledsharing
scooters
Successfactor− A requirement for this system is an application to
find a scooter in you surrounding and enough
scootersforthespaceinwhichthescootersmaybe
parked. This is tomake sure that there is always a
scooterintheproximity.
− The investment plan for the operator needs to be
createdonaway,sothatthesharingsystemwillbeabletomaintainandgrowwithitsownrevenueand
cangrowwithintheMRDH.
− Thepowerusedtocharge thescooterswillneedto
comefromasustainablesource.
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BikesharingschemeWhat?130fixedplacesharingbicyclesaroundthecityofDelft,therentalperiodwillbebetween15minutesand24hoursandthebikesareaccessibleforallinhabitantsandvisitorsofthecity.
Why? The bike sharing schemewill be supplementary to the transport system andwill allowusersofpublictransporttogetabetterandeasywaytotraveldoortodoor.Theattractivenessofthesustainablemeansoftransportwillthereforebepromotedandtheshareofthesemeansis
expectedtogrow,reducingtheemissions.
Who?Anoperatorwillneed tomakean investmentplanandmakesure thatall thebikesareworking.ThecityofDelftwillgiveastartsubsidyforthebikesandabikesupplierneedforthesupplyofthebikes.
ThetargetgroupisallthevisitorsandinhabitantsofDelft.
How?Thereareseveralpossibilitiesonhowthebikesharingsystemcanlooklike.Accordingtothehandbookforbikesharingsystems,optimisebikesharinginEuropeancites,createdbytheEuropeanUnion,therearemanydifferentkindofsystemswiththeirowncharacteristics,such
as the bikes, station, software, registration, integration, type of contract, etcetera.Most of the
characteristicsneedtobedeterminedinalaterstage.Inthisstagethreerecommendationswillbemadeforthebikesharingsystem,becausetheyareseenassuccess factors,andthesystem
willnotfullyfunctionwithoutthem.
The firstone is theaccess technology thatshouldbemanagedonsuchaway that thebikes isaccessiblewithout subscription, furthermore thedensityof thebikesharingsystem is seenas
veryimportant.Toguaranteeahighdensitytheaverageamountofbikesseeninsmallcitiesare
required,thisis130inthecaseofDelft.Lastopportunityforthebikesharingsystemistoallow
userstotraveltoRotterdamandTheHague.Thelimitationsandpricingisimportantforthis,thebikesshouldberentableforalimitedamountofminutes,butalsoforaday,sothatthetraveller
can return the bike to Delft. Later in process the bike sharing system can grow to thewhole
MRDH.The130bikesarebasedontheaveragedeterminedbytheEuropeanUnion.
Desired effect? The desired effect is very similar to the one for scooter sharing. The systemshouldpayitselfandgiveacontributiontothetransportsystem.Thismeansthatusersshould
experiencemore freedomwhen they travel to Delft with public transport and on amid-long
termtheshareofsustainabletransportmeansshouldincrease.
Successfactors− A requirement for this system is
enoughsharingbikesforthespaceinwhich the bikes are used this to
guaranteetheproximityofbikes.
− Theinvestmentplanfortheoperatorneedstobecreatedonasustainable
way, so that the sharing systemwillbeabletomaintainandgrowwithin
theMRDHwithitsownrevenue.
− Thesharingbikesneedtobe
accessiblewithoutsubscriptionto
allowvisitorstousethesystemas
well.
Variations− AllfactorsnamedbytheEU
handbook.
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InternationalTrafficandTransportManagement 35
SharingofinnovationsWhat? Facilitate a space on a good visible location so that research institutes and companieswithinDelftcanpresenttheirinnovationsinameanofmobility.Thevehiclesshouldbeavailable
forhireorvisitorscanjoinaride.
Why? The measure will promote innovation within Delft and attract attention to newdevelopments in the mobility market. For developers it is an opportunity to promote their
researchandget feedbackfromusers.ThemeasurewillgiveDelftaboost,bothonthesideof
the innovation companies, ason the sideof thevisitors, that canonadailybasis tryoutnewdevelopments.
Who? The city of Delft will facilitate a good visible spot in the city and create space fordevelopers to present their vehicle and have a promotional desk. Innovators will need to
subscribe and users can vote who they want to get the space when there are too manysubscriptions.
Thetargetgroupwillbeallpotentialcarbuyers,theywillbeawareofthedevelopmentsandtry
outnewthings.Theycantakethisintoconsiderationwhenpurchasinganewcar.Insomecasesitcanalsobepotentialsharingsystemusersofinvestors.Thisdependsontheinnovationthatis
presented.
How?ThecityofDelftneedstoprovidethedeveloperswithanexhibitionspacewheretheycanpresenttheirinnovations.Theresearchinstitutescanapplyforaspotanddetermineiftheyaskcostscompensationperhire,allowhireforfreeordrivepeoplearound.Whentoomanyprojects
areapplyingresidentsorpastuserscanbeaskedtoprioritizewhatinnovationstheywanttosee
first.
