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BENCHMARKING AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
INVESTMENT AND CAPACITY INDICATORSIN WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA
pannng, prorty settng, montorng, and evauaton. They aso
provde normaton to governments and others nvoved n
the pubc debate on the state o agrcutura R&D at natona,
regona, and nternatona eves.
Ths bre assesses trends n nvestments and human
resource capacty n pubc agrcutura R&D n 15 o the 22
member countres o the West and Centra Arcan Counc or
Agrcutura Research and Deveopment (CORAF/WECARD;
hereater reerred to as CORAF): Benn, Burkna Faso, Repubc
o Congo, Cte dIvore, Gabon, The Gamba, Ghana, Gunea,
Ma, Maurtana, Nger, Ngera, Senega, Serra Leone, and Togo
Unortunatey, data or Cameroon, Cape Verde, the Centra Arca
Repubc, Chad, the Democratc Repubc o Congo, Gunea-
Bssau, and Lbera, were unavaabe.1 The anayss draws rom
a set o country notes prepared by the Agrcutura Scence and
Technoogy Indcators (ASTI) ntatve o the Internatona Food
Pocy Research Insttute (IFPRI) and natona partners, usng
comprehensve datasets derved rom prmary surveys conducte
durng 200910.2 These datasets have been nked wth exstng
nvestment and human resources datasets.3 Ths bre ocuses on
benchmarkng ASTIs varous ndcators across CORAF countres
and, as such, compements n-depth country notes pubshed by
ASTI and ts coaborators durng 201011, aong wth a report
on agrcutura R&D nvestment and capacty trends or SSA as a
whoe (Bentema and Stads 2011a).
LONG-TERM INVESTMENTAND CAPACITY TRENDS
Ater a decade o stagnaton durng the 1990s, nvestments and
human resource capacty n pubc agrcutura R&D n SSA grew
by more than 20 percent durng 200108. Most o ths growth,
however, occurred n ony a handu o countres and was argey
the resut o ncreased government commtments to augment
ncommensuratey ow saary eves and to rehabtate negected
nrastructure, oten ater years o undernvestment. In contrast,
many other countres contnued to ace undamenta capacty an
nvestment chaenges. For some, natona nvestment eves have
aen so ow as to eave them dangerousy dependent on oten
voate, externa undng sources (Bentema and Stads 2011a).
INTRODUCTION
Extensve emprca evdence demonstrates that agrcutura
research and deveopment (R&D) nvestments have greaty
contrbuted to economc growth, agrcutura deveopment,
and poverty reducton n deveopng regons over the past vedecades (Word Bank 2007; IAASTD 2008). Gven mportant
chaenges, such as rapd popuaton growth, adaptaton to
cmate change, water scarcty, and the voatty o prces n goba
markets, pocymakers are ncreasngy recognzng the vaue o
greater nvestment n agrcutura R&D as an essenta eement n
ncreasng agrcutura productvty n Sub-Saharan Arca (SSA).
The 2003 Maputo Decaraton drected a member
countres o the Arcan Unon (AU) to ncrease agrcutura
nvestments to at east 10 percent o ther natona budgets. To
gauge progress toward ths target, the Comprehensve Arca
Agrcuture Deveopment Programme (CAADP) under the AUs
New Partnershp or Arcas Deveopment (NEPAD) agreed to
montor agrcutura expendtures, settng a 6-percent yeary
target or growth n agrcutura gross domestc product (AgGDP)
n countres where agrcuture pays a domnant economc roe.
One o CAADPs our oundatona pars ocuses on ncreasng
nvestments n agrcutura research, extenson, educaton,
and tranng as a means o promotng growth n agrcutura
productvty (NEPADCAADP 2010). Moreover, NEPADs Arcan
Mnstera Counc on Scence and Technoogy (AMCOST)
estabshed and adopted a Consodated Pan o Acton or
deveopng regona scence and technoogy (S&T). Ths pan
cas or substanta ncreases n natona R&D budgets, wth eachcountry takng concrete measures to aocate at east 1 percent o
ts gross domestc product (GDP) to R&D (NEPAD 2006).
Quanttatve data are essenta to measurng, montorng,
and benchmarkng the nputs, outputs, and perormance o
agrcutura S&T systems at natona and regona eves and
to assess progress toward the successu mpementaton o
CAADP and AMCOST targets reated to S&T. R&D ndcators are an
ndspensabe too when assessng the contrbuton o agrcutura
S&T to agrcutura growth and, more generay, to economc
growth. They assst research managers and pocymakers
n ormuatng pocy and makng decsons about strategc
Gert-Jan Stads Note June 20
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growth rates n other angophone countres such as The Gamb
Ngera, and Serra Leone were aso above the 3.1 percent per
year average or the 15 CORAF countres combned. In contrast,
spendng n many o the regons rancophone natons e,
n some cases severey. In Gunea, or nstance, agrcuturaR&D expendtures e by 7.5 percent per year durng 200108.
Burkna Faso, Gabon, Ma, Maurtana, Senega, and Togo aso
experenced decnng spendng eves o 2 to 3 percent per
year durng ths perod. Postve yeary spendng growth n the
Repubc o Congo and Nger durng 200108 oowed a decad
o severe negatve growth wth the resut that both countres
actuay nvested ess n agrcutura R&D n 2008 than they dd
the eary 1990s. The arge luctuatons n annua spendng grow
over tme are ndcatve o a hgh dependency on undng rom
donors and deveopment banks. For nstance, the competon o
arge projects n Gunea and Nger unded through Word Bank
oans punged agrcutura research n these countres nto a
severe nanca crss.
Yeary growth n agrcutura research staing eves oow
a very smar trend n the CORAF countres compared wth
countres n the rest o the contnent. Compared wth growth n
agrcutura research spendng, annua agrcutura R&D capact
growth was ess varabe across countres. Gabon, Ngera, and
Serra Leone recorded the hghest annua growth n R&D capac
durng 200108, at 8.2, 5.9, and 3.8 percent, respectvey. Gabon
empoyed an ncreasng number o agrcutura researchers
over ths tmerame, but the resources needed to carry out the
In 2008, the 15 CORAF countres or whch data were avaabe
spent cose to $700 mon 2005 purchasng power party (PPP)
doars on pubc agrcutura R&D and empoyed more than 4,000
u-tme equvaent (FTE) researchers, accountng or 38 percent
o tota SSA spendng and 35 percent o the regons tota researchcapacty (see Box 1 or an expanaton o PPPs and FTEs). Absoute
eves o pubc agrcutura R&D spendng and staing vared
consderaby across CORAF countres (Tabe 1). In 2008, Ngera,
Ghana, and Cte dIvore nvested $404 mon, $95 mon, and
$43 mon n agrcutura R&D, respectvey, whereas Gabon and
The Gamba spent just $2 mon and $3 mon, respectvey, a
measured n nlaton-adjusted PPP doars. The 2008 dstrbuton
o research staf by country oowed a smar pattern, wth Ngera
empoyng more than 2,000 FTE researchers, and Ghana more
than 500. In contrast, Gabon, Maurtana, Nger, The Gamba, the
Repubc o Congo, Serra Leone, and Togo each empoyed ewer
than 100 FTEs that year.
