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3G Migrations
Why we need 3G?Or
3G is enough for us?
Secretes of Upgrades
Maximize----Spectrum Efficiency FDMA/TDMA/CDMA/OFDMA Power Efficiency-------Battery
Minimize ----Complexity ----Cost
Cellular Generation
1 G 2 G 2.5 G 3 G 3.5 G 4 G
1G - Characteristics Analogue transmission technology Focus on voice Data services almost non-existent Incompatible standards
Different frequencies and signaling International roaming impossible
Inefficient use of the radio spectrum
Example of 1G
1G – NTT 1G - NMT-450 1G – AMPS 1G - TACS
1G - NTT
Nippon Telephone & Telegraph (NTT) Now NTT DoCoMo
1979 Tokyo World’s first operational cellular system
1G - NMT-450
Nordic Mobile Telephone 450 1982 Sweden First wireless communications standard
deployed in Europe Pioneered the use of light portable handsets Supported international roaming
1G - AMPS
Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) 1982 USA Mandated (FCC) as the standard to which all
operators in the USA had to adhere to.
1G - TACS
Total Access Coverage (TACS) 1985 UK Adaptation of AMPS Complies with frequency allocation in Europe
1G - Network Access Technique
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) Subdivides the available spectrum into a
number of frequency slots Each user is assigned a separate frequency.
1G - Services
Standard voice No data services No supplementary services
Call barring
The 1G Landscape
A series of incompatible networks Limited capacity for expansion Limited support for roaming Susceptible to interference Poor security No support for wireless data No third party applications
Solution: 2G Digital techniques rather than analogue Increased flexibility
error control compression
More efficient use of available bandwidth Increased compatibility with the fixed
component of the PSTN Increased quality of service Possibility of wireless data services
Example of 2G
2G- GSM 2G - D-AMPS 2G - IS-95 2G - PDC
2G - GSM
Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)
Conceived in 1982 Deployed in 1992 in Europe European Telecommunications Standards
Institute (ETSI) Most successful 2G system Voice 13kb/3 (Sig) and Data 9.6/4.4k
2G - D-AMPS Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service
(DAMPS) Also called IS-54 (Interim Standard 54)
1991 Dual mode terminals ensuring backward
compatibility IS-136 introduced in 1996 Telecommunications Industry Association
(TIA) TR-45 Committee
2G - IS-95
Interim Standard 95 (IS-95) Also called cdmaOne 1993 USA Qualcomm Inc. Pioneered the use of the network access
technique CDMA
2G - PDC
Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) 1991 Japan Two modes
Full-rate Half-rate
2G - Network Access Technique Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
Users share a frequency band by multiplexing their transmissions in time
In practice .. Available spectrum is divided into frequency
channels (recall FDMA!) Each frequency channel is further subdivided into
cyclic timeslots (1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3 …) A call is assigned a time slot
2G - Services
Depends on Network standard Operator policies
Improved standard telephony (speech) Basic wireless data Additional services
Call barring
Example: GSM Services
Teleservices Speech Emergency calls Short Message Service (SMS)
Bearer Services Telefax Basic data (9.6kb/s)
Supplementary Services Call forwarding Call barring
2G - 3G Transition Driver?
Higher data bandwidth requirement anticipated subscriber demand for
audio/Video streaming other multimedia services collaborative services location services
Possibility of third party applications being developed
Recall: Circuit v Packet Switching
Circuit Switched .. A dedicated channel is established for the
duration of a call Packet Switched …
A message is subdivided into packets which are sent individually and may follow different routes to their destination. The packets are then used to reassemble the original message.
3G - Migration Strategies Migrate straight to 3G
This approach is being take by some operators in Japan (PDC) and the USA (IS-95)
Migrate incrementally to 3G Operators progressively and incrementally
incorporate a number of technologies into their networks
This approach is taken by operators in both Europe and the USA
This strategy is sometimes referred to as 2.5G
2.5 G Examples
2.5G - HSCSD (GSM) 2.5G - GPRS (GSM) 2.5G - EDGE (GSM) 2.5G - D-AMPS (IS-136+) 2.5G - IS-95B (IS-95)
2.5G - HSCSD (GSM) High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD) Uses existing GSM infrastructure and interface Data rates of up to 57.6 kb/s (4 channels @
14.4 kb/s) Inefficient for certain types of application Data increased 14.4kb and 1.6 channel coding
2.5G - GPRS (GSM) General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Introduces packet switching to GSM “Always-on” Uses multiple timeslots (channels)
14.4 kb/s per channel Maximum of 115.2 kb/s --eight channel
Dynamic resource allocation Supports IP Billing per KB, NOT per sec.
2.5G - EDGE (GSM)
Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)
Maximum 384 kb/s 8 Phase Shift Keying (8PSK)
Send more bits down the line 3 fold increase over GSM
Two classes of handset: Class A (EDGE only on downlink) Class B ( EDGE on uplink and downlink)
2.5G - D-AMPS (IS-136+)
Two phase migration path IS-136+
Integrate GPRS Note: packet switching already supported by
Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD)! IS-136 High Speed Outdoor
Integrate EDGE
Subscribers can roam between IS-136HS and GSM networks supporting EDGE
2.5G - IS-95B (IS-95)
Enhanced version of IS-95 Already supports packet switching (CDPD) Maximum of 115.2 (8 channels @ 14.4kb/s) Realistically …
28.8 kb/s to 57.6 kb/s on downlink 14.4 kb/s on uplink
2.5G - Services
Standard services that can use packet switching:
WWW browsing email file downloading e.g. mp3 Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS)
3G - Principal Requirements - I
Support for voice quality comparable with fixed line networks;
Support for both circuit-switched and packet-switched data services;
Support for roaming between different IMT-2000 operators;
Support for greater capacity and improved spectrum efficiency;
3G - Principal Requirements - II A data rate of 144 kb/s for users moving
quickly e.g. moving vehicles; A data rate of 384 kb/s for pedestrians; A data rate of 2 Mb/s in a low mobility or
office environment.