Theapplicationsneedtobeprioritizedonapre-determinedway,sothatcontributorscanmakeaplanthatwillhavethehighestscore.ThepointsthatwillbescoredoncanbetheextentofCO2
reduction,hownewtheideaisoronhowmanypeopleinDelftcanbenefitfromit.
Desiredeffect?VisitorsandinhabitantswilltryouttheproductsthatresearchinstitutesinDelfthave created a gain of knowledge about the innovations in Delft. This will contribute to the
positive innovativecitycharacterofDelft.Thepilotsshouldalsogiveresidentsstimulationfor
buying a CO2 neutral car so that the share of these will grow and promoting the research
institutestoworkonnewprojectsandhavethemtriedoutwithinDelft.
Successfactors− Applicationforcompaniesneedstobe
easyandtherentalprocedureneedsto
beattractiveforusers.
− Themobilityhouseneedstobevisible
forbothvisitorsofthecityand
inhabitants.Thistomakesurethat
thereisenoughinterestinthe
products.
Variation− Openapplicationalsofor
organisationsoutside
Delft
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GreenCityCentreShuttleWhat? This measure is a tender for an innovative and self-driving CO2 neutral vehicle, thevehiclewilldrivefromtheHampshirehotel(orfromtheIKEA,viaHampshirehotel)totheinner
citytobringaroundtouristsandcommutersofDelft.
Why?ThefirstreasonistoprovidetouristsofDelftaveryappealingwayofenteringtheinnercity. At themoment tourists need towalk from theHampshire hotel just outside of the cities
canaltotheinnercity.Byprovideaninnovativeservicetowardsthecitycentrethetouristshave
amorepleasantaccess.Byprolongingtheserviceto(thecarpoolareaof)theIKEAitcanserve
anothergoaltogetoutthebigbusinthecitycentreandtoallowcommutersandvisitorstoparktheircaroutsideofthecitycentre,andtaketheshuttletotheirfinaldestinationintheinnercity.
Whenthemeasureisasuccessitcanreplacethepartofcitybusline61thatisdrivingfromDelft
IKEAthroughtheinnercitytothestation.
Who?TheservicewillneedtobetenderedoutbythecityofDelftandoperatedbyaresearchinstituteororganisationthatcreatedthevehiclechosenfortheservice.Tothestartinvestment
the citywill contributewith30.000 euros,when the vehicle is driving on electricity the solar
panelsorwindenergywillalsobeinvestedbythecityofDelft.Thefounderoftheproductwillneedtotakecareoftherestoftheturnovertopayfortheexpenses.
How?The servicewillbe tenderedout toamarketpartyand thegovernmentwillpaya startinvestment. The running costs andmaintenancewill need to comeout of advertising costs or
ticketing.
Desired effects? Create a more pleasant and enjoyable entrance to Delft for tourists whilecreatinganextratransportoptionforcommuterstoreachthecitycentre.Thevehiclewilldrive
around in the city centre of Delft and will therefore also attract the attention of visitors orinhabitantsthataretherebyothermeansoftransport.
Successfactors− Thevehicleusedforthetransport
needstobeinnovativeandCO2
neutralandbeavailableforboth
usersandcommuterswithout
subscription.
− Theannualcostsofthevehicleneed
tobegainedbyuseofmarketingor
ticketing.
Variations− Thecitycentreshuttlecanserve
theconnectionbetweentheairport
RotterdamTheHagueandDelft.
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CleanthecitiesfleetWhat?ThescancarofDelftthatisusedtoscanlicenceplateswillbereplacesbyanelectricalcarthat is charged on electricity of a sustainable source. The current golf in usewill be sold and
replacedbythenewelectricalvehicle.
Why? Before encouraging other people tomake a change it is important to look at you ownbehaviour.Thereforethecityneedstomakesurethattheyareleadingandshowingthistothe
public.
In 2006 CE Delft has done a research on the city fleet of the city of Delft. Big polluters are
vehicles thathavehighemissionsperkilometreanddrivemanykilometresperyear.Vehicles
aremostlydrivingbetween10.000kmand20.000kmperyear.
In the list thebiggestpollutersare the17garbage trucks that collectgarbage in thecity.ThisserviceiscurrentlyoutsourcedtoAvelex,acompanyownedbyDelftandothercities.Therefore
thereisnodirectinfluenceonthisfleetanymore.
Thescancarthatisboughtin2016fortheenforcementofthenewparkingsystemdrivesmanykilometresperyear (>30.000) itdrives thesekilometres in the centreofDelft and itdoesnot
have to have that much space. Therefore this car would bemost suitable as a start towards
cleaningthewholecityfleet.