Consderabe dferences were reported not ony n absoute
nvestment eves across CORAF countres, but aso n the
magntude o growth over tme. Generay speakng, voatty
n year-to-year agrcutura R&D nvestment eves was more
extreme n West and Centra Arca than n other parts o the
contnent, partcuary n the 1990s, but aso snce the turn o the
mennum. Expendture eves n Ghana rapdy acceerated ater
2000, averagng doube-dgt growth o 12.4 percent per year
or the 200108 perod, whch relected a pocy to mprove the
equty o staf saary eves o agrcutura research staf. Yeary
Box 1Measurng agrcultural R&D resources
The concept o purchasng power party (PPP) prces
Comparng R&D data s a hghy compex process due to mportant dferences n prce eves across countres. The argestcomponents o a countrys agrcutura R&D expendtures are staf saares and oca operatng costs, as opposed to captanvestments, whch are traded nternatonay. As exampes, the wages o a ed aborer or ab assstant at a research actyare much ower n Nger than n any European country, and ocay made oice urnture n Serra Leone s consderabycheaper than a smar set o urnture bought n the Unted States.
Standard market exchange rates are the ogca choce or conversons when measurng nanca lows across countres;however, they are ar rom perect currency converters or comparng economc data. At present, the preerred conversonmethod or cacuatng the reatve sze o economes or other economc data, such as agrcutura R&D spendng, s thepurchasng power party (PPP) ndex. PPPs measure the reatve purchasng power o currences across countres byemnatng natona dferences n prcng eves or a wde range o goods and servces. They are aso used to convertcurrent GDP prces n ndvdua countres to a common currency. In addton, PPPs are reatvey stabe over tme, whereasexchange rates luctuate consderaby (or exampe, the luctuatons n the US doareuro rates o recent years).
The concept o ull-tme equvalent (FTE) researchers
ASTI bases ts cacuatons o human resource and nanca data on u-tme equvaent staing, or FTEs, whch take ntoaccount the proporton o tme researchers spend on R&D actvtes. Unversty staf members, or exampe, spend the buk
o ther tme on nonresearch-reated actvtessuch as teachng, admnstraton, and student supervsonwhch need tobe excuded rom research-reated resource cacuatons. As a resut, our acuty members estmated to spend 25 percent other tme on research woud ndvduay represent 0.25 FTEs and coectvey be counted as 1 FTE.
Sources: Bentema and Stads (2008, 2011b orthcomng) and ASTIs webste (www.ast.cgar.org/methodoogy).
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Table 1Publc agrcultural R&D spendng and stang, 19912008
1A. R&D spendng
Country
Total 2005 PPP dollars (mon) Annual growth rate (%)
199195 19962000 200105 2008 199196 19962001 200108
Benn 14.1 12.6 15.2 21.6 -1.6 1.0 6.2
Burkna Faso 30.3 21.0 25.4 19.4 -14.6 3.7 -3.1
Congo, Repubc o 8.9 4.7 3.8 4.6 -15.8 -9.6 3.7
Cte d'Ivore 49.1 47.8 40.4 42.6 -9.6 0.6 2.6
Gabon 2.4 2.5 2.2 1.6 -6.7 4.2 -2.3
Gamba, The 5.0 3.2 2.4 2.5 -14.2 -7.5 6.8
Ghana 34.2 39.3 48.6 95.4 1.6 2.7 12.4
Gunea 9.6 9.7 5.6 4.0 -6.3 0.9 -7.5
Ma 25.1 26.8 29.7 24.7 1.0 7.1 -2.8
Maurtana na na 11.8 6.4 na na -1.9
Nger 14.0 16.2 5.6 6.2 5.0 -31.9 3.0
Ngera 109.5 140.8 280.3 403.9 -6.3 24.9 3.2
Senega 37.6 29.6 25.4 25.4 -1.8 -6.4 -2.0
Serra Leone na na 4.0 5.9 na na 9.3Togo 10.1 8.4 8.5 8.7 -6.9 4.1 -1.6
Subtota (15) 356.5 369.1 509.0 672.9 -5.2 9.7 3.1
SSA total 45 1,257.7 1,247.3 1,486.5 1,727.0 -1.3 3.6 2.4
1B. R&D stang
Country
Total number o researchers FTE Annual growth rate (%)
199195 19962000 200105 2008 199196 19962001 200108
Benn 107.6 114.4 111.1 115.4 1.0 1.9 -0.2
Burkna Faso 175.3 192.9 237.3 239.9 0.6 4.9 1.4Congo, Repubc o 109.8 123.5 104.2 93.8 3.1 -0.2 -2.5
Cte d'Ivore 216.3 169.9 118.5 122.6 -4.1 -8.5 -0.1
Gabon 25.5 35.5 41.5 61.4 7.2 4.0 8.2
Gamba, The 33.2 41.3 40.9 37.7 -0.6 3.4 -1.8
Ghana 387.2 456.6 464.5 537.1 6.3 0.6 2.5
Gunea 219.4 235.3 217.6 229.2 1.6 -0.4 0.3
Ma 244.5 238.5 292.2 312.7 -0.4 -0.7 -0.7
Maurtana na na 65.8 73.7 na na 3.1
Nger 100.8 112.6 100.4 93.4 3.5 -1.8 -1.9
Ngera 1,083.2 1,201.5 1,438.7 2,062.0 1.1 4.0 5.9
Senega 195.6 165.7 147.1 141.1 -1.8 -4.9 0.5
Serra Leone na na 48.1 66.6 na na 3.8
Togo 90.1 88.2 81.2 62.7 -2.4 1.6 -4.0
Subtota (15) 3,074.7 3,261.3 3,509.1 4,249.1 1.0 1.3 2.9
SSA total 45 9,001.5 9,369.5 10,404.2 12,102.5 1.2 1.2 2.8
Sources: Comped by author based on country-eve ASTI survey data, severa secondary resources, and Bentema and Stads 2011a. (For more normaton, see ndvdua ASTI
Country Notes avaabe at www.ast.cgar.org.)
Notes: Cacuatons are based on ve-year averages, wth the excepton o 2008. See the ndvdua ASTI Country Notes or agency and coverage. Data or Maurtana and Serra
Leone or 19912000 (spendng and staing) were not avaabe, so extrapoatons were made to ncude these two countres n the subtotas or subregona spendng and staina ndcates data s not avaabe.
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ogca Research Center (CENAREST) was severey underunded
durng ths tme, relectng the governments ack o ocus on
agrcutura R&D. In addton, Gabons mdde-ncome status
hnders ts abty to attract donor undng or agrcutura R&D.
The Gamba. Pubc agrcutura R&D nvestments n The Gamba
have oowed an erratc pattern n recent years, argey due to
sgncant luctuatons n government and donor undng. The
country empoyed ony two PhD-quaed agrcutura researche
n 2008, ustratng that a key chaenge to efectve agrcutura
R&D s the serous ack o we-traned scentsts.
Ghana. Agrcutura R&D spendng n Ghana more than doubed
durng 200008, argey as a resut o rsng saary costs at agenc
under the Counc or Scentc and Industra Research (CSIR) and
hgher spendng eves at the Cocoa Research Insttute o Ghana
(CRIG) due to a boost n cocoa producton. Agrcutura research
staing aso grew steady throughout ths perod, abet at a muc
sower rate than expendtures.
Gunea. Durng 200008, agrcutura R&D staing eves n Gune
remaned reatvey stabe. Agrcutura R&D expendtures de-
creased sgncanty, however, due to cuts n both government
and donor undng. The countrys voate potca cmate has
hndered the deveopment o agrcutura R&D and contnues to
deter nvestment by oregn donors.
