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Recent Activities of LED-Developments in Europe
LED Technology enabling new Applications
7th Nitride Semiconductor Application Workshop 2010, Nagoya, JapanDr. Volker HärleVP R&D
Opto Semiconductors OSRAM
LEDs 2009 | 10.12.2009 | Page 2OS LED M C | Dr. Volker Härle| VP R&D
Overview
- Market & Applications
The lighting picture today: Back lighting / SSL applicat ions
- ThinGaN Chip technology -> UX:3 technology
- R&D status and efficiency limit
LEDs 2009 | 10.12.2009 | Page 3OS LED M C | Dr. Volker Härle| VP R&D
LED-market expectation by application segments…
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
OthersIlluminat ionAutomot iveM obile AppliancesSigns/Displays
$5.1bn
$14.9bn
Source: Strategies Unlimited, Aug 2009
2008
2013
… Display-back lights and solid state lighting will dominate the market in 2013
Signs/Displays
Mobile Appliances
Automotive
Illumiation
Others
Signs/Displays
Mobile Appliances
Automotive
Illumiation
Others
Global LED market forecast by application
$0.8bn
$7.2bn
CAGR +55%
LEDs 2009 | 10.12.2009 | Page 4OS LED M C | Dr. Volker Härle| VP R&D
A major contributor is LED backlight LCD TV
14%
40%53%
65%75%
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
LCD TVLCD MonitorNotebook
Source: Displaybank Nov 2008
… driven by much higher LED penetration rates than e xpected back in 2008
LED backlight market share per application LED backlight penetration rate in LCD-TV
%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Nomura, Oct 2009
DisplaySearch, Jun 2009
Displaybank, Nov 2008
The more recent a market study is, the higher LEDpenetration rates are forecasted within LED LCD TVsegment
• Expected share in 2010 is already 15-20%• Possibly reaching >50% share in 2012
– depending on CCFL BLU vs LED BLU cost
Very fast transition
• TV will replace notebook as biggest market within the LED backlighting segment
• Monitor is forecasted to remain with minor share
LEDs 2009 | 10.12.2009 | Page 5OS LED M C | Dr. Volker Härle| VP R&D
What is driving high LED penetration rates? Why is LED backlighting increasing that fast?
How?Why?
…superior to conventional CCFL backlight LCD TV at affordable cost
…mercury free, energy efficient TVs withlong lifetime
…enabling ultra-slim TVs
…by potential reduction of motion-blureffect (impulse driving) and highercontrast ratio (1D/2D/3D dimming)
Better picture quality…
Higher design flexibilities…
Eco-friendly…
Launch of intense marketing campaignsforming „LED TV“ as a new segment…
LEDs 2009 | 10.12.2009 | Page 6OS LED M C | Dr. Volker Härle| VP R&D
Intense marketing campaigns were started to createawareness of LED-BL
Samsung has rolled out a year-long advertising plan , spending multi-millions of US$
The primary mission of the effort is to promote LED TV as a new TV category, driving homethe message that the LED backlighting delivers “mega contrast ” ratio picture performance, ultra-slim panel designs and environmentally friendly attributes. The effort encompasses
• Online advertising (incl marketing ploys such as ‘extreme shepherding‘ on youtube.com)
• Print advertising
• National network and cable TV spots
• Mall showcases
• Eco cash back campaigns
LEDs 2009 | 10.12.2009 | Page 7OS LED M C | Dr. Volker Härle| VP R&D
Other companies followed trying to differentiatethemselves
… the reaction from Sharp and LGE: Full LED backlight
• Emphasis on LED technology advantage rather than design
LEDs 2009 | 10.12.2009 | Page 8OS LED M C | Dr. Volker Härle| VP R&D
RoW
NAFTA
Europe
South America
Asia Pacific
New regulations are being established focusing on C O2reduction and ban of hazardous substancesLED technology is both RoHS compliant and energy eff icient
Directive for Energy using Products (EuP)
