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A Deep Dive Advanced Synchrophasor Protocol – DE-OE-859

RitchieCarrollNERCSMSMee1ng

May16,2017

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Objec1veBuildingonthesuccessfulelementsofGPA’sGatewayExchangeProtocol,documentanddevelopthetoolstosupportamul1-plaMorm,vendor-neutral,publish-subscribestreaming1me-seriesdataprotocolthatmeetsthedemandingrequirementsforreliabledeliveryofsynchrophasordata

2-YearProjectScheduleMay2017–April2019

§  ReleaseSpecforComment–12/31/2017§  PublishSpec–4/30/2018§  ReleaseAlphaAPIToolKit–4/30/2018§  BeginDemowithWSUandEPGTools–10/1/2018§  Version1.0ToolKitReleased–4/30/2019

Project Status §  ProjectAwardedMay4,2017§  Projectpartneragreementsbeingdeveloped

ASP Project Summary Animprovedprotocolforstreaming1me-seriesdata.

FOA1492DE-OE-859

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Background – The Problem Statement

  Protocoldataformatsarefixed  Largedataframesrequireasizablenumberofnetworkpackets§ IncreasingopportunityforUDPloss§ IncreasingTCPlatency  Dataframewillinclude“placekeepers”fordatathatdidnotarrivewithinthelag-1me  Volumeofdataperframehasafixedupperlimit--typically64K  Limitedbuilt-insecurityop1ons,withmostprotocolsofferingnone

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Problems with IEEE C37.118 are a function of scale.

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Increaseddatalossandlatency.Purpose-built/allocatednetworkstypicallyrequired.

Issues,ifany,areeasytoresolve.

Datalossandlatencyissuesbegintoappear.Networktuningmayberequired.

IEEEC37.118V1&V2configura1onframesizemaxout.Asecondstreammustbecreated.

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ASP Project Participants

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Large-scale ASP Project Demonstrations

 WSUDemos§ TVA§ SPP§ OG&E§ SDG&E EPGDemos§ Dominion§ PJM

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Project Plan   Forthedemandingrequirementsofsynchrophasordata:§  Createaprotocolspecifica1onbasedonGPA’sGEP§ Developtestandvalida1ontools§  Createmul1plereferenceimplementa1ons§  Reportonprotocolefficacyandperformanceasit’sdemonstratedatscale

§  Presenttheprotocoltostandardsbodies  Candidateprotocolname:StreamingTelemetryTransportProtocol

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Project Schedule

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Background Current Phasor Protocols

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Recognized Phasor Protocols

  IEEEC37.118-2005(mostwidelyused)  IEEEC37.118.2-2011[v2]  IEEEC37.118.3[v3]  IEC61850-90-5  IEEE1344-1995  BPAPDCstream  SELFastMessageMacrodyneStreamingDataProtocol  UTKF-NETStreamingDataProtocol

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Commonalities of Phasor Protocols

  Eachprotocolisframe-based,i.e.:§ A1me-stamp,followedby§ Ablockofdataforoneormoredevices

  Electricindustryspecificcontentincludes:§ VoltageandCurrentphasors(complextype)§  Frequency§  RateofChangeofFrequency(dF/dt)§ Analogvalues§ Digitalvalues  Returningdatafrommeasurementdevicesisapriorityofprotocoldesign

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Network Layer Fragmentation

 Networksareinherentlyunreliable Messagepayloadsareencodedatabit-levelasapulse§ 8-pulsesbecomeabyte§ Asmallpor1onofthebytesfromthemessagepayload,a“packet”typicallysizedaround1,500bytes,issentasthemaximumtransmissionunit(MTU)

  Datatransmissionstoanetworkrecipientarehandledinasemaphorefashion,i.e.,onlyonepacketata1me§ Whenapacketsisaoemptedtobesentwhenanotherisalreadysending,thisiscalleda“collision”–itisupthesendertoguaranteeretransmission

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Common Network Protocols

  UserDatagramProtocol(UDP)§ UDPisa“fire-and-forget”transmissionprotocol–inthismodeofopera1on,whenanyindividualpacketfromamessagepayloadisdroppedduetoacollision,theen1repayloadisdropped

§  Issue:Largermessagepayloadscauseincreasednumbersofpacketsincreasinglikelihoodofdataloss

  TransmissionControlProtocol(TCP)§  TCPmonitorsthesuccessfuldeliveryofindividualpacketstoades1na1on.Whenapacketfromamessagepayloadisdroppedduetoacollision,thepacketisretransmioed

§  Issue:Onsloworbusynetworkswithlargepayloads,packetretransmissionscanmanifestas1medelays