Who? The city of Delft itself will buy the new car. The old car is still worth 21.500 euros(ANWB.nl,2016)andanewelectricalvehicle thatcancover themaximumof160kmperday
costsaround40.000euros.ThecompanyTMCthatwasinvolvedinthebuildofthescancarwillbeinvolvedagaintorebuildthenewcar.
How?Anewcarwillbeboughtandtheoldonewillbereplaced.Thecurrentvehiclehasscanequipmentonboardtocheckthecarsandtoseewhohasparkingpermission.Thistechnologywillneedtobereplacedintothenewvehicle.
Desired effects? Recognition from inhabitants and visitors of the new vehicle, this way theelectrical vehicle also works as a promotion tool for other people to purchase an electrical
vehicle.
The direct desired effect on CO2 reduction is 104 gram CO2 per kilometre, the vehicle drives
around50.000kmperyearmakes5.365KiloCO2reductionperyear.Alsootherpollutingfactors
suchasNOXandNO2willdecrease,thisgivesapositiveeffecttotheairquality.
Successfactors− Thepowerthatisusedtochargethe
newelectricalvehicleneedstobe
fromasustainablesourceofenergy.
Variations− Thescancarcanbereplacedbya
hydrogenfuelcar,oranyotherCO2
neutralvehicle.
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IncreaseofamountofchargingpolesWhat? Increase the amount of charging poles with 50 to 93, the charging facilities will bepubliclyavailableandsituatedonplaceswherethedemandisthehighest.
Why?Theministryof infrastructureand theenvironment isaiming tohave200.000electricalvehicleson theroadby2020.When theamountofpassengercars inDelft is compared to thetotal amount of cars in the Netherlands this means that there have to be 770 (RDW, 2016)
electricalvehiclesinDelft.Atthemomentthereare43publicchargingfacilitiesinDelft(Delft.nl,
2016). To cope with this expected growth and to promote the usage of electrical cars these
chargingfacilitiesareneeded.
Who? The ministry of infrastructure and the environment has a budget for cities helppurchasingchargingpoles.Thisstructure isbuildup insuchawaythattheministrypays900
euros per pole, a private investor andoperator 500 euros and the city itself 900 euros (RVO,
2016) After the poles are installed they are taken care of by the operator of the poles. ThefacilitiesthemselvesaremaintainedbythecityofDelft.
Thetargetgroupwillbeall(semi)electricalcarusersinDelfttousethefacilities,butalsoforthe
otherinhabitantstoseetheavailablechargingfacilitiesandtofacetheopportunitiestheyhavetobuyanelectricalcar.
How?Anopenenquirywillbeheld forall companies to install charging facilities inDelft.Therequest is 50 extra charging facilities and the lowest bidder wins. They will get an available
spacefromthecityandwillpurchasethechargingfacilitywiththeavailableresource.Desired effects? The charging facilities should cope with the expected growth in demand,thereforechargingfacilitieswillstayapromotingtoolforcarusersandnotarestriction.
Variations− Thechargingpolescanbeplaced
andoperatedbythecityofDelft.In
thisoptionthecityneedstoassign
anemployeetothistaskorhirethe
necessarypersonnel.
Successfactors− Thechargingpolesshouldbe
placedonplaceswherethe
demandishigh,buttheyshould
nottakeawayunnecessaryspace
fromothercarparkers,thismight
causeanegativeimagefor
electricalcars.
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BudgetforcitizeninitiativesWhat? A budget of 50.000 euros for improvements or investments in sustainable modes oftransportwillbereserved,andresidentsofDelftwillbeaskedfortheiropinion.Theycancreate
aproposalofwhattheywouldliketoseeandhowthisisfeasible.Why?Inhabitantsofacityhavethebestfeelingofwhatisgoingonandwhattheirtroublesareintheir daily trips. In a citymany people also travel around andmight have gotten inspired by
otherplaces.By including these residents intoplans for the city, new ideaswill comeup that
otherwisewouldnothavebeenthoughtabout.Inhabitantscanalsostartfeelingmorepartofthe
cityandresponsibleforsustainability.
Who? The city of Delft will does a request to all residents of Delft for this measure. After ameasurehasbeenchosentheinhabitantsthathadappliedareresponsibleforcarryingoutthe
measureproposed.Thetargetgroupforthesecitizeninitiativesisdependingonthespecificmeasure,butshouldbe
useableforanasbiggroupaspossible.
How? The city of Delft will give a challenge and that is to promote and improve sustainabletransport inDelft.Theywillbegivenabudget thatcannotbeexceeded,howless themeasurecosts,themorechanceitwillhavetosucceed.Thereforesmalleasymeasureswillhaveasmuch
change, as they can change the perception and quality of urban space as much as drastic
changes.
Desiredeffects?Theideasthathavebeencomeupwithbyresidentsshouldleadtoinnovativemeasuresinthe
cityona small scale so that theyareusable forall inhabitants.Themeasures canalso lead to
nationalattentionduetothehighleveloffreedomthattheinhabitantgotfromthecity.