Australia’senergy rating
LEDs 2009 | 10.12.2009 | Page 9OS LED M C | Dr. Volker Härle| VP R&D
Power Consumption Comparison Based on 46” BLU with Equivalent Luminance on LCD
--Total no. of LEDs
~100W60W~95WNANAPower Consumption
(2D-Dimming)
~130W75W~124W128W152WPower Consumption
(0D-Dimming)
165W95W155W160W190WPower Consumption
>50kh>50Kh>50kh~50kh~30khLifetime
124%80%100%82%97%NTSC Color Gamut CIE 1976 u’v’
RGB
LED
Standard White
LED
HCGW
LED
Standard
CCFL
High Gamut
CCFLLight Source Type
LCD PANEL LCD PANEL LCD PANEL
Conventional CCFL BLU White LED BLU RGB LED BLU
LEDs 2009 | 10.12.2009 | Page 10OS LED M C | Dr. Volker Härle| VP R&D
0
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32 37 42 47 52 57
Diagonal Size (inch)
Pow
er d
issi
patio
n (W
)
Energy Star 2010
Energy Star 2012
EuP class A 2010
EuP class A 2012
Only LED based backlight units will be able to fulfill2012 class A energy regulation standards
New regulations of TV power limits
• CCFL based TV are still able to fulfill 2010 regulations, both EuP and Energy Star
CCFL LCD TV
LED LCD TV
2W p inch
3W p inch
• Reducing the power consumption further down to 2W per inch, necessarily requires LED backlight technology
• Brightness increase of LEDsand/or local dimming will additionally reduce power consumption and will enable designs of 1.5W per inch in the near future
LEDs 2009 | 10.12.2009 | Page 11OS LED M C | Dr. Volker Härle| VP R&D
The Lighting Picture Today
Volume “White” BusinessR&D Transition to VolumeMarket Entry
• Very Large Installed Base & Infrastructure
• Established Value Chain & Know-How (up to End-User)
• Product Evolution:Brilliance & Performance
• €/lm Initial Cost Benchmark
• Volume Availability
• Transitioning into Growth Phase
• Tremendous LED Improvements…(Eff. 75 - >100 lm/W today, 150 lm/W in sight)
• Long Lifetime & High Robustness
• Increasing SSL Awareness from first Lighting Applications (Architainment, Streetlight, Shop, Decorative)
• Economics Starts to Work - TCO Break-Even in Quite Some Applications Reached
LED
OLED
• R&D…Market Entry In Sight
• Disruptive Flat Light Innovation
• “Light where it has never been before”
„Classical“
LEDs 2009 | 10.12.2009 | Page 12OS LED M C | Dr. Volker Härle| VP R&D
LEDs Can Play their Benefits Everywhere!USPs per Field of Application
• Design freedom
• Infinite color change possibilities
Hospitality
• Safety feeling (homogeneity, no glare)
• Energy saving
• Instant on, dimming
Street, Tunnel, Parking
• Light quality and comfort
• Energy saving
• Additional features
Light@home
• Energy saving
• Direct and indirect light
• Different settings possible
Office lighting
• Light quality
• Changeable light (colour)
• Energy saving (freezers)
Shop lighting
Architainment
• Design freedom
• Infinite color change possibilities
LEDs 2009 | 10.12.2009 | Page 13OS LED M C | Dr. Volker Härle| VP R&D
The Inspiration of Light in Modern ArchitectureLight Needs to Suit the Architecture AND the People
In modern architecture, lighting is a part of the architect’s phantasy. It can support the structure of a building and point out it’s style.
LEDs light up Turning Torso in Malmo Attractive architecture supported by
modern lighting
Light is more than just photons..
Light gets attention
Light captures the imagination of people.
Light means hospitality
It invites people and makes them stay a little longer.
Light makes the difference
Facades structured by light and light installations highlight modern architecture and add attractiveness to it.
Playful use of colors
Emphasize old structures with decent LED lighting
High recognition with bright facades
LEDs 2009 | 10.12.2009 | Page 14OS LED M C | Dr. Volker Härle| VP R&D
Illumination, Guidance, and Security
LEDs for Street- and Outdoor LightingLight where it should be!