Mal. Agrcutura R&D n Ma s argey dependent on donor und
ng and deveopment bank oans. Ths dependence, combned
wth ony modest eves o government undng, ed to consder-
abe yeary luctuatons n both research expendtures and resear
capacty durng 200108. A number o donor-supported tranng
programs were cruca to growth n the number o PhD-quaed
researchers, but an agng poo o senor scentsts remans a majo
area o concern.
Maurtana.Tota agrcutura R&D spendng luctuated durng
200108. The Insttute o Oceanographc Research and Fsheres
(IMROP) s the prncpa agrcutura R&D agency, accountng or
cose to ha o a agrcutura R&D expendtures and capacty.
Ongong ack o both undng and we-quaed scentsts at the
Natona Agrcutura Research and Deveopment Center (CNRAD
and the Natona Lvestock and Veternary Research Center
(CNERV) serousy mts the quaty o research and consequenty
ts mpact on the countrys crop and vestock sectors.
Nger. Agrcutura R&D spendng e by 80 percent n 2008
compared wth eves n 1998the na year o the Word Bank
oannanced Natona Agrcutura Research Project (PNRA)anthe countrys agrcutura research system has aced nanca crs
ever snce. Human capacty aso decreased rom the md-1990s,
and an extended pubc-sector recrutment reeze has sgncant
ncreased the average age o agrcutura researchers empoyed a
government agences.
Ngera. Agrcutura R&D spendng n Ngera doubed durng
200008, argey because o saary ncreases, together wth sub-
stanta nvestments n the much-needed rehabtaton o resear
nrastructure and equpment. The hgher educaton sector pays
an ncreasngy mportant roe n Ngeran agrcutura R&D. Tota
research were both extremey ow and erratc. In Togo and the
Repubc o Congo, growth n the tota number o agrcutura
research staf e durng 200108, at 4.0 and 2.5 percent per
year, respectvey, mosty due to the nonrepacement o retrng
scentsts. Socopotca turmo and cv unrest s relected n the
severey negatve growth rates n agrcutura research capacty
n Serra Leone durng 199195 and n Cte dIvore durng
19962000.
Recent key trends by countryAs evdenced above, the ndvdua CORAF countres reported
wdey dferng trends n ther agrcutura R&D capacty and
nvestments. These trends are brely hghghted beow.
Benn. Agrcutura R&D spendng n Benn graduay ncreased
over tme, relectng hgher eves o government undng and
greater nvovement n agrcutura R&D by the hgher educa-
ton sector. Despte the recent ncrease n government undng,
agrcutura research n Benn remans argey dependent on donor
support. Capacty at the Natona Agrcutura Research Insttute
o Benn (INRAB), the countrys man agrcutura R&D agency, has
aen snce 2000 due to the Insttutes nabty to compete wththe hgher saares ofered by unverstes and nternatona organ-
zatons.
Burkna Faso. Agrcutura R&D expendtures n Burkna Faso have
been hghy unstabe due to sgncant luctuatons n donor und-
ng. Foowng the cosure o arge Word Bank-unded projects, the
Envronment and Agrcutura Research Insttute (INERA) and the
Apped Scence and Technoogy Research Insttute (IRSAT) expe-
renced nanca crses, serousy dsruptng ther operatons and
preventng the recrutment o researchers. As a resut, a dspro-
portonate share o INERAs research staf are nearng retrement
age, whch poses a rea threat to the countrys agrcutura research
deveopment.
Republc o Congo. Notwthstandng a sght mprovement n re-
cent years, agrcutura R&D spendng n Congo remans ar beow
the eves recorded beore the cv wars o the 1990s, and donors
pay ony a modest roe n undng the countrys agrcutura R&D.
Congo aso aces severe capacty chaenges. Natona agrcutura
research capacty began to a rom the year 2000 due to the re-
trement o arge numbers o researchers at the centers under the
Genera Deegaton o Scentc and Technca Research (DGRST).
In addton, a urther 60 percent o DGRSTs current research staf s
schedued to retre by 2016.
Cte dIvore. Agrcutura R&D expendtures contracted around
the turn o the mennum but remaned reatvey stabe dur-
ng 200208, athough socopotca turmo negatvey afected
agrcutura R&D nvestments n the countrys centra, northern,
and western zones. The Natona Center or Agrcutura Research
(CNRA) s the countrys man agrcutura R&D agency, and ts
research s many unded by the prvate sector through the Inter-
Proessona Fund or Agrcutura Research and Extenson (FIRCA).
Gabon. Agrcutura R&D spendng luctuated sgncanty durng
200008, but research staing eves graduay ncreased. Research
carred out by the nsttutes o the Natona Scentc and Techno-
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been among the owest n SSA, relectng that agrcutura R&D s
ow prorty to the natona government. In Nger, the competon
o the Word Bankunded PNRA ed to a severe decne n overa
spendng eves and caused the 2008 ntensty rato to pummet t
just 0.17 percent. In contrast, nvestment n pubc agrcutura R&
n Ghana more than doubed durng 200108, outpacng AgGDP
growth; as a resut, the countrys ntensty ncreased rom 0.53
percent n 2001 to 0.90 percent n 2008. Athough tota spendng
n Ngera aso ncreased substantay, the countrys ntensty rat
remaned reatvey ow, at 0.42 n 2008. Overa, ntensty ratosn West and Centra Arca are ower than n other parts o the
contnent. In 2008, the ntensty ratos or just 4 o the 15 CORAF
sampe countresthe Repubc o Congo, Ghana, Maurtana, an
Senegaexceeded the SSA average o 0.61.
Fundng sources. Fundng or Arcan agrcutura R&D s derved
rom a varety o sources, ncudng natona governments; donor
deveopment banks, and (sub)regona organzatons; producer o
ganzatons; the prvate sector; and nternay generated revenue
A arge degree o varaton n undng sources exsts across the
varous agrcutura research agences (Fgure 2). Fundng sources
can aso change substantay over tme, so Fgure 2 ony shows t
average dstrbuton or the 200108 perod. Durng ths tme, the
natona government unded the buk o agrcutura R&D actv-
tes o the NARIs n Ngera (98 percent), SLARI n Serra Leone (93
percent), and INRAN n Nger (81 percent).
In contrast, the man agrcutura R&D agences n Benn, Bur
na Faso, Gunea, and Ma are hghy dependent on externa und
ng. Benns agrcutura R&D has been nanced argey through
deveopment ad rom Denmark and Germany. French support h
tradtonay payed a bg roe n agrcutura R&D n Gunea, and
research n Burkna Faso and Ma have receved substanta und
ng through a number o successve Word Bank oans and grants
Donor and deveopment bank undng s typcay short term andad hoc, whereas the outputs o agrcutura research can take a d
cade or more to materaze. The competon o some o these ar
donor and deveopment bankunded projects oten precptate
severe nanca crses, wth the resut that much o the progress
agrcutura R&D capacty has grown rapdy n recent years,
ncreasng to over 2,000 FTEs n 2008. However, the composton
o research staing has shted toward more junor (BSc-quaed)
researchers as opposed to those quaed to the MSc or PhD eves.
Senegal. Overa, pubc agrcutura R&D expendtures have aen
snce the 1990s due to reduced government and donor undng.