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Why a new protocol? Existing phasor protocols are challenged at scale

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Why not use one method for data exchange everywhere? FieldReali1es§  Changecostlyandslow

•  Connec1onsbetweensubsta1ondevicesrarelychangeaperini1alturn-up•  Fieldhardwareandsopwareisnotupgradedopen•  Complianceassuranceamajorfactorinchangecostandapproach

§  Availabilityandsecurityassuranceisbakedin“bydesign”

ControlCenterReali1es§  High-changeenvironment

•  Growingsetofapplica1ons•  Overalldatavolumeandtheamountofdataexchangedisincreasing•  Costsassociatedwithrou1nechangeareincreasing

§  Availabilityandsecurityassurancerequiresclosemonitoringandcon1nuouschange§  HardwareandsopwaremethodscloselytrackITstate-of-the-art

Thefunc)onsandrequirementsaredifferent.Thesolu)onisdifferent.

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STTP Design Objectives   Performathighvolume/largescale§ Minimizelosses§  Lowerbandwidthrequirements  Op1mizedfortheperformantdeliveryofindividualdatatypesviaTCPandUDP  Automatedexchangeofmetadata  Detectandexposecommunica1onissues  Securityandavailabilityfeaturesthatenableuseoncri1calsystemstosupportcri1calopera1ons  Pub/Sub–MeasurementBased

…andfortheAPIso9wareincludedintheproject,tobeimplementableinmul)plelanguages,onmul)plepla@ormswiththeabilitytoeffec)vely

u)lizethehardwarepresentedtoit

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Contextual Data Flow Diagram

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Why not use an existing protocol?

 Otherstandardprotocolswereevaluatedforsuitability Mostwereeliminatedforoneofthefollowingreasons:§ Request/Reply(i.e.,non-streaming)nature§ Insufficientspecifiedlimitsondatathroughput§ Restric1vepayloadformasng,e.g.,inabilitytosendbinarydata§ Forcedtransportspecifica1ons,e.g.,HTTP§ Limitedopportunitytoop1mizebandwidthrequirements

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  Openandnon-proprietary  Truepub/sub,measurement-basedprotocol  Automatedexchangeofauthorizedmetadata  Tightly-compressed,binaryserializa1onof1me-seriesvalues  Adaptersprovidedin.NET,C/C++andJavaforconvenientna1veintegra1oninothersystems  Efficient--includeslosslesscompression  AvailabletransportsincludeTLS,TCP,TCPwithUDP,TLSwithAESkey-rotatedUDP,andZeroMQ  GEPisembeddedinallGPAproducts

Foundational Experience for Design of STTP is the Gateway Exchange Protocol

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GEP is Small Without Being Frame-based

Notethatlosslesscompressiontechniquesareappliedtoserializedmeasurementgroupstofurtherreducepacketsize.

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GEP is a Signal Centric Protocol

 Unlikeexis1ngprotocols,GEPisfocusedon1melydeliveryofindividualmeasuredvalues–thisleaves1me-alignmentac1vi1estoend-userapplica1onsandeliminatescascadinglag-1medelays  Asignalfocus,insteadofafixedcontentframe,allowsdatatobereportedbyexcep1onandsendingsignalswithdifferentframeratesoverthesamecommunica1onschannel

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GEP Fixes Issues of Scale

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GEPhandlesfrom3to5millionpointsper

secondperconnec1on

onpedestrianhardware.

C37.118islimitedto

~200Kpts/secperstream

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What About DDS and ZeroMQ?

  Thesepopularmessagingexchangemiddlewaresystemsareallabouthowtoreliablydistributemessagesandaregenerallyindifferentaboutthepayload  ASPisfocusedmoreonpayloadandhowitaffectsthetransport*  ASPcouldbedeployedoverDDSand/orZeroMQtransports–buttheseop1onswouldnotberequirednordependedon

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GEP vs. IEEE C37.118 Tests Conducted by PeakRC Vancouver

Loveland

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As Expected, Much Less Data Loss with GEP

DataLoss

2.12

0.14

IEEEC37.118 GEP

UDP UDP UDPTCPTCPLarge Large Medium Medium Small

0.22

0.0

0.31

0.04 0.03 0.00.12

0.02

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GEP is Less Demanding on Networks 60%to70%ofthebandwidthforlargeandmediumcases

Bandwidth(MBITS/S)