250W120W
SodiumLED
Light takes on responsibility
� Energy saving with efficient light sources, no hazards with LEDs.
� Avoiding light pollution – direct the light to where it should be!
� Lights on – only where needed. Intelligent controls save.
Light promotes security
� Better safety feeling due to better recognition of trees and faces.
� Mesopic Vision enhanced with LED night lights.
� Residential areas with added security feeling.
Light as a guide
LEDs 2009 | 10.12.2009 | Page 15OS LED M C | Dr. Volker Härle| VP R&D
Mega TrendsShaping Tomorrow’s Markets
Demographic Change
Aging & Growing Population
Better light for the elder generation
LEDs can help the elder generation with better light - for light comfort and medical treatment.
Urbanization
More people in cities than rural areas
Safety and guidance
Intelligent light systems, communication and traffic management – LEDs play key role for mobility, at the same time saving energy.
Globalization
Global growth is unequally distributed
Emerging countries significantly gain
Global marketplaces
Innovative SSL technology is participating in the worldwide markets and standardi-zation committees.
Greenhouse gas emissions
Global surface temperature increase
Sustainability and energy save
LEDs contribute to the environmental challenges!Innovations support global care.
Climate Change
LEDs 2009 | 10.12.2009 | Page 16OS LED M C | Dr. Volker Härle| VP R&D
Energy Saving with Solid State Lighting
Potential savings in 2030*:
�1300 TWh of electricity
⇔ 650 large power plants (200 MW)
�650 million tons CO2 emissions
⇔ new forest with ~ 2 x area of Germany⇔ 2 billion barrels of oil
* Results of the Ad-hoc Advisory Group for „ICT and Energy Efficiency“; European Commission
TODAY: Replacing existing installations with best available alternatives would save 30% of energy going to lighting (according to ELC).
FUTURE: Combining LEDs, sensors and embedded software in ambient intelligent lighting networks have the potential to save an additional 40%*.
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2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016
Lich
taus
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/W] LED
Fluoreszenz-lampen
20
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Glü hlampen
Halogenlampen
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2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016
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Fluoreszenz-lampen
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Glü hlampen
Halogenlampen
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2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016
Effi
cacy
[lm
/W]
LED
fluorescentlamps
20
40
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incandescent lamps
halogen lamps
LEDs 2009 | 10.12.2009 | Page 17OS LED M C | Dr. Volker Härle| VP R&D
LED LampParathom A55
with Golden Dragon LEDs
8 W
Lifetime: 25.000 h
Compact Fluorescent Lamp CFL
DULUX Superstar Classic A
8 W
Lifetime: 10.000 h
Life Cycle Assessment of LED LampsComparative Assessment
� Complete life cycle analyzed:
� Comparison between:
Incandescent Lamp GLS
Classic A
40 W
Lifetime: 1.000 h
25 x 1 x2,5 x
Resources Manufacturing Use End of LifeTransport
LEDs 2009 | 10.12.2009 | Page 18OS LED M C | Dr. Volker Härle| VP R&D
Life Cycle Assessment of LED lamps Preliminary Results
�Cumulated energy demand and overall life cycle of LED lamp ≈ 2,5 x CFL ⇒ nearly identical impact per hour of use compared to CFL (including investigation on abiotic depletion, human toxicity, eutrophication, acidification and global warming potentials).
�Future: efficiency improvement of LEDs and making use of directionality of light will further reduce CED.