Despte arge nvestments n research capacty n recent years,
both the Senegaese Agrcutura Research Insttute (ISRA) and the
Food Technoogy Insttute (ITA) reported sgncant decnes n
PhD-quaed staing eves snce 2004. In addton, the agng pooo we-quaed researchers, many o whom w retre n the next
decade, s a major area o concern.
Serra Leone. Agrcutura R&D spendng more than doubed
between 2001 and 2009 n response to eforts to reconstruct
the countrys agrcutura R&D system ater a decade o cv war.
However, undng eves are st ow and erratc, hnderng deve-
opment. The Serra Leone Agrcutura Research Insttute (SLARI)
was estabshed n 2007, but as o 2009 ony two o SLARIs eght
centers were operatona.
Togo. Agrcutura R&D spendng n Togo, whch s argey nanced
by the natona government, has luctuated sgncanty n recentyears, and capacty eves have oowed a negatve trend, many
due to the nonrepacement o retrng researchers at the Togo-
ese Agrcutura Research Insttute (ITRA). On a postve note, the
country s n the process o mprovng capacty eves, gven that a
number o young researchers have recenty been recruted and are
currenty recevng tranng.
BENCHMARKING KEYINVESTMENT INDICATORS
Spendng ntensty. Anayzng absoute eves o research expen-
dtures expans ony so much. Another way o assessng pubcagrcutura R&D nvestments s to measure tota pubc agrcutura
R&D spendng as a percentage o AgGDP (Fgure 1). Ths rea-
tve measure ndcates the ntensty o nvestment n agrcutura
research, not just the absoute eve o
spendng. In 2008, just one CORAF country
recorded an ntensty rato that met or ex-
ceeded NEPADs natona R&D nvestment
target o at east 1 percent o GDP: Maur-
tana (1.16). It shoud be noted, however,
that athough ntensty ratos provde
useu nsghts nto reatve nvestment and
capacty eves across countres, they do
not account or the pocy and nsttutona
envronment wthn whch agrcutura
research occurs nor the broader sze and
structure o a countrys agrcutura sector
and economy. For exampe, rather than
hgh eves o agrcutura R&D nvest-
ment, Maurtanas hgh ntensty rato
actuay relects the reatvey sma sze
o the countrys crop sector (gven ts ard
cmate). On the other hand, Gabons n-
tensty rato (0.20 n 2008) has consstenty
AgriculturalR
&Dspending
asashareofAgGDP(%)
1991 2008
NEPADs
1% target
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Benin
Burkin
aFas
o
Cong
o,Re
publ
icof
Cte
d'Iv
oire
Gabo
n
Gambi
a,Th
e
Ghan
a
Guin
ea
Mali
Mau
ritan
ia
Nige
r
Nige
ria
Sene
gal
Sierra
Leon
e
Togo
SSAto
tal
nana
Sources: Comped by author based on country-eve ASTI survey data and severa secondary resources
(see ndvdua ASTI Country Notes). AgGDP data are rom Word Bank 2010.
Notes: See Tabe 1; na ndcates that data were not avaabe.
Fgure 1Intensty o agrcultural R&D spendng by country, 1991 and 2008
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made was eroded n the absence o vabe
mechansms to sustan the gans acheved.
Athough data were ony avaabe un-
t the year 2008, the share o donors and
deveopment banks n overa agrcutura
R&D undng n West and Centra Arca
s beeved to have rsen agan n more
recent years, and s expected to ncrease
urther wth the aunch o szabe Word
Bank projects wth R&D components nnumerous countres as part o the West
Arca Agrcutura Productvty Program
(WAAPP). WAAPPs overa objectve s to
generate and dssemnate mproved ag-
rcutura technooges n areas that agn
wth partcpatng country and regona
prortes. Launched n 2007, the rst phase
o WAAPP ocused on three prorty areas
o agrcutura R&D n three countres:
Ghana was gven responsbty or roots
and tubers, Senega or cereas, and Ma
or rce. In each country, WAAPP conssts o a research and a reha-btaton component, aong wth a compettve und. Pannng or
the second phase o the project (WAAPP-II) was aunched n 2009
and entaed a urther seven countres. As o md-2011, WAAPP-
II had aready been aunched n Burkna Faso, Cte dIvore, and
Ngera, and was soon to be aunched n Benn, The Gamba, Nger,
and Togo.
Income generated through the sae o goods and servces
accounts or a arge share o tota undng or the man agrcutura
R&D agences n Benn, Nger, and Togo. These unds are prmary
derved rom the provson o servces, such as aboratory anayses
and testng on phytosantary products, suppemented by the saeo seed and pant and anma products. CNRA n Cte dIvore s
a unque case, n that the second Natona Agrcutura Servces
Support Project (PNASA II)aunched n 1998 and admnstered
by the Word Bankstpuated that CNRA be structured as a
pubcprvate entty, wth 40 percent o ts undng contrbuted by
the government and 60 percent derved rom the prvate sector.
To ths end, the Inter-Proessona Fund or Agrcutura Research
and Extenson (FIRCA) was estabshed n 2002. FIRCA rees on
nanca contrbutons rom the government and rom the coun-
trys producers, who pay membershp subscrpton dues through
commodty-specc producer organzatons. At east 75 percent
o the subscrpton ees rased through agrcutura productonn a gven subsector are aocated to programs servng the needs
o that subsector. The remanng unds are aocated to programs
desgned to serve producton sectors (mosty ood crops) unabe
to rase suicent undng through ther own subscrpton ees. De-
spte the orgna stpuaton that the Ivoran government provde
40 percent o CNRAs yeary budget, to date, government contrbu-
tons have represented a very mted share (15 percent n 2008).
Cost-category shares. The aocaton o research budgets across
saares, operatng costs, and capta nvestments afects the e-
cency o agrcutura R&D, and the breakdown o category across
West and Centra Arcan countres reveas a great dea o dversty.6
In 2008, the CSIR nsttutes n Ghana aocated the hghest share other tota spendng to saares (83 percent) eavng tte undng
or operatng expendtures or capta nvestment (Fgure 3). In co
trast, the prncpa agrcutura R&D agences n Burkna Faso, the
Repubc o Congo, and Ma spent more than ha o ther budge
on operatng and program costs, and the NARIs n Ngera nveste
cose to ha o ther tota spendng n capta mprovements.
Tme-seres data ndcate that the rapd ncrease n Ghanaan
agrcutura R&D spendng snce the turn o the mennum was
drven amost entrey by ncreased saary expendture at CSIR
rather than expanded research actvtes or greater nvestment
n equpment or nrastructure. Ths unprecedented ncrease n
expendture on saares, however, needs to be understood n thecontext o years o underundng, durng whch saary eves be-
came ncreasngy ncommensurate and uncompettve. The arg
ncrease n the reatve share o capta nvestments n Ngera du
ng 200108, on the other hand, relects ncreased commtment
undng agrcutura R&D on the part o the natona government
Nevertheess, despte ths remarkabe ncrease n nvestment,
undng eves n Ngera reman beow those requred to restore
actes to earer eves and to sustan the countrys agrcutura
research needs.