Variations− Thebudgetcanbesplitinseveral
piecesorkeptasonpiece
Successfactors− Thereneedstobeenoughknowledge
abouttheenquiryamongstcitizens
− Thequestionsneedstobeaskedon
suchaway,thateveryproposal
answeringthequestionisanoption
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Budgetforcompanystart-ups.What?Asubsidyofmaximum50.000euroswillbegivenacompanythathasthebestbusinessmodelforasustainablemobilitysolutioninDelft.Theheightofthesubsidywillbedependenton
how much the company invests, for every euro invested by the company one euro will be
subsidized.
Why?Thesubsidywillgivecompanieswithasolutionformobilitytheopportunitytostart.ThiswillgiveDelftaccesstonewideasandstart-upsfinancialandphysicalsupport.Thecompanies
willhavethechangetodeveloptheirlocalsolutionwithinDelft,whilethecitywillbenefitfrom
innovativesolutionstodailymobility.
Who?ThecityofDelftwilldoarequesttoallcompaniesandresearchinstitutesinDelftforthismeasure.Theywillhavetohandinaproposal,andasetofroundswilldeterminewhatideais
thebestforDelft.
The ideas proposed by the companies can be assessed by theMCA used in this report or by
allowingcitizenstovoteforthebestidea.
How?Forthisbudgetcommunicationisasimportantastheactualmeasure.Onforehandthecityneeds to make sure that all possible participants are aware of the possibility and that the
boundariesareclear.Inlaterstagescitizenscanbeinvolvedtodeterminethebestidea.
Desired effects? The process should bewell visible for all citizens of Delft and a high rate ofpeople should rate on the best idea. The business model that will be subsidized shouldcontributetothemobilitypatternsofasmanypeopleofDelft,sothatitisfrequentlyvisible.
Successfactors− Goodcommunicationtothe
participantsandothercitizens.
− Clearprojectoutlineandfair
scoringmethods.
Variations− Thebudgetcanbesetavailablefor
aspecificchallenge
− Companiesfromotherplacescan
beallowedtocontributeaswell.
June2016
InternationalTrafficandTransportManagement 41
PublishdataWhat? The scan car of Delft registers cars that are parked in zoneswhere just residents areallowedtoparkandwherethere isapaymentrequiredtopark.This ismostly inareaswhere
theparkingpressureissohighthatthesemeasuresareneededtoregulatesupplyanddemand.The scan car makes a link with parking spots that are there, and what cars have a parking
permission. It does that by scanning each car in each spot. By combining all this data an
availabilityofparkingspacescanbecreatedthatcanbeusedforcaruserstofindaspotfaster.
With this measure the city will make open data available where parking spots are oftenavailable. Travellers can use this directly, but navigation companies can also include this
informationintheirmaps.
Why?Twogoalsareconsidered; firstofall it isatooltoprovideuserswithinformationaboutwhentheycanparkinwhatarea.Theinformationwillbeput inamaponthesiteDelft.nlbutalsobemadeavailableonthedatabaseforopendatasothatnavigationcompaniescantakethis
into account. The use of this open data will be promoted by actively searching contact with
navigationsystemcompaniestofindoutwhattheywouldbeinterestedintohaveandintegrate
intheirservice.
Asecondgoalistoanalyseparkingbehaviourwithinthegovernmentitself.Excisingspotscanbe
definedwhereparkingpressureisveryhigh,butalsotheeffectofnewpolicycanbemonitored.
Who?ThecityofDelftneedstocontactapartnersuchasaresearchinstituteorconsultancytoget knowledge about the possibilities. Another option is to collaborate with the city of
Amsterdamandgetincontactwiththem,thecityofAmsterdamiscurrentlydoingapilotwith
analysingdatafromtheirscancar.Desiredeffects?Thedatawithavailabilityregardingtheprobabilitypertimeandlocationthataparkingplacewillbepublishedonthewebsiteoramobileapp.Inafurtherstagethedatawillbe
usedbynavigationcompanies so that travellerswillbebrought to the streetwith thehighest
probabilitytoparkwithouthavingtolookthisupfirst.
Successfactors− Thedatathatwillbepublishedas
opendatawillneedtofulfilthe
guidelinesthatarebeingdetermined
bythenationalgovernment.
Variations− Inalaterstageliveparkingdatacanbe
used,thisincombinationwithsensors.
SustainableDelft! 2ndinternshipreport
42 NHTVUniversityofAppliedSciences,Breda
LongtermparkingfacilityWhat? Extra connection to the parking facilities of Delft outside of the city boarders will becreated.ThisincludesconnectiontothecarpoolareaattheIKEAandpossiblecollaborationwith
IKEAandtheparkingtotheterrainoftheTechnicalUniversity.