LEDs 2009 | 10.12.2009 | Page 19OS LED M C | Dr. Volker Härle| VP R&D
SSL key factor: Efficiency
Luminaire efficiency standards (e.g. KSC7658): 5500K: 7 0lm/W
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Driver loss
Thermal loss
Optical loss
Standard
efficiency (lm / W)
10-20%
10-20%
10-20%
70 lm/W
107 lm/W
- 107 lm/W or 125lm UW LED device needed for a 70 lm/W lu minaire
LEDs 2009 | 10.12.2009 | Page 20OS LED M C | Dr. Volker Härle| VP R&D
The Key Issues to Make LEDs Ready for Prime Time
� Provide high quality white light at highest efficiency
� Make SSL easy to control
� Control cost - reduce payback times � go for high maintenance & high energy cost applications
� Secure the investment by getting the “-abilities” in place: � upgrade-ability
� reorder-ability
� compatibility
� Focus on excellent system reliability
� Play the unique technology advantages� Color & dynamic light
� Small size� Unique forms
� Light patterns and intensity distributions
LEDs 2009 | 10.12.2009 | Page 21OS LED M C | Dr. Volker Härle| VP R&D
Overview
- Market & Applications
The lighting picture today: Back lighting / SSL applicat ions
- ThinGaN Chip technology -> UX:3 technology
- R&D status and efficiency limit
LEDs 2009 | 10.12.2009 | Page 22OS LED M C | Dr. Volker Härle| VP R&D
LED brightness for blue 1W Power-LED at OOS
9/2004 9/2005 9/2006
Opt
ical
Out
put P
ower
(m
W)
PowerThinGaNin Dragon w. lens
9/2007 6/2008
≈≈≈≈ 4-fold brightness increase within 4 years
⇒⇒⇒⇒ Many applications became possible
Advanced R&D device
602 mW
643 mW
170 mW100
200
300
400
500
600
700
LEDs 2009 | 10.12.2009 | Page 23OS LED M C | Dr. Volker Härle| VP R&D
Our Technologies
Light extractionThermal managementλλλλ-conversion
Internal quantum efficiency
Light extractionElectrical losses
ηint ηextr ηpackageηWall plug = . . .ηelectr
.
Substrate
Valence Band
Conduction Band
Photons
“Bandgap Engineering”
Epitaxy
PackagingChip Processing
LEDs 2009 | 10.12.2009 | Page 24OS LED M C | Dr. Volker Härle| VP R&D
Compound wafer „artificial wafer“
Epitaxial layermetal stack
carrier
4. Substrate Removal
1. Epitaxy
Sapphire
epi-layer
3. Bonding
2. Metalization
Carrier
GaN
Ga & N2
LLO: OSRAM patent
ThinGaN-Wafer Process
ThinGaN
LEDs 2009 | 10.12.2009 | Page 25OS LED M C | Dr. Volker Härle| VP R&D
ThinGaN the way to improve light extraction
• low internal absorption ⇒ reduce / omitt n-contacts
GaN
textured surface
Thinfilm principle:
contact
Carrier substrate
^
Solder layer
PowerThinGaN top viewPowerThinGaN; scematic side view
QW
• prevent absorption in substr. ⇒ improve mirror reflectivity
• prevent waveguiding ⇒ optimize surface roughness
Present actions:
Mirror layer
1mm
Light extraction of >80% is reached
LEDs 2009 | 10.12.2009 | Page 26OS LED M C | Dr. Volker Härle| VP R&D
Top view
Latest improvement: UX:3 Technology at OOS
Conductive carrier
n
p
Cross sectional view
Conductive carrier
n
p
Cross sectional view
Luminance @ 1,4 A
Linearity
n-contactAbsorption vrs.
