2013 History: Revolutions Written examination

HISTORY: RevolutionsWritten examination

Friday 8 November 2013 Reading time: 3.00 pm to 3.15 pm (15 minutes) Writing time: 3.15 pm to 5.15 pm (2 hours)

QUESTION BOOK

Structure of bookSection Number of

questionsNumber of questions

to be answeredNumber of

marks

A 3 3 40B 2 2 40

Total 80

• Studentsarepermittedtobringintotheexaminationroom:pens,pencils,highlighters,erasers,sharpenersandrulers.

• StudentsareNOTpermittedtobringintotheexaminationroom:blanksheetsofpaperand/orwhiteoutliquid/tape.

• Nocalculatorisallowedinthisexamination.

Materials supplied• Questionbookof19pages.• Answerbookof16pages.Additionalspaceisavailableattheendofeachsectionintheanswerbook

ifyouneedextrapapertocompleteananswer.

Instructions• Writeyourstudent number and your name inthespaceprovidedonthefrontcoveroftheanswer

book.• IndicateintheanswerbooktherevolutionyouhavechosenforSectionAandtherevolutionyouhave

chosenforSectionB.Youmustnotchoosethesamerevolutionforbothsections.• AllwrittenresponsesmustbeinEnglish.

At the end of the examination• Youmaykeepthisquestionbook.

Students are NOT permitted to bring mobile phones and/or any other unauthorised electronic devices into the examination room.

©VICTORIANCURRICULUMANDASSESSMENTAUTHORITY2013

Victorian Certificate of Education 2013

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SECTION A–continuedTURN OVER

SECTION A – Revolution one

Instructions for Section AIndicateintheanswerbooktherevolutionyouhavechosenforSectionAbyshadingtherelevantboxonpage2.AnswerallquestionsforthisrevolutioninSectionAoftheanswerbook.YoumustnotchoosethesamerevolutionforSectionAandSectionB.Writeusingblackorbluepen.

Revolution Page

America........................................................................................................................................................... 4

France..............................................................................................................................................................6

Russia.............................................................................................................................................................. 8

China.............................................................................................................................................................10

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SECTION A–continued

America

Revolutionary ideas, leaders, movements and events – American Revolution 1763 to 1776

Question 1 (10marks)Usingthree or four points,explainhowtheideasofrepublicanismcontributedtothedevelopmentoftheAmericanRevolutionfrom1763uptoandincluding1776.Provideevidencetosupportyouranswer.

Question 2 (10marks)Usingthree or fourpoints,explainhowtheactionsoftheBritishGovernmentfrom1763uptoandincluding1774contributedtoarevolutionarysituation.Provideevidencetosupportyouranswer.

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SECTION A–continuedTURN OVER

Creating a new society – American Revolution 1776 to 1789

Question 3 (20marks)

Source:HowardChandlerChristy,Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States,1940,20ft×30ft; fromArt in the United States Capitol,Housedocumentno.94–660,UnitedStatesGovernmentPrintingOffice,

Washington,1978,p.162

a. Identifytwofeaturesoftherepresentationthatdepictunity. 2marks

b. Identify twowaysinwhichtherepresentationdepictsthesigningoftheConstitutionasahistoricevent. 2marks

c. Byreferringtopartsoftherepresentationandusingyourownknowledge,explainwhatledtotheratificationoftheConstitutionin1787. 6marks

d. Evaluatetowhatextentthisrepresentationprovidesanaccuratedepictionofthenewsociety. Inyourresponse,refertopartsoftherepresentationandtodifferentviewsoftheRevolution. 10marks

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SECTION A–continued

France

Revolutionary ideas, leaders, movements and events – French Revolution 1781 to 4 August 1789

Question 1 (10marks)Usingthree or four points,explainhowfailedattemptstoreformcontributedtothedevelopmentoftheFrenchRevolutionfrom1781uptoandincluding4August1789.Provideevidencetosupportyouranswer.