BENCHMARKING KEY HUMAN CAPACITYINDICATORS
Intensty o research stang. Another method o comparng
agrcutura research systems across countres s to gauge
researcher numbers aganst tota popuaton or economcay
actve agrcutura popuaton. In 2008, SSA as a whoe empoyed
70 FTE researchers per mon armers, a rato that has remaned
reatvey stabe or two decades (Fgure 4). A arge degree o
varaton exsted across West and Centra Arcan countres when
ookng at the tota number o agrcutura research staf per
mon agrcutura abor orce. In 2008, Gabons rato o 325 was
one o the hghest n Arca, ndcatng that the countrys research
Sharesoffunding(%)
Government Donors, development banks, and SROs
0
20
40
60
80
100
Benin
INRA
B
Burkin
aFaso
INER
A
Cte
d'Iv
oire
CNRA
TheG
ambi
a
NARI G
uine
a
IRAG
Mali
IER
Mau
ritania
CNERV
&CN
RADA
Nige
r
INRA
NNi
geria
NARI
s(9)
Sene
gal
ISRA
Sierra
Leon
e
SLARI T
ogo
ITRA
Own income, other
Source: Comped by author based on country-eve ASTI survey data (see ndvdua ASTI Country Notes).
Notes: Own ncome ncudes the sae o goods and servces and contract research perormed or pubc andprvate agences. Fundng shares or some agences luctuated over tme (see ndvdua ASTI Country Notes).SROs ndcates subregona organzatons. Fgures n parentheses ndcate the number o agences ncuded.
Fundng sources or the Repubc o Congo, Gabon, and Ghana were not avaabe.
Fgure 2Relatve shares o undng sources or the man agrcultural R&D agences,200108 average
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capacty s hgh compared wth the sze
o ts agrcutura sector. Ratos n the
neghborng Repubc o Congo and n
Ngera, at 192 and 168 respectvey, were
aso we above the SSA average. Both
the ratos or Gabon and Ngera have
sgncanty ncreased n recent years du
to a rapd rse n agrcutura researcher
numbers, whe the rato or the Repubc
o Congo has decned somewhat due toreductons n the number o researchers.
In contrast, n 2008 countres ke Burkna
Faso, Cte dIvore, Nger, and Senega
empoyed 40 FTE researchers or ewer
or every mon armers. The ratos n
these our countres have aen rapdy
snce the eary 1990s as a resut o hrng
reezes, staf retrement, and the oss o
quaed researchers to the prvate secto
or agences abroad.
Degree dstrbuton. Overa, agrcutura
researchers n West and Centra Arca are
more hghy quaed than ther coeagu
n other parts o SSA. In 2008, more than
ha the FTE researchers empoyed n
Burkna Faso, Cte dIvore, and Senega
were traned to the PhD eve, as were
more than 40 percent o the scentsts em
poyed n Benn and the Repubc o Cong
(Fgure 5). The hgh shares o scentsts
wth doctorate degrees resut n arge pa
rom 1990s (and earer) tranng program
unded by batera donors or throughWord Banknanced projects.
Agrcutura researchers n The Gam-
ba, Gunea, and Serra Leone, on the oth
hand, are the east quaed n West Arc
In Gunea, just 38 percent o researchers
were traned to the postgraduate (PhD o
MSc) eve n 2008, and 18 percent hed
PhD degrees. These ow shares can be
attrbuted to the countrys potca soa-
ton unt the md-1980s and the act that
natona unverstes do not ofer PhD-ev
educaton n agrcutura and veternaryscences. The stuaton n Serra Leone s
smar. The cv war n the 1990s soated
the country and caused many we-trane
scentsts to move abroad. Gven that Se
Leones unverstes currenty ofer no MS
or PhD tranng n agrcutura scences,
scentsts need to be traned esewhere,
whch s expensve. The Gamba reay su
ers rom a crtca mass o PhD-quaed
scentsts. Between 2003 and 2009, NARI
ost 7 PhD-quaed researchers, eavng
naNumberofFTEresearchersper
millionagriculturallaborforce
1991 2008
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Benin
Burkin
aFaso
Cong
o,Re
publ
icof
Cte
d'Iv
oireGabon
Gambi
a,The
Ghana
Guinea Mali
Mau
ritania Ni
gerNi
geria
Sene
gal
Sierra
Leone To
go
SSAav
erage
na
Sources: Comped by author based on country-eve ASTI survey data and severa secondary resources (seendvdua ASTI Country Notes); Economcay actve agrcutura popuaton data (here abeed as agrcuturaabor orce) are rom FAO 2009.
Note: na ndcates that data were not avaabe.
Fgure 4Intensty o agrcultural researchers by country, 1991 and 2008
Salaries Operating costs Capital expenditures
0 20 40 60 80 100
Togo - ITRA
Sierra Leone - SLARI
Senegal - ISRA
Nigeria - NARIs (12)
Niger - INRAN
Mali - IER
Guinea - IRAG
Ghana - CSIR (9)
The Gambia - NARI
Gabon - CENAREST (3)
Cte d'Ivoire - CNRA
Congo, Rep. - DGRST (10)
Burkina Faso - INERA
Benin - INRAB
Cost category shares (%)
Source: Comped by author based on country-eve ASTI survey data (see ndvdua ASTI Country Notes).
Notes: Fgures n parentheses ndcate the number o agences ncuded. Cost category data or
Maurtana were not avaabe; data or Ma span the 200508 perod; data or Ngera excude threenatona agrcutura research nsttutes (NARIs); and data or Ghana excude the O Pam ResearchInsttute (OPRI).
Fgure 3Share o cost categores n total spendng o the man agrcultural R&D
agences, 200108 average
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It s remarkabe that many West and Centra Arcan countres
have mantaned reatvey arge poos o we-quaed researche
despte recent osses n human and nanca resource capactes.
In many countres, an agng poo o scentstsmany o whom w
approach retrement wthn the next decades a major concern
Gven the prevaence o ong-term recrutment reezes, many cou
tres ack the mdde-eve staf needed to take on senor roes as
oder scentsts retre and to tran and mentor junor researchers. F
exampe, n the Repubc o Congo the average age o researchers
whch aready exceeds 50 years, s ncreasng rapdy. An estmated 175 permanent
DGRST empoyees are schedued to retre
between 2010 and 2016; ths represents
60 percent o the Deegatons current
capacty, and hence presents a sgncant
chaenge. The combnaton o hrng
restrctons and agng researchers are aso
afectng agrcutura R&D n countres ke
Benn, Cameroon, Ma, Nger, and Senega
Another phenomenon that s mane
ng tse n a arge number o countres s
the departure o agrcutura researchersrom government agences to unverstes
wthn the same country. In countres ke
Benn, the Repubc o Congo, Ghana, and
Senega, unverstes ofer better saares
and benets than government agen-
ces, makng unverstes more attractve
empoyers or agrcutura scentsts. The
Arcan and Maagasy Counc or Hgher
Educaton (CAMES) ams to harmonze
unversty dpomas and enhance recogn
ton o these dpomas across ts ranco-
phone member states. Some argue that
countres shoud use CAMES casscaton
as a benchmarkng too or harmonzng t
saares o agrcutura scentsts and curb-
ng the exodus o agrcutura researchers
the hgher educaton sector.
Unversty-qualied research support. A
number o CORAF countres empoy sup-
port staf (techncans, research assstants
and aboratory assstants) wth BSc, MSc,
and occasonay PhD quacatons, who
are not oicay cassed as researchers.