Series resistance
Luminance
Top viewLuminance @ 2,8 A
Standard ThinGaN ThinGaN UX:3
LEDs 2009 | 10.12.2009 | Page 27OS LED M C | Dr. Volker Härle| VP R&D
UX:3 Technology
Benefits of UX:3 Technology:- 5% brightness increase for blue and green emission (@350m A)
- 10-20% brightness increase for white LEDs
(improved chip-phosphor interaction)
- Reduced droop – just 15% deviation from linear behaviour (350mA -> 1A)
- Reduced forward voltage (200mV @ 1A)
Conductive carrier
n
p
Cross sectional view
Conductive carrier
n
p
Cross sectional view
PowerThinGaN UX:30%
50%
100%
150%
200%
250%
0 200 400 600 800 1000
If (mA)
1mm p-up
1mm n-up
1mm p-up; @ 2,8 @
1mm n-up; @ 1,4 AΦΦ ΦΦe
norm
. on
n-up
at
350m
A
LEDs 2009 | 10.12.2009 | Page 28OS LED M C | Dr. Volker Härle| VP R&D
Overview
- Market & Applications
The lighting picture today: Back lighting / SSL applicat ions
- ThinGaN Chip technology -> UX:3 technology
- R&D status and efficiency limit
LEDs 2009 | 10.12.2009 | Page 29OS LED M C | Dr. Volker Härle| VP R&D
R&D 1mm Power ThinGaN blue and green
Performance of 1mm² R&D chip in Golden Dragon+ @440 nm
Performance of 1mm² R&D chip in Golden Dragon+ @532 nm
Advanced Technology: 643 mW
�Advanced Technology Blue: 643 mW; Vf= 3.24 V, WPE = 57%
J. Baur et al.: IWN08M. Peter et al: IWN08
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5
I [A]
Ie[W
]
601,4 mW@ 350 mA
Driving Current [mA]
Lum
inou
s F
lux
ΦΦ ΦΦv
[lm]
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20
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Lum
inou
s E
ffica
cy [l
m/W
]
3199 mW@ 3 A
1966 mW@ 1,4 A
90 lm/W
109 lm
LEDs 2009 | 10.12.2009 | Page 30OS LED M C | Dr. Volker Härle| VP R&D
Status OSRAM R&D cold white
R&D result using optimizedchip, conversion and packagetechnology
Data for 1mm² chip at 350mA
CCT: 5000K cx=0.349, cy=0.393
Luminous flux: 154lmEfficacy: 136 lm/W
0
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600
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forward current (A)
lum
inou
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E (l
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LEDs 2009 | 10.12.2009 | Page 31OS LED M C | Dr. Volker Härle| VP R&D
Status OSRAM R&D warm white
R&D result using optimizedchip, conversion and packagetechnology
Data for 1mm² chip at 350mA
CCT: 2999K (on Plank)CRI: 82Luminous flux: 124lmEfficacy: 104 lm/W0
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lum
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effic
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LEDs 2009 | 10.12.2009 | Page 32OS LED M C | Dr. Volker Härle| VP R&D
400 500 600 700
wavelength (nm)
inte
nsity
(a.
u.)
400 500 600 700
wavelength (nm)
inte
nsity
(a.
u.)
Efficacy and Color RenderingSimulations for Various Down Conversion Approaches
400 500 600 700
wavelength (nm)
inte
nsity
(a.
u.)
�CRI and Efficiency strongly depend on chosen phospho r solution
red & green phosphor 85 %89
CRI Efficiency
Daylight 100
standard phosphor 80 100 %
narrow yellow phosphor 59 119 %
Cx & Cy = 0,33
constant opt. Power of blue chip
LEDs 2009 | 10.12.2009 | Page 33OS LED M C | Dr. Volker Härle| VP R&D
� High intensity in orange-red spectral region (~ 600 nm) generates pleasant “warm white” light.
� CRI > 80 over full CCT range;Only moderate dependence on CCT.
� Only ~10% brightness difference between 5000K and 2700K.
New Warm White Phosphor SolutionCRI 80 – Technology Features
LEDs 2009 | 10.12.2009 | Page 34OS LED M C | Dr. Volker Härle| VP R&D
Warmwhite by Combination of “White” and Red LEDsUse of Standard Chips
360 400 440 480 520 560 600 640 680 720 760
wavelength / nm
inte
nsity
0 mA red
400 mA red
Module: 6 white & 2 red 1mm 2-chips: 100lm/W el; CRI 90; 3000K; 850lm
InGaNchip
White phosphor
InGaAlP chip
LEDs 2009 | 10.12.2009 | Page 35OS LED M C | Dr. Volker Härle| VP R&D
Hyper Red LEDKey to High Color Quality and Other Applications
LH W5AMλ-Peak : 660 nm
P-out: ~300 mW @ 400mA
LED: Golden Dragon Plus
Chip size: 1mm2
LEDs 2009 | 10.12.2009 | Page 36OS LED M C | Dr. Volker Härle| VP R&D
0,32
0,34
0,36
0,38
0,40
0,42
0,44
0,46
0,32 0,34 0,36 0,38 0,40 0,42 0,44 0,46 0,48 0,50
x
y
I (InGaN) = 350 mA,I (InGaAlP) = 0 - 400 mA
ANSI warm white color groups
Warmwhite by combination of white and red LEDs
…both warm white color coordinates and high CRI are ac hieved.