Question 2 (10marks)Usingthree or fourpoints,explainhowtheattackontheBastille(14July1789)contributedtoarevolutionarysituationuptoandincluding4August1789.Provideevidencetosupportyouranswer.

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SECTION A–continuedTURN OVER

Creating a new society – French Revolution 5 August 1789 to 1795

Question 3 (20marks)

Source:JeanJosephFrançoisTassaert,The Arrest of Robespierre, The Night of the 9th to 10th Thermidor, Year II, 27th July 1794,

colouredengraving(afterFulcran-JeanHarriet);MuséeCarnavalet,Paris

a. Identifytwosocialgroupsthataredepictedintherepresentation. 2marks

b. Identifytwosymbolsofrevolutionaryidealsthataredepictedintherepresentation. 2marks

c. Byreferringtopartsoftherepresentationandusingyourownknowledge,explainwhatcontributedtothefallofRobespierreby1794. 6marks

d. Evaluatetowhatextentthisrepresentationisusefulinunderstandingthewayinwhichrevolutionaryleaderslostpowerfrom1791uptoandincluding1794.

Inyourresponse,refertopartsoftherepresentationandtodifferentviewsofthisperiodin theRevolution. 10marks

Photograph:G

iraudon/BridgemanArtLibrary

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SECTION A–continued

Russia

Revolutionary ideas, leaders, movements and events – Russian Revolution 1905 to October 1917

Question 1 (10marks)Usingthree or fourpoints,explainhowtheconditionsoftheRussianpeasantscontributedtothedevelopmentoftheRevolutioninRussiauptoandincludingOctober1917.Provideevidencetosupportyouranswer.

Question 2 (10marks)Usingthree or fourpoints,explainhowLenin’s‘AprilTheses’contributedtoarevolutionarysituationinRussiafromApriluptoandincludingOctober1917.Provideevidencetosupportyouranswer.

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SECTION A – continuedTURN OVER

Creating a new society – Russian Revolution November 1917 to 1924

Question 3 (20 marks)

Source: Nikolai Kochergin, Long Live the Brotherhood of All the Peoples of the Caucasus, lithograph, 1921; from David King, Red Star Over Russia, Tate Publishing, London, 2009, p. 178

a. Identify two groups that are depicted in the representation. 2 marks

b. Identify two features that are depicted in the representation that suggest strength in the Russian Revolution after October 1917. 2 marks

c. By referring to parts of the representation and using your own knowledge, explain the extent to which the Revolution was supported by the Russian people from October 1917 up to and including 1924. 6 marks

d. Evaluate to what extent this representation provides an accurate depiction of the Revolution in Russia after October 1917.

In your response, refer to parts of the representation and to different views of the Revolution. 10 marks

Phot

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avid

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SECTION A–continued

China

Revolutionary ideas, leaders, movements and events – Chinese Revolution 1898 to 1949

Question 1 (10marks)Usingthree or fourpoints,explainhowtheWarlordEra,from1916uptoandincluding1928,contributedtoarevolutionarysituationinChina.Provideevidencetosupportyouranswer.

Question 2 (10marks)Usingthree or fourpoints,explainhowtheLongMarchcontributedtothedevelopmentoftheChineseRevolution.Provideevidencetosupportyouranswer.

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END OF SECTION ATURN OVER

Creating a new society – Chinese Revolution 1949 to 1976

Question 3 (20marks)

AChineserevolutionaryposterSource:artistunknown,November1968;publisher:Shanghairenminmeishuchubanshe;

StefanLandsbergerCollection,InternationalInstituteofSocialHistory(Amsterdam) Thelargewritingatthebottomofthepostersays,‘TherenegadetraitorandscabLiuShaoqimustforeverbeexpelledfromtheParty!’

ThecharactersthatarecrossedoutarethoseforLiuShaoqi’sname.

a. Identifytwogroupsthataredepictedintherepresentation. 2marks

b. IdentifytwowaysinwhichtheartistemphasisestherevolutionaryendeavourofthePartymembersintherepresentation. 2marks

c. Byreferringtopartsoftherepresentationandusingyourownknowledge,explainthepoliticalchallengesfacingtheChineseCommunistPartyby1968. 6marks

d. EvaluatetowhatextentthisrepresentationprovidesanaccuratedepictionofthechallengesfacingtheChineseCommunistPartyintheconsolidationofthenewsociety.