DuringtheweektheparkingoftheIKEAisnotbefullyutilized,sinceitshouldbebigenoughfortheir peak moment, while in the weekends a lot of parking capacity is free at the technical
university.Tobringthistogetheranapproachisneededthatadvisesvisitorsandcommutersto
parkatthesideofthecity,andgofurtherbybike,bus,tramorthegreencitycentreshuttle.
Perfacilitywillbelookedwhatmeanoftransportsuitesthemosttothecharacteristicsofthatparticularstop.ForthepublictransportaP&Rticketcanbeoffered,includingparking.Hereby
thepossiblerewardfortheowneroftheparkingfacilitycanalsobedetermined,basedonthe
amountofP&Rsales.
Why?ToallowvisitorsthathaveeasiestaccesstoDelftbycartoreachthecitycentrebyDelftwithout driving into Delft. This will increase liveability in the city of Delft and reduce local
pollution.BecausetheterrainoftheIKEAandtechnicaluniversityarenotfullyutilized,theycan
haveprofitfromtheseextravisitors.Theycanreceivearewardforeverycarparkedatthearea,orincaseoftheIKEAattractvisitorswho,whentheyarethereanyways,mightgointheIKEA
forasnackortolookaround.
Who?ThecityofDelftwithcollaborationwiththetechnicaluniversityandtheIKEADelft.ThecityofDelftisthefirstpartyinterestedintheinthisextraparkingfacility.Theotherpartieswillbeaskedtoallowotherusers touse theirparkingcapacity,onmoments that it isnotusedby
themselves.
Thetargetgroupis,dependingonthetimeoftheweek,visitorsandcommuterstoDelft.
Desiredeffect? ReducetheamountofvehiclesthatdriveintothecityofDelftwhileincreasingtheaccessibility
andutilizeexistingfacilitiesasefficientaspossible.
Typ hier uw vergelijking.
Variations− Parkandridefacilitiescanbe
usedinsteadofthefacilities
ownedbyotherstakeholders.
Successfactors− Thelongtermparkingfacilitymust
haveanadvantageforthe
traveller.Itmustthereforebe
cheaper,fasterormore
comfortableforthetraveller.
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InternationalTrafficandTransportManagement 43
5. Makingdecisions
Scoringofthemeasures
Allofthemeasuresnamedbeforewillbeassessedusingamulticriteriaanalysiswith12scoring
pointonwhichthemeasurescangainorlosepoints.ThepointsusedinthisversionoftheMCA
aremadeon theconsiderationof thesituationat the time that this reportwaswritten.Thesepoints are subjective and can be influenced according towish, this will than also change the
outcomeandmaybetheprioritizationofthedifferentmeasures.
ThefirstpointisfortheactualCO2reductionofthemobilitymeasure;thisisbecausethisisthemain ambitionwhere thebudget ismeant.The score for thispoint is from1 to5, 1beingno
effectatalland5beingasubstantialdecreaseofacoupleofpercentofthetotalCO2causedby
mobility.Apartfromthetwopointsthatarerelatedtomoneyallofthepointswillberatedfrom
1to5.
Thesecondpoint is forpublicawareness,becausenearlyallofCO2is causedbyresidentsand
companies it is important to involve them and allow them to change their patterns. Whenmeasuresarecreatedonsuchawaythattheyarevisibletheireffectcanbewaybigger.
As thirdpoint the innovativecharacterofDelftnamed, this isbecausethe increaseof thiswill
leadtoeasierdevelopmentofmoreinnovations.Morecompaniesandinvestorscanbeattractedandthereformoresustainableinnovativemeasurescandevelop,whichhasapositiveeffecton
thesustainabilityofDelft.
The fourthpoint is the investmentscosts thatareexpectedtobe leftover for thecityofDelft.This score goes from€0,- until €250.000,-, this is because this is the budget available for the
government.Thisscoreisdeductedfromthetotalpointsandnotadded.
Thefifthscoreisthescoreforpossiblesubsidy,scoreisgoingfrom€0,-until€250.000,-aswell,so themaximum score is a doubling of the cities investment. This score isweighted because
attractingextrainvestmentfromcompaniesandotherorganisationswillhaveabeneficialeffect
onDelftmobility.
The sixth score is regarding the time that the measure can be in place and have effect. The
budgetisforthetimeperiod2016-2019,whichmeansthatinfouryearsthemeasuresneedto
haveeffectorbeinplace.Thescoregivenforthispointregardstheamountofyearsitwillhaveeffect.
The last six scoresare thegoalsdefined in chapter three.This isbecause theyare considered
importantforthecityofDelftandaremostlikelytocontributetosustainablemobilityinDelft.Allofthesescorearerankedfrom1until5.
Eachindividualscoreendsupinapercentage,anddependingonthepointthiswillbeaddedor
deductedfromthetotalofthismeasure.Intheendatotalscorewillbegivenforeverymeasure,thisscorewilldefinetheprioritization.