increasing InGaAlP currenttarget color range
for “white” LEDs
2800K warm whiteCRI = 90
6x white+
2x red:
LEDs 2009 | 10.12.2009 | Page 37OS LED M C | Dr. Volker Härle| VP R&D
Optimization fields for ThinGaN chips
Brightness (I e), droop ( = linearity), voltage (U f), homogeneity and thermal
conductivity (R th) are main areas of improvement for ThinGaN Chips.
0
500
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3000
3500
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5
0%
10%
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40%
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60%
„Droop“Ie+Uf
Ie + droop + U f
(P∞U2; Ie ∞ I)
Ie
Droop + I e
ΦΦ ΦΦe
(mW
) in
GD
+
WP
E (%
)
carrier (Rth)
Chip design:
Luminance:
1.4A
Current (A)
LEDs 2009 | 10.12.2009 | Page 38OS LED M C | Dr. Volker Härle| VP R&D
787mW
Electrical and optical power flow; optimization limit
1134mW
El. loss IQE 80% LEC 86%
Heat: 148mW
986mW
199mW 110mW
R&D status
⇒⇒⇒⇒ 75lm white0.35A; 3.2V
R&D status:
Popt =677mW; 60%
chip out
Pheat=457mW; 40%
677mW Popt. : 643mW blue at 350mA
⇒⇒⇒⇒ Limit for 1mm chip is at about 180lm at 350mA
Chip optimization limit:
Heat: 75mW 95mW 85mW
850mW1020mW
El. loss IQE 90% LEC 90%
945mW
0.35A; 2.9V
765mW Popt =765mW; 75%
chip out
Pheat=255mW; 25%
Chip limit / Dragon:
≈≈≈≈ 180lm white
Popt. : 727mW blue at 350mA
155lm white
LEDs 2009 | 10.12.2009 | Page 39OS LED M C | Dr. Volker Härle| VP R&D
⇒ For optimized lm/€ device low droop chips and
good R th materials for minimized chip areas are needed
Popt =642mW; 54%
Pheat=547mW; 46%
Power flow at increased currents
1000mA:350mA:
Pelectr. =1.13W
Popt =1595mW; 44%
Pheat=2.02W; 56%
Pelectr. =3.62W
Popt =2.09W; 39%
Pheat=3.23W; 61%
Pelectr. =5.32W
1400mA:
⇒⇒⇒⇒ Efficiency loss at higher current and current density („d roop“)⇒⇒⇒⇒ Heat inceases more than linear with current and current de nsity⇒ Current density increases with decreasing chip size⇒ Thermal resistance increases with decreasing chip area⇒ Cost decrease with deceasing chip area
LEDs 2009 | 10.12.2009 | Page 40OS LED M C | Dr. Volker Härle| VP R&D
Summary
- LEDs are in transition to SSL volume market
- Enormous energy saving potential (2030: 1300TWh)
- UX:3 technology yields significant improvements
- Cold white: 155lm / 134lm/W @350mA
- Warm white: 124lm / 104 lm/W @3000K, CRI82, 350mA
- Efficiency limit for cold white at about 180lm
LEDs 2009 | 10.12.2009 | Page 41OS LED M C | Dr. Volker Härle| VP R&D
Acknowledgements: Entire Osram Opto Team and Partner sSupport byBMBF European Union founding
Thank You for Your Attention!
600 students from School of Engineering at the Univ ersity of Calgary, Canadasend LED illuminated message to International Space Station.
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