Senega, or nstance, the mnmum requ
ment or a researcher s an MSc degree, so
the 105 BSc-quaed scentsts empoyed
ISRA are a cassed as techncans (Fgur
6). Ma, as another exampe, empoyed a
comparatvey arge number o techncan
wth MSc degrees. Gven proper tranng
and promotona opportuntes, these we
quaed techncans present an extreme
vauabe resource or the uture deveop-
ment o agrcutura R&D n the regon.8
the Insttute wth ony two. Many o the Insttutes researchers are
reatvey nexperenced and not we-traned, whch negatvey
mpacts the quaty and deveopment o research, as we as the
countrys abty to attract externa undng.
Snce 2001, the composton o agrcutura research staf n
Ngera has shted toward junor scentsts quaed to the BSc
eve ony. Athough researcher numbers ncreased across a
degree eves, the number o BSc-quaed researchers ncreased
aster (doubng between 2001 and 2008).
BSc MSc PhD
0 20 40 60 80 100
20082001
20082001
20082001
20082001
20082001
20082001
20082001
20082001
20082001
20082001
20082001
20082001
20082001
20082001
20082001
Shares of FTE researchers (%)
Benin
Burkina Faso
Ghana
Gambia, The
Gabon
Cte d'Ivoire
Congo, Republic of
Niger
Mauritania
Mali
Guinea
Togo
Senegal
Nigeria
Sierra Leone
na
Source: Comped by author based on country-eve ASTI survey data (see ndvdua ASTI Country Notes).
Notes: Fgure excude support staf hodng unversty degrees, but who are not cassed as researchers(see Fgure 6). na ndcates that data were not avaabe.
Fgure 5Dstrbuton o agrcultural researchers by degree qualicaton, 2001 and 2008
BSc-qualied research support staf PhD- and MSc-qualied research support staf Researchers
0 20 40 60 80 100
Togo ITRA
Sierra Leone SLARI
Senegal ISRA
Nigeria NARIs (14)
Niger INRAN
Mauritania CNERV
Mali IERGhana
The Gambia NARI
Gabon CENAREST (3)
Cte d'Ivoire CNRA
Burkina Faso INERA
Benin INRAB
Shares o FTE university-qualied
researchers and research support staf (%)
Source: Comped by author based on country-eve ASTI survey data (see ndvdua ASTI Country Notes).
Fgure 6Dstrbuton o agrcultural researchers and unversty-qualied research
support staf, 2008
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Shares o emale research staf. Femae scentsts contnue to be
underrepresented n Arcan agrcutura research. Women provde
dferent nsghts and perspectves that can enabe research agen-
ces to more uy address the unque and pressng chaenges aced
by Arcan armersthe majorty o whom are emae. SSAs overa
share o emae agrcutura research staf ncreased rom 18 percent
n 2000 to 22 percent n 2008 (Fgure 7). A CORAF countres or
whch tme-seres data were avaabe reported an ncrease n ther
shares o emae scentsts n agrcutura R&D, whch s certany
encouragng. Nevertheess, just two West and Centra Arcan coun-tresGabon (24 percent) and Ngera (23 percent)exceeded the
SSA average; average shares n the subregons remanng countres
e we beow ths eve. The share o emae scentsts was partcu-
ary ow n Gunea (3 percent), Maurtana (5 percent), and Serra
Leone (5 percent). Notaby, rapdy ncreas-
ng shares o emae agrcutura researchers
were recorded n Burkna Faso, the Repubc
o Congo, The Gamba, and Ma.
BENCHMARKING OTHERKEY AGRICULTURAL R&D
INDICATORS
Insttutonal dstrbuton. The nsttutona
structure o agrcutura research dfers
wdey across countres.5 The majorty o
West and Centra Arcan countres have a
snge natona agrcutura research agency
that accounts or the buk o agrcutura
R&D capacty and nvestments. Exampes
ncude INRAN n Nger, IRAG n Gunea,
and NARI n The Gamba. In most o the
smaer West and Centra Arcan countres,
agrcutura research s undertaken by a
natona agrcutura research nsttute and
a handu o other government agen-
ces and unversty acutes. Serra Leone,
Nger, and Togo operate ony three, sx, and
seven agrcutura R&D agences, respec-
tvey. In contrast, 88 Ngeran agences
were dented as carryng out agrcutura
R&D, three-quarters o whch were hgher
educaton agences. In some countres, an
umbrea organzaton ke Ghanas CSIR or
the Repubc o Congos DGRST oversees
and coordnates the R&D actvtes o a arge
number o commodty or thematc centers,
whereas n a country ke Maurtana, the na-
tona crop, vestock, and sheres research
agences operate ndependenty o each
other wthout a coordnatng body.
Overa, the government sector st
domnates agrcutura research n West
and Centra Arca, but ts reatve share has
decned over tme. In most countres n the
subregon, the hgher educaton sector s
payng an ncreasngy mportant roe. In
Shareoffem
alesintotal
researche
rsta(%)
2001 2008
0
5
25
Benin
BurkinaFaso
Congo,Re
publicof
Cte
d'Iv
oire
Gabo
n
Gambi
a,Th
e
Ghana
Guinea
Mali
Mauritania
Niger
Nigeria
Senegal
Sierra
Leone
Togo
SSAaverage
nananana
20
15
10
na
Source: Comped by author based on country-eve ASTI survey data (see ndvdua ASTI Country Notes).
Note: na ndcates that data were not avaabe.
Fgure 7Share o emale research staf, 2001 and 2008
Benn, or nstance, the hgher educaton sector accounted or 40
percent o agrcutura researchers n 2008, up rom 26 percent n
1991 (Fgure 8). And n Ngera, the hgher educaton sectors sha
ncreased rom 30 to 41 percent durng the same perod. In most
other countres, the hgher educaton sector pays a more modes
roe n agrcutura R&D. Despte the hgh and ncreasng number
o hgher educaton agences conductng agrcutura research n
a number o countres, the ndvdua capacty o most o them s
very sma (n terms o FTE researcher numbers). Whe the amoun
o tme spent on research by acuty staf has graduay rsen overthe years, t st represented ess than 25 percent n 2008.
In contrast to some East and Southern Arcan countres whe
nonprot agences (mosty producer organzatons or commodt
boards) are arge contrbutors to research on tea, cofee, cotton,
Government Higher education Nonprot
0 20 40 60 80 100
20081991
20081991
20081991
20081991
20081991
20081991
2008
1991
20081991
20081991
20081991
20081991
20081991
20081991
20081991
20081991
Shares of FTE researchers (%)
Benin
Burkina Faso
Ghana
Gambia, The
Gabon
Cte d'Ivoire
Congo, Republic of
Niger
Mauritania
Mali
Guinea
Togo
Senegal
Nigeria
Sierra Leonena
na
Fgure 8Dstrbuton o agrcultural researchers by nsttutonal category, 1991 and 200
Source: Comped by author based on country-eve ASTI survey data (see ndvdua ASTI Country Notes).
Note: na ndcates that data were not avaabe.
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sugar, and tobacco, the roe o the nonprot sector n agrcutura
R&D n West and Centra Arca s neggbe. Most o ths sectors
research s carred out by sma NGOs n countres ke Benn and
Togo, prmary ocusng on socoeconomc topcs connected wth
agrcuture.
Ltte normaton coud be accessed on capacty or expen-
dture trends n agrcutura R&D n the prvate sector. Most prvate
or-prot companes st outsource ther research to government
agences or unverstes, or they mport technooges rom abroad.