Otherfactorsmightbeaffectingtheeffectivenessofthemeasureaswell,butthese12arechosentobemostimportantontheassessmentofthemeasures.
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2ndinternshipreport
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NHTVUniversityofAppliedSciences,Breda
Figure12;MultiCriteriaAnalysis
June2016
InternationalTrafficandTransportManagement 45
PrioritisingTheMCA results in a prioritation between 1 and 10. According to what fits in the budget of
250.000eurosasetofmeasureswillberecommended,stilltakingthisprioritationintoaccount.
Thismeansthat ifafter theplanshavebeendevelopedfurtherandthe firstone isgoingtobemoreexpensiveorcheaperthanexpectedonforehand,thismeansthattheamountofmeasures
canstillchange.
The four measures that are recommended to invest in are the creation of a budget for
companies,themobilityhouse,tostandardisationofopendataandtocarryoutatenderforthe
greencitycentreshuttle.
The first score goes to the subsidy for companies with an innovative sustainable mobility
business plan, the measure scores especially high on public awareness, attention for Delfts
innovations,subsidiesandtheenablers.
The secondmeasure is to publish available data onto data.overheid.nl. Thismeasure has low
investmentcostsandscoreshigh inthemobilitymanagementandintegrationofthetransport
system.
Themobilityhousehasbecomethirdintheprioritisationbecauseofthehighscoresonpublic
awareness, attention for Delfts innovation and the support of field labs. The measure scores
lowerondirectCO2reductionandmobilitymanagement.
Thefourthandlastmeasureisthegreencitycentreshuttle.Thismeasurescoresespeciallygood
onfieldlabs&innovationtogetherwiththeaccessibilityofDelft.
TheMCAwherethisrecommendationisbasedoncanbeseeninfigure9.Thedecisionmakers
canchangetheoutcomebychangingthedifferentfactorsonimportance.Icanalsobethatfor
another reason thatnot the firstmeasureswill be chosen.Therefore the table is included, for
thisrecommendationjustthefirstfourmeasureswillbefurtherdescribed.
Figure13;MCAscenarios
Four scenarios have already been calculated though to see what would happen if certain
indicators are seen as more important. The result can be seen in figure 13, the four chosen
measureareendingupinthetopcategoryinmostcases,buttheydochangeinorder.
SustainableDelft! 2ndinternshipreport
46 NHTVUniversityofAppliedSciences,Breda
6. ImplementationplanInthefollowingchapterthefourmeasuresthathavethehighestscoresoutoftheMCAwillbeworkedout further, inclusive the implementation steps, stakeholder analysis, a timeplan and
thedetailedfinancialstatement.Thebeginningofthetimelinewillbeatthestartof2017,thisis
becauseadecisionforthebudgetwillbemadebythecitycouncilattheendof2016.
Apart fromtheproposedmeasuresthere isa leftoverof€24.000eurosthat isnotconsidered.
Whenallthemeasuresareimplementedandthebudgetshavenotexceeded,thismoneycanbe
spend for thestartofanothermeasureor todevelopone further.Thiswillbeconsidered inafurtherstagetoensureasafebufferincaseofanyextraunforeseencosts.
Budgetforcompanystart-ups
ImplementationstepsForthebudgetforcompaniessiximplementationstepsareused.
− Firsttheenquiryneedstobemademorespecificsothat itwillbegoodtosendout. In
thisphasethecityemployeesneedtodeterminewhattheboundariesareoftheproject,
think of physical boundaries,minimum amount of people that benefit,maximum time
neededforimplementation.Thescoringmethodsalsohavetobedetermined,thisisthe
assessment onwhat the city decidedwhatmeasurewill get the subsidy and can start
withtheirmeasures
− Inthesecondphaseenquirywillbepromotedtoallthecompaniesandorganisationsin
Delftsothattheyknowthattheycanparticipate,whatisexpectedfromthanandhowit
benefitsthemandthecityofDelft.
− Inthethirdphasetheenquirywillbeheldandallparticipantscansendtheirproposalto
cityofDelft
− Inthefourthphaseadecisionhastobemadewhatbusinessplanwillgetthesubsidy.
− Inthefifthphasethecompanythatischosentogetthesubsidywillhavetoimplement
orcarryouthisproposedsustainablemobilitysolutionandwillreceivethesubsidy.
MonitoringAfter every month the company responsible will need to publish data about usage of theproduct,dependingonwhatkindofproductorserviceitis.Thiswillbedecidedafterstagefour.
StakeholdersThecityofDelftwillbethepartythatsendouttheenquiryanddeterminestheboundaryofthe
product.SomecollaborationmightbeneededwithVeolia,HTMandRETtomakesurethatthemeasurewill not be in theway of their public transport service. The last, and probablymost
importantstakeholderisthecompanyfromDelft.
