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BASIC AERODYNAMICS(aerodinmica bsica)
February 28, 2007
School of
Missionary Aviation TechnologyLowell, MI
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Aerodynamics Defined Aero is from aer air , Greek 1000 B.C.
Dynamics - the study of motion
Aerodynamic
The scientific study of the movement of air or other gases relativeto stationary or moving solid bodies immersed in them,AIRPLANES IN THE SKY!
Aerodynamics
The qualities required for fast and efficient movement through theair.
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Objective Exhibit correlative knowledge of the
basics of aerodynamics, as it relates to
Airfoil design characteristics, stabilityand controllability, and primary flightcontrols.
Pretty much know where things are, aswell as why and how they are there.
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Before we go any farther!
Allow me to introduce the true pioneerand Padre de Aviacion.(father of
Aviation)..
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The Basics Thrust: Propeller
(Rotor Blade)
A Mexican in the Military!
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Aircraft SectionsFuselage houses Cockpit& Engine on single engine A/C
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Aircraft Sections
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Airfoils
(plano aerodinmico) What is an airfoil?
Any surface designed to obtain a useful action, orlift, from air passing over it.,i.e. WING, propeller,
rotor blade Airfoil Terminology
Camber: Amount of curve in an aerodynamic section.Measured in % chord.
Chord Line:Imaginary line drawn from leading edge totrailing edge.
Mean Camber line:Line drawn midway between theupper and lower surfaces.
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Airfoils
(plano aerodinmico)
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Airfoils
(plano aerodinmico) Cambered airfoils produced lift at zero
angle of attack.
Symmetric (no camber) airfoils do notproduce lift at zero angle of attack
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What happens during a
stall?
Flow over the top surface separates from the airfoil,
resulting in a high pressure wake region
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Dihedral Angle formed between a/c lateral axis
and line which passes through the
center of the wing.
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Airfoils NASAs FoilSim II airfoil simulation
program: (see link in online classroom)
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Wings (Alas) Elliptical Wing
Costly $$$$$
Good LoadDistribution
Gs
Even stall
dispersing
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Wings (Alas) Rectangular Wing
Inexpensive
Low load capability Low Speeds
Stall inboard 1/3
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Wings (Alas) Tapered
Great Load Distribution
Stall Inboard section1/2
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Wings (Alas) Delta
Supersonic Flight
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Flight Controls Aileron
causes rotation about the longitudinal axis.
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Flight Controls Elevator: controls up/down movement.
Control about lateral axis.
Stabilator: single piece
control surface. Acts as
horizontal stabilizer and
Elevator. (Piper 140)
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Flight Controls Remember an Elevator creates
negative or downward lift!
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Flight Controls Rudder:mounted on vertical stabilizer.
Controls movement about vertical axis,
yaw.
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Flight Controls Flaps
Plain: trailing edge hinged
Split: part of underside trailing edge splitsand folds
Slotted: forms slot between leading edgeand flap well. Increases lift as air flows
over flap. Fowler: extends on tracks. Increase wing
area and camber
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Flight Controls Speed Brakes: Produce drag without
affecting lift or pitching tendency. No
rotation about axis.
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Flight Controls Winglets:Out-of-plane
surface extending from lifting
surface. Reduces wingtip
vortex formation (and thus
induced drag).
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Flight ControlsCanard: Horizontal lifting control mounted
in front of main lifting plane.
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Landing Gear Supports a/c when not flying
Provides shock absorption for landing.
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Forces of Flight Lift = Wings/airflow
Weight = Aircraft
Thrust = Powerplant / Propeller Drag = Bi - product if lift
Parasite: friction of air moving over structure,varied with speed
Induced: Varies with speed. Force componentparallel to free stream. Due to development of lift.
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Forces of Flight Di: Induced Drag
Di = (Cdi)(q)(S) Di=induced drag, lbs
q=dynamic pressure, psf Cdi=induced drag coefficient
Cl X sin Xangle I (induced)
S=wing area, sq ft.
So here we see Di is a biproduct of Lift.
Future engineers, this is for you!
*Cl is the ratio between lift pressure and dynamic pressure
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Forces of Flight Airplane Axis
Elevator =
Lateral, Pitch
Ailerons =
Longitudinal, Roll
Rudder =
Vertical Yaw
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Forces of Flight Equilibrium: Balanced forces
Static Stability: initial tendency afterdisturbance
Positive static stability: initial tendency toreturn to equilibrium after disturbance.
Negative static: initial tendency to continue
away from equilibrium after disturbance Neutral Static stability: initial tendency to
remain in new condition after disturbance
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