Note how a network using GPRS and EDGE meets most of these criteria!
3GPP & 3GPP2
Third Generation Partnership
Project (ETSI/ARIB/TTC/TTA/CCSA) Europe /Japan/China
Third Generation Partnership 2 (ARIB, CCSA, TIA, TTA and TTC) from CDMA IS-95
3G - The IMT2000 Initiative
Conceived in 1986 Sought to define a single world-wide
standard for accessing the global telecommunications infrastructure from both terrestrial and satellite mobile systems
Problem: backward compatibility So five standards approved for the air
interface!
3G - Air Interface Standards I IMT-DS (Direct Spread), also known as
Wideband CDMA Frequency Division Duplex (W-CDMA-FDD).
IMT-TC (Time Code) or W-CDMA Time Division Duplex (W-CDMA-TDD).
IMT-MC (Multi-Carrier) or CDMA2000. IMT-SC (Single Carrier), also known as
EDGE or UWC-136. IMT-FT (Frequency Time), for cordless sytems e.g.
DECT
3G - Interface Standards II
Radio-Interface Standard Cellular Network Standards Organisation
IMT-DS GSM, PDC 3GPP
IMT-TC D-AMPS 3GPP
IMT-MC IS-95, PDC 3GPP2
IMT-SC Any TDMA Network UWCC
Table 1: 3G interface standards for the predominant 2G networks.
3G Networks
2G Network 3G SuccessorGSM UMTSPDC CDMA2000IS-95 CDMA2000DAMPS IS-136HS or UMTS
3G - Network Access Technique Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Signal is modulated with high bandwidth spreading waveforms called signature waveforms or codes. Subscribers may submit at the same frequency and time but signal separation is facilitated via the signature waveform
In contrast with TDMA More robust Less susceptible to fading & interference
Example: 3G Services (UMTS)
Universal Mobile Telephone System (UMTS) Four QoS classes of services
Conversational Class Voice, video telephony,video gaming
Streaming Class multimedia, video on demand, webcast
Interactive Class WWW browsing, database access, online gaming
Background Class email, SMS, file downloading
Migration Stages
Steps towards 3G
1- Backbone Roll Out (Packet Network)
All the backend traffic transfer on IP (Packets) /Passport/ATM/MPBN
2- Data Network
3- Core Network
4- RAN Network
1-Backbone Roll Out (Packet Network) Migration
2-Data Network Migration
3-Core Network Migration
Classic MSC(Control and Switching)
Classical MSC Architecture(old name: Non-Layered Mobile Core Network/
’Monolitic’ Architecture)
TDM
MSC
MSC
MSC MSC
MSC MSC
MSC Server(Control)
Mobile Media Gateway(Switching)
Mobile Softswitch Solution (old name: Layered Mobile Core Network
Architecture)
IP/ATM/TDM
Control Layer
MSC-S
MGw
MSC-S
MGw
MGw MGw
MGw MGw
Layer Architecture
3-RAN Network Migration
GSM(2G)-- 2.5G--3G----- LTE
R-99---R4 ( We are in this stage in core side) HSDPA (Higher speed data downlink access) HSDUA (Higher speed data uplink access) LTE (Long Term Evolution) Goals include improving spectral efficiency, lowering costs,
improving services, making use of new spectrum and refarmed spectrum opportunities, and better integration with other open standards
3G Migration Plan
3.5G UMTS
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) 14 Mbps (but 1 Mbps per subscriber!) Incremental upgrade More functionality in Node B Backward compatible with W-CDMA
High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) Other Technologies
WiMAX, etc, etc
4G- Some Speculations Global Mobility Increased data rates..100Mbps? All IP network When?
TDM/IP
MSC Server
PSTN
MGW MGW
H.248 H.248SIP-T
Softswitch MSC (R4)/LMSD
MSC Server
TDM
MSC
PSTN CDMA BSS/UMTS RAN
MISUP
Legacy MSC (R99)
MSC Divided into MSC Server &
MGWIP
MGCF
PSTN
MGWMGW
H.248 H.248
SIP
MGCF
CSCF
CDMA BSS/UMTS RAN
CDMA BSS/UMTS RAN
IMS/MMD (R5/R6)5
CS + IMS (+ PS) CS (+ PS) IMS (+ PS)
GSM to 3G Steps
3GPP - Organizational Partners
Organisation Region URL
Association of Radio Industries and
Businesses (ARIB)
Japan http://www.arib.or.jp
China Wireless Telecommunications
Standard Group (CWTS)
China http://www.cwts.org
European Telecommunications Standards
Institute (ETSI)
Europe http://www.etsi.org
Committee T1 (T1) USA http://www.t1.org
Telecommunications Technology Association
(TTA)
Korea http://www.tta.or.kr
Telecommunications Technology Committee
(TTC)
Japan http://www.ttc.or.jp
3GPP2 - Organizational Partners
Organisation Region URL
Association of Radio Industries and
Businesses (ARIB)
Japan http://www.arib.or.jp
China Wireless Telecommunications
Standard Group (CWTS)
China http://www.cwts.org
Telecommunications Industry Association
(TIA)
USA http://www.tiaonline.org
Telecommunications Technology Association
(TTA)
Korea http://www.tta.or.kr
Telecommunications Technology Committee
(TTC)
Japan http://www.ttc.or.jp
Thanks a lot
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