Inyourresponse,refertopartsoftherepresentationandtodifferentviewsoftheRevolution. 10marks

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SECTION B–continuedTURN OVER

SECTION B – Revolution two

Instructions for Section BIndicateintheanswerbooktherevolutionyouhavechosenforSectionBbyshadingtherelevantboxonpage9.AnswerallquestionsforthisrevolutioninSectionBoftheanswerbook.YoumustnotchoosethesamerevolutionforSectionAandSectionB.Writeusingblackorbluepen.

Revolution Page

America.........................................................................................................................................................14

France............................................................................................................................................................16

Russia............................................................................................................................................................18

China.............................................................................................................................................................19

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SECTION B–continued

America

Revolutionary ideas, leaders, movements and events – American Revolution 1763 to 1776

Question 1 (20marks)DigitallyreproducedbypermissionofthepublishersfromThe Adams Papers: Diary and Autobiography of John Adams: Volume 2, Diary 1771–1781,editedbyLHButterfield,LeonardC.FaberandWendellDGarrett,pp.85–86,Cambridge,Mass.,TheBelknapPressofHarvardUniversityPress,©1961bytheMassachusettsHistoricalSociety;Allrightsreserved

17 December l773LastNight3CargoesofBoheaTeawereemptiedintotheSea.ThisMorningaManofWarsails.ThisisthemostmagnificentMovementofall.ThereisaDignity,aMajesty,aSublimity1,inthislastEffortofthePatriots,thatIgreatlyadmire.ThePeopleshouldneverrise,withoutdoingsomethingtoberemembered–somethingnotableAndstriking.ThisDestructionoftheTeaissobold,sodaring,sofirm,intrepid2andinflexible,anditmusthavesoimportantConsequences,andsolasting,thatIcantbutconsideritasanEpocha3inHistory.ThishoweverisbutanAttackuponProperty.AnothersimilarExertionofpopularPower,mayproducethedestructionofLives.ManyPersonswish,thatasmanydeadCarcasses4werefloatingintheHarbour,asthereareChestsofTea:–amuchlessNumberofLiveshoweverwouldremovetheCausesofallourCalamities5.…WhatMeasureswilltheMinistrytake,inConsequenceofthis?–Willtheyresentit?willtheydaretoresentit?willtheypunishUs?How?Byquartering6TroopsuponUs?–byannulling7ourCharter?–bylayingonmoreduties?ByrestrainingourTrade?BySacrificeofIndividuals,orhow.TheQuestioniswhethertheDestructionofthisTeawasnecessary?Iapprehend8itwasabsolutelyandindispensablyso.–Theycouldnotsenditback…ThentherewasnootherAlternativebuttodestroyitorletitbelanded.Toletitbelanded,wouldbegivingupthePrincipleofTaxationbyParliamentaryAuthority,againstwhichtheContinenthavestruggledfor10years,itwasloosing[sic]allourlabourfor10yearsandsubjectingourselvesandourPosterity9forevertoEgyptianTaskmasters–toBurthens10,Indignities,toIgnominy11,ReproachandContempt,toDesolationandOppression,toPovertyandServitude.1sublimity–grandeur2intrepid–brave3epocha–era4carcasses –bodies5calamities –problems6quartering –havingtroopslivewiththem

7annulling–cancelling8apprehend–understand9posterity–futuregenerations10burthens–burdens11ignominy –dishonour

a. IdentifytwodescriptionsoftheBostonTeaPartythataregivenbyAdams. 2marks

b. IdentifytwolikelymeasuresthatarestatedintheextractbywhichtheMinistrywillpunishthecolonists. 2marks

c. Byquotingfromtheextractandusingyourownknowledge,explaintheconsequencesoftheBostonTeaParty. 6marks

d. EvaluatetowhatextentthisextractprovidesanaccuratereflectionofthecauseoftheAmericanRevolution.