Ony a mted number o prvate companes operate ther own re-search programs, and the companes that do so oten empoy ony
a handu o researchers. Despte the mted overa nvovement o
the prvate sector n agrcutura R&D, the prvate sector n Senega,
or exampe, pays an nnovatve roe n some o the countrys key
export areas. Whe the government sector domnates the R&D re-
ated to ood crops, companes ke SENCHIM, SUNEOR, SODEFITEX,
and SPIA are major nnovators n the groundnut and cotton sectors,
Senegas prncpa export crops. In act, these companes pay a
more cruca roe than the pubc- sector agences when t comes to
reeasng new varetes or provdng hgh-quaty soutons to crop
dseases. The hortcutura and sheres sectors have aso proved to
be hghy nnovatve n recent years. Innovatons n ood processng,storage, and packagng have enabed many Senegaese products to
meet Europes strct quaty and hygene standards, thereby boost-
ng Senegas exports. In addton, an ncreasng numbers o prvate-
sector nnovatons are beng patented or otherwse protected (both
ocay and abroad) (Stads and Sne 2011).
Research allocaton by subsector.The aocaton o resources
among varous nes o research s a sgncant pocy decson, so
detaed normaton was coected on the aocaton o FTE re-
searchers across specc commodty areas. Large dferences were
observed across countres relectng varyng natura endowments
and research prortes (Fgure 9). More than ha o agrcutura
researchers n Cte dIvore, The Gamba, Ghana, Serra Leone, and
Togo conducted crop research. In contrast, crop research payed a
reatvey mnor roe n Burkna Faso and Maurtana, where roughy
SharesofFTErese
archers(%)
Crops Livestock Forestry Fisheries Natural resources Other
0
20
40
60
80
100
Benin
Burkin
aFaso
Cong
o,Re
publ
icof
Cte
d'Iv
oire
Gabo
n
TheG
ambi
a
Ghan
a
Guin
ea
Mali
Mau
ritania
Nige
r
Nige
ria
Sene
gal
Sierra
Leon
e
Togo
Source: Comped by author based on country-eve ASTI survey data (see ndvdua ASTICountry Notes).
Fgure 9Dstrbuton o agrcultural researchers by majorsubsector, 2008
a quarter o a agrcutura scentsts ocus on crop-reated ssues.
Smar varaton was reported across countres or vestock re-
search, rangng rom just 3 percent o FTEs n Gabon to 23 percen
n Ngera. Fsheres research domnates n Maurtana (55 percent
whch s unsurprsng gven the countrys ard cmate. Forestry an
natura resources research show smar varatons across countre
Crop research allocaton. In 2008, the major crops beng re-
searched n ASTIs 15-country sampe were rce (11 percent), cassa
(9 percent), maze (7 percent), vegetabes (6 percent), and o pam
(5 percent) (Tabe 2). Once agan, mportant dferences n the oco commodty research exst across countres. In 2006, researcher
n the regons tropca countres ocused more on bananas, cofee
and o pam, whereas those n the Sahe ocused more on ground
nuts, sorghum, and met.
Table 2Crop researchers by major crop tem, 2008
Country Major crop tems
BennCassava (18%), cotton (14%) o pam (11%), yam(11%), rce (10%), bananas (9%), vegetabes (7%)
Burkna FasoRce (26%), sorghum (26%), maze (19%), met(10%), vegetabes (10%)
Congo,Repubc o
Cassava (31%), vegetabes (14%), yam (8%), bananasand pantans (7%), maze (7%), groundnuts (5%),other ruts (5%)
Cte d'IvoreRce (9%), vegetabes (8%), cotton (8%), cocoa (8%),o pam (7%), bananas (5%)
Gabon Bananas (36%), sugarcane (5%), o pam (5%)
Gamba, TheGroundnuts (24%), met (17%), rce (14%), maze(8%), ruts (8%), cassava (7%)
Ghana Cocoa (11%), cassava (11%), maze (10%), rce(9%),vegetabes (7%), o pam (5%), potatoes (5%),yam (5%)
GuneaSorghum (26%), potatoes (13%), cofee (8%), opam (8%), maze (7%), ornamentas (6%)
MaRce (31%), cotton (17%), vegetabes (11%), met(10%), potatoes (8%), sorghum (7%), ruts (5%)
MaurtanaRce (33%), vegetabes (22%), ruts (15%), sorghum(13%)
Nger Groundnuts (26%), met (15%), sorghum (13%)
Ngera Cassava (10 %), maz e (6%), o pam (6%)
SenegaRce (20%), met (14%), vegetabes (10%), maze(9%), bananas (8%), cassava (7%), sorghum (7%),groundnuts (7%)
Serra Leone Rce (30%), cassava (29%), sorghum (8%)
TogoMaze (18%), cotton (14%), rce (14%), sorghum (12%)yam (9%), cassava (9%), cocoa (7%), cofee (6%)
CORAF totaRce (11%), cassava (9%), maze (7%), vegetabes(6%), o pam (5%)
Source: Comped by author based on country-eve ASTI survey data (see
ndvdua ASTI Country Notes).
Note: Major crop tems are dened as those on whch at east 5 percent o acountrys crop researchers ocused.
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CONCLUSION
Tota pubc agrcutura R&D spendng n West and Centra Arca
ncreased ater a perod o stagnaton spannng most o the
1990s. Just two countres, Ghana and Ngera, were responsbe
or most o ths nvestment growth, whch was argey the
resut o ncreased government commtments to mprove
ncommensuratey ow scentst saary eves and to rehabtate
negected nrastructure ater years o undernvestment. The
majorty o the subregons rancophone countres, on the other
hand, reported ether decnng or extremey voate trends n
ther annua agrcutura R&D spendng eves. Natona nvestment
eves n countres ke Gabon, Gunea, and Nger have aen so
ow that the mpact o agrcutura R&D on rura deveopment and
poverty reducton n these countres s questonabe.
Lke R&D nvestments, tota agrcutura R&D capacty n West
and Centra Arca has aso ncreased snce the turn o the menn-
um, but sgncant growth n R&D capacty n Ngera overshadowed
decnes n countres ke the Repubc o Congo, Nger, and Togo. In
addton, most o the new recruts n Ngera were junor scentsts
wth ony BSc-degree quacatons, wth the resut that the average
eves o degree quacatons o agrcutura research staf detero-rated durng 200108. A arge number o countres aso reported
proonged recrutment reezes combned wth the retrement and
departure o senor staf, mted tranng opportuntes, and an over-
a agng poo o researchers. Nevertheess, on average, West and
Centra Arcan agrcutura researchers are st more hghy quaed
than ther coeagues n other parts o the contnent.
Many countres n SSA, partcuary the rancophone countres
n West and Centra Arca, contnue to be hghy dependent on
unstabe nlows o donor undng and deveopment bank oans.
In many nstances the competon o arge donor-nanced proj-
ects precptated severe nanca crses n these countres, qucky
erodng many o the gans acheved. The ong-term nature oagrcutura R&D hghghts the need or stabe ong-term undng
to ensure that advances n natona agrcutura research systems
can be sustaned and but upon. Hopeuy WAAPP and other new
projects n the regon w be abe to address some o these ssues
so that undng eves can be stabzed ong term.