Financialstatement− €50.000 is reserved as the subsidy for the companies, here counts, every euro froma
companyisaeurofromthecityofDelft.
− €10.000willbereservedforthemarketingofthetool,bothinphasetwo,threeandfive.
− €7.000isreservedforemployeesofthecityofDelfttoworkontheproject
− €14.000(20percent)isreservedforunforeseencosts.
− €81.000-maximumfromthecity
− €50.000–amountinvestedbycompanies
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InternationalTrafficandTransportManagement 47
PublishData
ImplementationstepsTo make data from the city of Delft available as open data three implementation steps areneeded.
− ThefirstimplementationstepistodeterminewhatdataisavailableinthecityofDelft.
At least the parking data created by the scan car is a source of data that can become
available.
− The second step is to find out in what format the data needs to be published to
overheid.data.nlandonDelft.nl
− Inthethirdstepthedatawillbecomeavailable
MonitoringThedatawillneed tobemonitoredon correctnessbut alsoonuse.When isdeterminedafter
twoyearsthatnoinitiativesaretakenyetwiththedata,itcanbetriedtopromotethis.Thecity
ofDelftcangetstakeholderstogetherandaskwhattheyareinterestedinandwhichdatatheywillneedforthis
StakeholdersThedatawillbecomeavailablewithinthecityofDelft.Thedatacancomefromdifferentsources,such as the garbage trucks, city distribution, traffic light installations or the scan car. What
stakeholders are there exactlywill dependon the typeof data thatwill becomeanopendata
source.
Financialstatement− €10.000isreservedfor100hoursofworkbyandICTspecialistandapolicyemployeeof
thegovernmentofDelft.Thisamount iscalculatedbasedona€100,-perhour.This to
makesurethathetamountwillnotbeexceeded.
− €2,000(20percent)isreservedforunforeseencosts.
− €12,000–maximumexpensesofthecity
SustainableDelft! 2ndinternshipreport
48 NHTVUniversityofAppliedSciences,Breda
SharingofInnovations
ImplementationstepsThemobilityhouseconsistsoffourimplementationsteps.Onestepneedstobefulfilleduntilthe
nextonecanbestarted.
− Firsttheprojectmorespecific,includingtheavailablelocation,durationofthislocation
andtheprecisedescriptionofwhatkindofvehiclesandinnovationsareallowedtomake
anenquiryandhowtheywillbescored.
− Inthesecondphasetheenquirywillhavetobepromotedsothattheresultisaseffective
aspossibleandaasbigaspossiblegroupofpeoplewillbeawareofthepossibilitiesand
theoutlinesoftheenquire
− In the third phase the enquiries will be collected amongst all the participants and
decisionshavetobemadeaboutwhich initiativesaregoingtobepresent inthehouse
formobility.
− DuringthefourthphasethehouseformobilitywillstartsandthecityofDelftwillneed
tomakeadvertisementandmakesurethatusersfindit.
MonitoringAfterthemobilityhousehasbeeninuseforthepredeterminedamountoftimetheperformancewill be evaluatedandwill be looked for improvements for thenextperiod.A surveyamongst
userswillneedtobeheldtodeterminewhatkindofinnovationsaremostappealingandifthey
stimulateuserstopurchaseorinvestmentinsuchvehicles.
StakeholdersThecityofDelftwillneed toaccommodate theplacewhere the innovations canbepresented
andwhere thehireprocedurecanstart.Theyarealsoresponsible for theprocessofchoosing
whowillbepresentinthehouseformobility.ThecityofDelftwillalsousetheirmarketingtoolstoattractthepropercommunicationfortheenquirybutalsofortheusersinphasefour.
Financialstatement− €50.000 are reserved to prepare the public place where the innovations will be
presentedsothatitissuitableforinvitingpeople.
− €10.000 is reserved for communication andmarketing for both before the enquiry to
attract as many interested organisations as after for attracting as many people aspossible.
− €5.000isreservedfor50hoursoflabourforacityemployeetosetuptheplanandberesponsiblefortheproject
− €5.000isreservedtofacilitatewithpaymentsystemsandotherfacilitiesneededfortherentalprocedure.
− €7.000(20percent)isreservedforunforeseencosts.
− €84.000-maximumfromthecity
− Fromcompaniesthecontributionwilldependontheirplan
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InternationalTrafficandTransportManagement 49
GreenCityCentreShuttle
ImplementationstepsThegreencitycentreshuttlewillbeimplementedinfourimplementationsteps.
− Firstthetenderoutlineneedstobedetermined;thiswillbedoneincooperationwiththe
localpublictransportoperatorsandtheconcessionownersinthecityofDelft.Outofthe
tenderdescriptionitneedstobeclearwhatisgoingtobescoredon.
− In the second phase marketing will be done for the tender so that companies and
researchinstituteswillhavethechangetoinvestigatetheiropportunities.