IEEEC37.118 GEP

UDP UDP UDPTCPTCPLarge Large Medium Medium Small

2.71

4.95

2.77

1.58

0.89 0.89

0.150.08

1.72

0.60

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STTP will improve on GEP

  Documenta1ontoenableunderstandingandinteroperabilityandtopromoteuse  Stand-aloneAPI-stylecodethatcanbeintegratedintoanydevelopmentplaMorm/project  Expandingandextendingmetadatafields§ Minimumrequiredsetofmetadatafields§  Capabilityformetadataversioning

  Security–communica1onsestablishedfromthehighersecurityzone  Refinement§  Simplifythroughout§ Dropanyobsoleteorrela1velyunusedGEPfunc1onality

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STTP will Support Multiple Data Types

  Byte  Int16  Int32  Int64 UInt16 UInt32 UInt64  Single  Decimal

  Double   Complex   Tuple TimeSpan   Char   Bool   GUID   String   Byte Array & more ...

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Technical details The protocol internals

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Flexible, Free-form Protocol

  STTPisnotaprescrip1vepackageofdata§ Notframebased,butmessagebased

  STTPincludesbothcontextanddata§ Metadataanddataareexchanged

  Theclosestanalogousu1lityprotocolmightbeDNP3§ UnlikeDNP3,STTPwillbepurposebuiltforhigh-volumestreamingdatawithrichdatatypes,highresolu1on1mestampsanddetailedassociatedmetadata

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Multi-layer Security

  Communica1onswillbesecuredusingstandardTransportLayerSecurity(TLS)implementa1ons§ ThisincludesusingX-509cer1ficatesforiden1tyvalida1on  Datawillbesecuredusingauthoriza1onscontrolledatanindividualsignallevel§ Permissionswillbegrantedusingexplicitpoints,groupsofsignalsandimplicitexpressionsagainstassociatedmetadata,e.g.:

ALLOWMetadataWHERESignalType='FREQ'

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Bidirectional Communication Establishment

  Accommodatecrossingsecurityzonesinthedesireddirec1on(typicallyhigher-to-lower)§ Regardlessofthedefinedroleofapublisherorsubscriber

§ Withoutaffec1ngsecurityimplementa1ons,authen1ca1onofsubscriberbypublisher,andsubsequentauthoriza1onofalloweddata

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STTP Core Requirements   Reliablyexchangehigh-sampleratemeasurementswithminimum1medelayalongwithassociatedmetadata

  Allowsimpleselec1on,e.g.,byusingexpressionsofavailablemetadata,ofmeasurementstobemadeavailabletosubscribers

  Detectandexposecommunica1onsissuesforloggingbyimplemen1ngapplica1on

  Beimplementableaspartofahigh-availabilitysolu1onthatcanmeetNERCCIPcompliancerequirements

  Accommodateexecu1ononstandardcommunica1ons,networkingandserverhardware

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externallibrariesanddependenciesforreferenceimplementa1onsMinimize

portabilityinmindwithallprotocoldesignworkKeep

SmallestpossibleAPIfunc1onality–specializedusecaseswillbehandledbyexampleTarget

designmantratobe“keepitsimple”aspossibleSet

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STTP Differences from GEP   Obsoleteorrela1velyunusedGEPfunc1onality,e.g.,Gatewaystyleauthen1ca1on,bufferblocks(inlieuofabyte[]datatype),.NETserializa1onop1ons,commandchannelsynchroniza1onbytes,etc.willbedropped  Protocolwillbeasetofstand-alonesetofAPIstylecodethatcanbeintegratedintoanyproject,i.e.,notalibrarywithintheGridSolu1onsFramework  Willhaveacommonabsoluteminimumsetofmeta-datafieldsformeasurementdataexchange,withasimpleserializa1onformat,thatcanbeeasilyextendeduponrequestperindustrydeployment  Alldesignwillhaveacross-plaMormmindset,thatis,anycodebeingwrioenin.NETmustbeeasilyportedtoCorC++

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Candidate New Features

  EnhancedPer-channelDeliveryCharacteris1cs:§  Priority§  Reliability§ Verifica1on§  Excep1on§  Resolu1on  Improvedmeta-dataexchangehandlingthatincludesversioningand/or1mestampssothatonlydevia)onsinmeta-datacanbeexchangedinsubsequentupdates

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Example Commands and Responses

PreliminaryLists

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Next Steps

Business/Project

  Developprojectagreements  ProjectKick-offwithpartnersJune16  Startworkontheprotocolspecifica1ondocument

Technical

  Defineasetofmeasurementdatatypesfortransport  Defineminimalrequiredmeta-data  SetupindependentSTTPwebsitefordocumenta1on,languagespecificreferenceimplementa1ons,andexampleusecases

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