Budng on the strategc recommendatons o varous
hghy nluenta reports and meetngs, and takng nto account
the varous nvestment and capacty chaenges outned n ths
report, the oowng key pocy areas must be addressed. Natona
governments must counteract decades o undernvestment by
provdng hgher and more stabe eves o undng to pubc
agrcutura R&D and by creatng a more enabng envronment
or prvate-sector R&D. They w need to denty ong-term
natona R&D prortes and desgn reevant research programs
accordngy, whe donor undng needs to be better agned wth
these prortes. In addton, governments (and donors) must
urgenty address human capacty chaenges n agrcutura R&D.
Investment n agrcutura hgher educaton needs to be enhanced
to ncrease the number and sze o PhD and MSc programs and
to mprove the currcua o exstng programs. Fnay, gven that
many sma countres ack the requred crtca mass to produce
and access reevant, hgh-quaty research outputs, agrcutura
R&D must be maxmzed at the (sub)regona eve.11
NOTES1 ASTI pans to transorm the program rom an ad hoc data coecton
ntatve to a sustanabe system o up-to-date data compaton and
anayss, ncudng the nsttutonazaton o actvtes at the natona
eve. Ths w ncude a geographca expanson o benchmark
countres, such as Cameroon and DR Congo, whch have not been
covered n prevous survey rounds.
2A tota o 32 Sub-Saharan Arcan countres were ncuded n the surve
round; combned, they contrbuted more than 90 percent o the
regons agrcutura gross domestc product (AgGDP).
3 These trends have been pubshed n a seres o ASTI Country Notes,
sted n the reerence secton and avaabe at http://www.ast.cgar.o
pubcatons/ssa. Underyng datasets can be downoaded va ASTIs
Data Too at http://www.ast.cgar.org/data.
4 See Bentema and Stads 2011a and Echeverra and Bentema 2009 or
an overvew o dferent undng sources and mechansms.
5 For agency drectores, pease see ASTIs ndvdua country pages
avaabe at .
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IFPRI-ROME
Agrcutura Scence and Technoogy Indcators (ASTI) ntatve
c/o ESA, Food and Agrcuture Organzaton (FAO)
Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00153 Rome, Italy
Telephone: +39.06.570.53192 / 56334 Skype: ifpriromeoffice
Fax: +39.06.570.55522 Email: asti@cgiar.org
www.ast.cgar.org
Copyrght 2011 Internatona Food Pocy Research Insttute and the West and Centra Arcan Counc or Agrcutura Research and Deveopment. Sectons o ths report may
be reproduced without the express permission of, but with acknowledgement to IFPRI and CORAF/WECARD. For permission to republish, contact ifpri-copyright@cgiar.org.
Ths bre has been pre pared as an o utput or the A STI ntat ve and has not be en peer rev ewed. Any op nons state d heren are tho se o the autho rs and do not ne cessary re lect the p oces o ropnons o IFPRI or CORAF/WECARD.
ASTI compes, anayzes, and pubshes data on nsttutona deveopments, nvestments, and human resources n agrcutura R&D n ow- and mdde-ncome countres.The ASTI ntat ve s managed by the Internatona Food Poc y Research Insttute (IFPRI) and nvoves coaboratve aances w th many natona and regona R&D agence
as we as nternatona nsttutons. The ntatve s wdey recognzed as the most authortatve source o normaton on the support or and structure o agrcutura R&Dwordwde.
IFPRI s one o 15 agrcutura research centers that receve ther prncpa undng rom governments, prvate oundatons, and nternatona and regona organzatons,most o whch are members o the Consutatve Group on Internatona Agrcutura Research (www.cgar.org).
CORAF/WECARD s a non-potca organzaton o the Natona Agrcutura Research Systems o 23 countres n West and Centra Arca. It ams at ncreasng the eicencyo agrcutura research n the regon so as to actate economc growth, ood securty and export compettveness through productve and sustanabe agrcuture.
CORAF/WECARD
BP 48 Dakar, Senega
Teephone: +221.33.869.96.18
Fax: +221.33.869.96.31 Email: secoraf@coraf.org
www.cora.org
Acknowledgements
Ths pubcaton was deveoped wth undng rom the B & Menda Gates Foundaton and addtona support rom the InternatonaFood Pocy Research Insttute. The author thanks the country coaborators and the 181 agrcutura research agences that
partcpated n the natona survey rounds; wthout ther commtment, the pubcaton woud not have been possbe. The author as
thanks Katheen Faherty and Mchae Rahja or ther exceent hep n preparng ths report.
________. 2010. World Development Indicators. Washngton, DC.
Accessed November 2010. .
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Research Insttute, Agrcutura Research Counc o Ngera, and Farm
and Inrastructure Foundaton.
Faherty, K., G. O. Essegbey, and R. Asare. 2010. Ghana. ASTI Country Note.Washngton, DC, and Accra: Internatona Food Pocy Research
Insttute and Counc or Scentc and Industra Research.
Stads, G. J. and S. Doumba. 2010. Cte dIvoire. ASTI Country Note.
Washngton, DC, and Abdjan: Internatona Food Pocy Research
Insttute and Natona Agrcutura Research Insttute.
Stads, G. J., and J. Hnv. 2010. Benin. ASTI Country Note. Washngton, DC,
and Cotonou: Internatona Food Pocy Research Insttute and Benn
Natona Agrcutura Research Insttute.
Stads, G. J., and K. Labare. 2010. Togo. ASTI Country Note. Washngton, DC,
and Lom: Internatona Food Pocy Research Insttute and Togoese
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ton, DC, and Brkama, The Gamba: Internatona Food Pocy
Research Insttute and Natona Agrcutura Research Insttute.
Stads, G. J., and J. Momoh. 2010. Sierra Leone. ASTI Country Note. Washn
ton, DC, and Freetown: Internatona Food Pocy Research Insttute
and Serra Leone Agrcutura Research Insttute.
Stads, G. J. and P. Obang-Angwe. 2011. Gabon. ASTI Country Note.
Washngton, DC, and Lbreve: Internatona Food Pocy Research
Insttute and Agrcuture and Forestry Research Insttute.
Stads, G. J., and S. Sawadogo-Kabor. 2010. Burkina Faso. ASTI Country
Note. Washngton, DC, and Ouagadougou: Internatona Food Po
Research Insttute and Envronment and Agrcutura Research
Insttute.Stads, G. J., and L. Sne. 2010. Senegal. ASTI Country Note. Washngton,
DC, and Dakar: Internatona Food Pocy Research Insttute and
Senegaese Agrcutura Research Insttute.
Stads, G. J., G. Ban, and A. Itoua-Ngaporo. 2010. Republic of Congo. AST
Country Note. Washngton, DC, and Brazzave: Internatona Food
Pocy Research Insttute and Genera Deegaton o Scentc and
Technca Research.
Stads, G. J., F. Bavogu, and S. Dawara. 2010. Guinea. ASTI Country Not
Washngton, DC, and Conakry: Internatona Food Pocy Research
Insttute and Gunean Insttute or Agrcutura Research.
Stads, G. J., S. Guye, and M. L. Da. 2010. Mauritania. ASTI Country Note.
Washngton, DC, and Nouakchott: Internatona Food Pocy Resear
Insttute and Natona Lvestock and Veternary Research Center.
Stads, G. J., M. Issouou, and A. Maam Massou. 2010. Niger. ASTI Country
Note. Washngton, DC, and Namey: Internatona Food Pocy Resear
Insttute and Nger Natona Insttute o Agrcutura Research.
Recommended