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Akbar the Great
Akbar the great
•Second battle of Panipat-1556
Hemu Bairam Khan
Bairam Khan’s legacyManages affairs for 4 years.Conquered Gwalior, Ajmer, Jaipur At the age of 18, in 1560, Akbar assumes absolute power.
Panipat
Conquests of Akbar1. Malwa:- (1561)led by Adham Khan. Baz Bahadur, the Afghan king fled.2 Gondwana:- (1564) Defeated Rani
Durgavati.3 Rajputs:-enters into matrimonial
alliances. Raja of Jaipur(amber)Rana of Mewar(Udai singh) refused.
Led an army to Chittor. Death of Jai Mal, Rajput commander was a blow.
Conflict with Rana Pratap Singh
Udai singh built Udaipur-new capital.Recovers parts of Chittor.
Haldighati
1576
Akbar the greatConquest of Gujarat- 1572Cotton fields, flourishing seaports, trade with European merchants.Conquest of Bengal-1574-76Trade links with south east Asia and China.Rich revenues to Mughal treasuryConquests of North west-1585-95Kashmir, Kandahar, lower Sind(1591)Baluchistan (1595)Deccan Campaigns-1601Berar, Khandesh, part of Ahmadnagar.
His empire stretched from Hind Kush mountains in the west to Brahmaputra in the east, Himalayas in the north to Godavari in the south.
Administration of Akbar1. Central AdministrationDecision was final, word was law.Commander-in-chief of armed forcesSupreme judge on all matters of justice.Sole right in making appointments,
dismissal, promotionCouncil of ministers:-
1Wazir/diwan
Revenue department
2Mir
bakshiMilitary
and head of
mansabdars
3QaziChief judge
4Chief sadr
Supervisor of royal
household
Meetings in Diwan-i-khas
For private
audience
Diwan-i-Aam
Provincial Administration
Subas
sarkars
parganasvillages
Subhedar and diwan
panchayat
Common subjects
The mansabdari system
Mansabdar-holder of a rankEvery officer given a rank or mansab on the nature of job.Salary/jagirs given according to rankAfter his death, back to the kingCavalry, loyal trusted soldiers, royal body guards, palace guards, artillery.
Revenue System-Todar Mal’s bandobast
Use of bamboo jarib to survey land4 categories(times cultivated)Good, bad ,middlingRevenue based on average of past 10 years1/3rd was King’s share.Relief measures for the peasants.
Ibadat Khana – Hall of Prayer(1575)
•Invited leaders of other faiths to have discussions on matters related to religion.•Issues declaration called the mazhar, which gave him the power to chose different interpretation of the Islamic law.
Akbar interacting with religious scholars.
Akbar’s religion• Sulh-i-Kul or universal peace.• Formation of Din-i-llahi belief in one GodEmperor as God’s representative on earthRajput policy Treated them with respectDid not annex their kingdoms, if they
recognized him as their overlord and paid him regular tribute.
Social reforms.Prohibited sati, legalized widow remarriage.Discouraged child marriage. 14 yrs for girls
and 16 for boys.
Educational reformsStudy of secular subjectsTranslation department set up.LiteratureAkbarnama by Abul Fazl-fine Persian
workFaizi, poet-laureateRaja Birbal-hindi Kavi RajRamacharitamanas written by Tulsidas24000 books-written by calligraphists.
PaintingsMiniature paintings
Architecture
-Indo-Islamic style.
Architecture
Music36 top ranking musicians.7 groups for 7 days of the week.Tansen-combined Indian and
Persian styles.
Navratnas.
Akbar’s Tomb
Sikandera, Agra
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