− In the third phase the tenderwill be given to a participant andmeetingswill start to
determinetheexacttimeplanuntilthemeasurecanbecomeavailable.
− Inthelastphasethemeasurewillneedtobeputintoplace.
MonitoringInimplementationphasethreeagreementsneedtobemadewiththeoperatortodeterminewhatkindofdataisneededfromhimtokeeptrackoftheusageandsatisfactionoftheusers.
Thisdatawillbeusedtodeterminetheeffectofthemeasure.
StakeholdersThecityofDelftwillsponsorthecreationofthevehiclewithasubsidyandfacilitatewithproper
marketingsothattheshuttlewillbeusedasoftenaspossible.Participantsareresponsiblefor
commercialincomeorticketing.
Financialstatement− €30.000isreservedforchangesintheinfrastructuretofacilitytheservice.
− €10.000isreservedformarketingandcommunicationfortheshuttle.
− €8.000(20percent)isreservedforunforeseencosts.
− €48.000arethemaximumexpensesofthecity
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InternationalTrafficandTransportManagement 51
7. ConclusionandrecommendationsRisinglevelsofCO2,NO2andNOXareoccurringandsimultaneouslytheaveragetemperatureisincreasing.Theeffectsarenoticeableand it isbecomingsurer that theseeffectsarerelated to
thechangingclimate. TheEuropeanUnionmakesregulations forcarmanufacturerswithand
thenationalgovernmentshaveinfluenceonthesustainabilityofmobilitybecauseofthetaxation
rulesandthequalityofinfrastructure.
OutoftheEcoMobilityShiftseveralpointsfromtheenablerscanbeimproved,apartfromfinance
forsustainabletransportmeans.Regardingthetransportsystemthelowemissionvehiclesand
themobilitymanagementservicescanbeimprovedthemost.Especiallypositiveindicatorsaretheplanningofnewcityareasandtheparkingmeasures.Regardingthethirdpoint,theresults
and impacts, Delft is scoring very high. Just a local air quality can be slightly improved, the
safety, greenhouse gasses per inhabitant andmodal split are according to the toolmaximum.The indicator that is not taken into account, goods transport, also scoreswell because of the
emission zone and the innovative solutions for city distribution that are being looked for by
Delft. Thetenmeasuresthatwereworkedoutcancontributetothedeterminedgoalsandare
assessed on these six goals, together with six indicators that are coming from the budgetdescription. These are CO2 reduction, public awareness, attention for Delft innovation,
investmentneeds, investmentattractedfromotherpartiesandtheterminwhichthemeasure
haseffect.
Thefourmeasuresthatarerecommendedarethemobilityhouse,thismeasurescoreespecially
goodonthepublicawarenessandtheattentionforDelftinnovation.Thesecondmeasureisthe
standardisationofopendata,thisisneededtoprovidecompaniesthechangetoadoptthisdata
intheirtools,thismeasurescoresespeciallygoodonmobilitymanagementandtheintegrationofthetransportsystem.Thethirdmeasureisthebudgetforcompaniesforthestimulationofa
sustainablemobilitybusinessplan,thisscoresgoodontheenablersandfieldlabs&innovation.
Thelastmeasureistotenderoutagreencitycentreshuttle,thiswillincreasetheaccessibilityofDelft for tourists and give them an innovative experience. This result is deriving from the
weightsthatissetonthedifferentassessmentpointintheMCAandcanbechangedaccording
thewishesoftheusers.
Thetotalcostforthesemeasuresisestimatedtobe€226.000andthemeasureswillbeinplace
in two years. The remainder of the budget will first be reserved as a spare budget for extra
unforeseenposts.Whenthe€24.000isnotneededitcanbeusedtoaccommodatethemeasures
furtheroritcanbeinvestedinanothersustainablemobilitymeasure.
Thesefourmeasuresarecontributingthebesttothegoals,fitinthetimeandmoneybudgetand
contribute the most to the description for the budget and the sustainable mobility goals,
thereforetheyaremostrecommendedtocarryinthenexttimeperiodupanduntil2019.
RecommendationsTheoutcomeofthisreportshouldbediscussedinternallyinthecityofDelftandbepresentedto
deputymajorL.Harpe.Thefourmeasuresrecommendedneedtobediscussedandadjusted if
needed. In thenextperiod themeasuresneed tobemademore concreteby initiating contactwith possible stakeholders or other cities that already have experience with one of the
measures.Withthisnewinformationanewimplementationplancanbecreatedandwhenthe
implementationplaniscompleteitwillbepresentedforapprovaltothecitycouncilattheendof2016,ifthebudgetisacceptedtheprocessofthefourmeasurescanstart.
SustainableDelft! 2ndinternshipreport
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InternationalTrafficandTransportManagement 53
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Appendix
Appendix1;PublictransportinDelft
Figure1422016);publictransportsytem,Delft(Source:Veoliatransport,
Recommended