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9.5 Medieval Europe
500-1500 CE
The Big Picture 4th-5th centuries
Roman Empire
Allies with
“Barbarians”
To watch over regions
In name of Rome
476
Western Roman
Empire Falls
5th-8th centuries
“Dark Ages”
Barbarian Kingdoms
Mostly fail
8th-9th centuries
Invasion, instability,
decentralization
Vikings
Magyars
9th century
Charlemagne
One Europe
Holy Roman Empire
10th century
fragmentation
11th century
Crusades
12th-13th century
“High Middle Ages”
Frankish Rulers
Merovingian
• 400s CE Franks = strongest Germanic group • Clovis
• 1st king of Franks • 1st accept Catholicism
• 714 CE Charles Martel • Defeat Muslims at Tours
• 752 CE Pepin le Bref • Quid pro quo: Pope’s blessing in
exchange for helping Pope
Charlemagne
Frankish Rulers
• 768 Charlemagne = king • Son of Pepin • Frankish Empire • Revival of Learning
• “Carolingian Renaissance” • Pope crowns him new Roman Emperor,
Rheims, 800 • Local officials help enforce • 814 Empire breaks up at death
• 843 Treaty of Verdun • Divide empire; grandsons
Invasions Vikings
• Raiders from north
• Settled throughout Europe
• Disconnected trade
• Instability • Weaken
monarchs
Medieval Life
Feudal Relationships
• 700s – military service linked to land ownership to support cavalry • Fief
• Helps finance horses & equipment • Warriors, then counts and nobles • Noble class evolves to carry out government functions • Oath of loyalty • Vassal • homage
• 900s – feudalism • peasants
Feudalism
• Political system
• Social hierarchy
• Obligations up and down
• Rights and responsibilities
• Three estates
• Middle Ages as transformation of Roman world
Nobility – The Second Estate
Medieval Life
• Lord of the manor • Rents • Knights • chivalry
Manorialism
Medieval Life
• Lord’s wealth from peasant labor • Serfs
• Economic system • Contrast to feudalism, which is a political
system • Agricultural improvements boost productivity &
ease threat of famine • System was low on freedom, high on
stability/security
Manorialism
• Economic system
• “Insular”; independent
• Social hierarchy
• Land = “wealth generator”
– Wealth trickle-down
• commons
New technologies make life better…
Medieval help desk...
New Agriculture
• Population growth
• Climate change
• Technology • Mills
• Iron tools
• Carruca
• Iron plow
• Horse collar
• Horseshoe
• 2-field to 3-field system
Roman Catholic Church
100-500 CE 500-750 CE 750-1500 CE
1053 Great Schism
1347 Black Death
1517 Reformation
The Church took over where Roman government left off, imitating its forms and authority and preserving much Roman culture.
Medieval Church
The First Estate
• Church grows into shell of Roman Empire • Hierarchy
• Pope, Cardinal, Bishop, Priest • Monasticism = the highest ideal of Christian life
• 529 Benedictines founded • Periodic need for reform
Medieval Church
Monasticism
• Preserve knowledge • School • Hospital • Lodging • Mid-1100s Benedictine Rule adopted by Gregory I
Medieval Church
Power
• Heresy • Blasphemy • Orthodoxy • Interdict • Excommunication • Lay investiture • 1232 Inquisition
Church Control Tools
• Interdict
• Excommunication
• Inquisition
• Control of information
– The Sunday Pulpit
• “Peace of God”
• Indulgences
• tax exempt
Medieval Church
Friars
• Reformers • Towns • Debaters! • Francis of Assisi
Medieval Church
Jews
• Increase in Church power led to worsening position of Jews • Not citizens of European countries ‘til 19th century • Anti-Semitism • Blamed for crucifixion • Stories…
• Blood libel • Role in society
• Money lending
Controversy: Church Law
• Churchmen were subject to Church (ecclesiastical) courts, not civil authorities.
• Could the Pope remove kings?
• Did kings have to obey the Pope?
Controversy: King or Pope?
Controversy: Lay Investiture • Who got to pick bishops?
New Orders
• Cistercians
• Outside monastery
• Hildegard of Bingen
• chant
• Franciscans
• Dominicans
RISE OF EUROPEAN MONARCHY
Rise of European Monarchy
England
• 400s immigration / invasion Angles, Saxons, Jutes • 886 Alfred the Great
• Defeats Danes • Revival of learning
• 1066 William of Normandy “The Conqueror” • Norman French • Battle of Hastings
• 300 years of blending French-Anglo-Saxon • 1215 King John and Magna Carta • Emerging middle class in later Middle Ages
• “bourgeois” • Parliament invented
Rise of European Monarchy
France
• 987 Hugh Capet • Seized French throne • 300 year dynasty • Centralized monarchy
• 12th cen. Philip II • Double size of France • Weaken feudal lords
• Estates-General evolves • French history is monarchy becoming more absolute
Rise of European Monarchy
Holy Roman Empire
• Not holy, not Roman, not an empire • Germany • Weak, separate states/kingdoms • Powerful feudal lords • 962 Otto I crowned Holy Roman Emperor by pope in exchange for helping
Pope John XII • Otto & successors claim right to help pick pope; popes claim right to
depose kings
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