Inyourresponse,quotepartsoftheextractandrefertodifferentviewsofthecausesoftheAmericanRevolution. 10marks

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SECTION B–continuedTURN OVER

Creating a new society – American Revolution 1776 to 1789

Question 2 – Essay response (20marks)SomehistoriansstatethattheAmericanRevolutioncreatedvastanddeepchanges.Towhatextentisthistrueofthenewsociety?Useevidencetosupportyouranswer.

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SECTION B–continued

France

Revolutionary ideas, leaders, movements and events – French Revolution 1781 to 4 August 1789

Question 1 (20marks)GaetanoSalvemini,The French Revolution 1788–1792,IMRawson(trans.),JonathanCape,London,1969,pp.55and56

AnotherfactorofimportanceatthistimewastherevoltoftheAmericancoloniesagainstEngland (1775–81),whichhadanimmenseinfluenceuponFrenchpoliticalthought.Anewsocietywasrisingbeyondtheseas,rebellingagainsttraditionsinheritedfromthepastandclaimingarighttogovernitselfaccordingtothedictatesofreasonratherthanthecapricious1willofdespots.Itwasatriumphforeighteenth-century‘enlightenment’.WhentheFrenchGovernmentintervenedontheinsurgents’2side,thepopularityofAmericanideasinFrancebecameunbounded.BenjaminFranklin,whocametoParisin1777asAmericanambassador,hadanenthusiasticreception.Thecapitalwasfloodedwithportraitsandbustsofhim…ManyFrenchofficerswhohadfoughtwiththeinsurgents–mostfamousamongthembeingtheMarquisdeLafayette–returnedhomedesirousofutilizingintheirowncountrythestirringexperiencesofAmerica.Forthenobles,highprelates3andladies,philosophyandsociologywereaninnocentpastime:theyplayedatrevolution.‘Liberty’,theComtedeSégurwrotelater,‘delightedusbyitsdaring,andequalitybyitsagreeableness…Andalthoughourownprivilegesandtheremainsofourformerpowerwerebeingunderminedbeneathourfeet,wewerenotalarmed,becauseasyetwedidnotfeeltheimpactoftheblowsdirectedatus.Weneverdreamedthatthiswordywarfaremightthreatentheexaltedlifethatwasoursandthatforsomanycenturieswehadregardedasunassailable4.’Butsosoonastheirrealinterestsappearedaffectedbythefirsttimidreforms,the‘democratic’ladiesandtheir‘patriotic’cavaliers5grewresentful,andtheirfoolishresistanceprovokedarevolutioninearnest.1capricious –unpredictable2insurgents–revolutionaries3high prelates–high-rankingmembersoftheclergy4unassailable–cannotbeattacked5cavaliers –courtlygentlemen

a. IdentifytwopastimesofFrenchnobles,statedintheextract,thatweremadepopularbytheAmericanWarofIndependence. 2marks

b. IdentifytwoFrenchnobles,statedintheextract,whosupportedtheideasfromtheAmericanRevolution. 2marks

c. Byquotingfromtheextractandusingyourownknowledge,explainthecircumstancesinFrancethatmadeideasfromtheAmericanRevolutionappealtoFrenchmenuptoandincluding4August1789. 6marks

d. EvaluatetowhatextentthisextractprovidesacompletedepictionofthecircumstancesthatcausedtheFrenchRevolution.

Inyourresponse,quotepartsoftheextractandrefertodifferentviewsofthecausesoftheFrenchRevolution. 10marks

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SECTION B–continuedTURN OVER

Creating a new society – French Revolution 5 August 1789 to 1795

Question 2 – Essay response (20marks)TheFrenchRevolutionhasbeendescribedasinspiring,appallingandineverysenseatragedy.Whatisyourview?Useevidencetosupportyouranswer.

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SECTION B–continued

Russia

Revolutionary ideas, leaders, movements and events – Russian Revolution 1905 to October 1917

Question 1 (20marks)OrlandoFigesandBorisKolonitskii,Interpreting the Russian Revolution: The Language and Symbols of 1917,YaleUniversityPress,NewHaven,1999,p.127

Duetocopyrightrestriction, thismaterialisnotsupplied.

1nascent–beginningtodevelop

a. IdentifytwoaimsoftheProvisionalGovernmentthatarestatedintheextract. 2marks

b. Identifytwocivicdutiesofthepeasantsthatarestatedintheextract. 2marks

c. Byquotingfromtheextractandusingyourownknowledge,explainhowtheProvisionalGovernmentintendedtoleadRussia. 6marks

d. EvaluatetowhatextentthisextractpresentsacompletedepictionofthetaskfacingtheProvisionalGovernment.

Inyourresponse,quotepartsoftheextractandrefertodifferentviewsoftheRussianRevolution. 10marks

Creating a new society – Russian Revolution November 1917 to 1924

Question 2 – Essay response(20marks)HowsuccessfulwastheRussianRevolutioninliberatingtheRussianpeopleandimprovingtheirlivingconditionsfromNovember1917to1924?Useevidencetosupportyouranswer.

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China

Revolutionary ideas, leaders, movements and events – Chinese Revolution 1898 to 1949

Question 1 (20marks)BruceAElleman,Modern Chinese Warfare, 1795–1989,Routledge,London,2001,pp.142–144

TherevolutionariespoorlyplannedandbadlyexecutedtheWuchangUprising;onlytheManchuofficials’ineffectiveresponseallowedittosucceedatall…Rumorsofapossibleuprisingon6OctobercirculatedintheWuchangpress,sotheleaderspostponedtheuprisinguntillateOctober.However,whenabombaccidentallyexplodedon9Octoberattherevolutionaries’headquartersintheRussianconcessioninHankou,thepoliceconfiscatedalistof members.AlarmedatthelargenumberofNewArmysoldiersonthelist,thepolicebeganroundingup allpossiblesuspects.Facedwithalmostcertainarrest,theNewArmyofficershadlittlechoicebuttostrike immediately.…ThesuccessoftheWuchangUprisingwasasimportantsymbolicallyasitwasmilitarily.Forthefirsttimeinhalfacentury,apredominantlyHanChinesemilitaryforcehaddefeatedtroopsloyaltotheManchuCourt……ThenationalresponsetotheWuchangUprisingwasrapid.AccordingtoHsu,within“amonthandahalf,fifteenprovinces,ortwo-thirdsofallChina,secededfromtheQingdynasty.”Theanti-Manchugroupssooncontrolledmanyofthesouthernregions—includingGuangdong,Yunnan,andSichuan—andthecitiesofChangshaandShanghai…OnlyaftertheimpactoftheWuchangUprisinghadspreadthroughoutmostofChinadidtheconstitutionalistsstepintotakeover.SunZhongshanreturnedtoChinainlateDecember,arrivinginShanghaijustintimetobelatedlyjointherevolutionarymovementandtobeelectedprovisionalpresidentoftheRepublicofChina.

a. IdentifytwoeventsfromtheextractthatledtothebeginningoftheWuchangUprising. 2marks

b. Identifytwogroups,statedintheextract,thatwereinvolvedintheWuchangUprising. 2marks

c. Byquotingfromtheextractandusingyourownknowledge,explainhowtheWuchangUprisingcontributedtotheRevolutioninChinain1911. 6marks

d. EvaluatetowhatextentthisextractpresentsacompletedepictionofthecircumstancesthatledtothecollapseoftheQingDynastyin1911.

Inyourresponse,quotepartsoftheextractandrefertodifferentviewsoftheChineseRevolution. 10marks

Creating a new society – Chinese Revolution 1949 to 1976

Question 2 – Essay response(20marks)HowsuccessfulwastheChineseCommunistPartyinachievingitsgoalsofliberatingandimprovingthelivelihoodofthePeople’sRepublicofChinabetween1949and1976?Useevidencetosupportyouranswer.

END OF QUESTION BOOK