Al Gasiewski NOAA Environmental Technology Laboratory ... Users' Conference...

October 1-3, 2002 Boulder, COGOES User Conference II

Al GasiewskiNOAA Environmental Technology Laboratory

Boulder, CO, USA

David StaelinMassachusetts Institute of Technology

Cambridge, MA, USA

Bizzarro BizzarriCNR Istituto Scienze dell’Atmosfera e del Clima (ISAC)

Rome, Italy

October 1-3, 2002 Boulder, COGOES User Conference II

GMSWG� Concept SummaryGEosynchronous Microwave (GEM) Sensor

• Baseline system using 54, 118, 183, 380, and 424 GHz with ~2-meter diameter aperture.

• ~16 km subsatellite resolution (~12 km using oversampling) above 2-5 km altitude at highest frequency channels.

• The 380 and 424 GHz channels selected to map precipitation through most optically opaque clouds at sub-hourly intervals.

• Temperature and humidity sounding channels penetrate clouds sufficiently to drive NWP models with hourly data.

• Estimated 2002 costs: $31M non-recurring plus ~$28M/unit.

Azimuth Motor& Compensator

Elevation Motor& Compensator

Nodding / MorphingSubreflector

Space Calibration Tube

BackupStructure

3” Thick Composite Reflector

54GHz Feeds &

Receivers

* Geosynchronous Microwave Sounder Working Group, Chair: D.H. Staelin (MIT)

Estimated Mass ~65 kg

October 1-3, 2002 Boulder, COGOES User Conference II

GEM Spectral SelectionTotal 43 channels in 5 bands

October 1-3, 2002 Boulder, COGOES User Conference II

−0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.150

10

20

30

40118.7503 GHz

Alti

tud

e (

km)

Temperature IWF (km−1)

15−21

29−41

70−90

150−250300−500500−900

900−1300← 1300−1700

← 1700−2500← 2500−3500

4000−6000↓

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.250

10

20

30

40424.7631 GHz

Alti

tud

e (

km)

Temperature IWF (km−1)

25−35

60−80

120−180

250−350500−700800−12001200−1800

3500−4500

−2 0 2 4 60

5

10

15

20150−450

650−11501300−20002500−35004000−6000

← 6000−8000

15000−19000

183.3101 GHz

Alti

tud

e (

km)

Water Vapor IWF (K km−1)

−2 −1.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.50

5

10

15

2030−60

300−500

1250−1750

3550−4450

8000−1000017000−19000↑

380.1974 GHz & 340 GHzA

ltitu

de

(km

)

Water Vapor IWF (K km−1)

336−344 GHz Klein & Gasiewski, JGR-ATM, July 2000.

Clear-air incementalweighting functions

O2118.750 GHz424.763 GHz

H2O 183.310 GHz380.197/340

AMSU5-MM

October 1-3, 2002 Boulder, COGOES User Conference II

Mari???

Midlatitude (30-60o) annual atmosphereNadir view

1 opticaldepth 2 optical

depths

October 1-3, 2002 Boulder, COGOES User Conference II

Similar Channel (183 / 325 GHz) Response to Clouds

Gasiewski, TGARS, 1992

October 1-3, 2002 Boulder, COGOES User Conference II

GEM Spatial Resolution

� 3-dB best resolution degrades by ~1.3x to ~21 km at 50o latitude.� Oversampling by ~2x above Nyquist expected to recover ~30-40% of this lost

resolution for high SNR cases.

October 1-3, 2002 Boulder, COGOES User Conference II

GEM Sensitivity & Scan Mode

Assumptions: • Averaging (downsampling) of beams to fundamental

deconvolved resolution.• * Further reductions in �TRMS achievable via additional

downsampling and/or time averaging.

• CONUS imaging time (3000 x 5000 km2) : 90 minutes

• Regional (1500 x 1500 km2) : 12-15 minutes

0.4-0.61.0-9.5 *~1216.4424.7630.3-0.50.03-3.4 *~1620.5380.1530.3-0.60.06-0.2�~3141.9183.3100.1-0.60.07-0.9 ~~4560.2118.7050.1-0.60.04-0.1 �~104138.650-56

�TRMSRequired

(K,SNR=100)

�TRMS(K)

DeconvolvedResolution(km, SSP)

3-dB IFOV(km, SSP)

Band(GHz)

October 1-3, 2002 Boulder, COGOES User Conference IIMM5/MRT Reisner 5-phase with DO RT model at 424.763+/-4.0 GHz

Hurricane Bonnie August 26, 1998 1500 UTC

Regional Scan Mode (1500 x 1500 km2)

Resolution ~6 km

October 1-3, 2002 Boulder, COGOES User Conference II

Spectral Response

Opaque

Transparent+/-0.6 GHz

+/-1.0 GHz

+/-1.5 GHz

424.763+/-4.0 GHz

Hurricane Opal1995

MM5/MRTReisner 5-phase

October 1-3, 2002 Boulder, COGOES User Conference II

GEM Jacobian for Radiance Assimilation

MM5/MRT Reisner 5-phase with DO RT model at 424.763+/-4.0 GHz

Discrete-Ordinate fast Jacobian for real-time

calculation of .�TB

�pi

�TB

��s

Hurricane Bonnie, August 26, 1998, 1500 UTC

October 1-3, 2002 Boulder, COGOES User Conference II

GEM Jacobian for Radiance Assimilation

MM5/MRT Reisner 5-phase with DO RT model at 424.763+/-4.0 GHz

Discrete-Ordinate fast Jacobian for real-time

calculation of .�TB

�pi

�TB

��a

Hurricane Bonnie, August 26, 1998, 1500 UTC

October 1-3, 2002 Boulder, COGOES User Conference II

GEM Jacobian for Radiance Assimilation

MM5/MRT Reisner 5-phase with DO RT model at 424.763+/-4.0 GHzHurricane Bonnie, August 26, 1998, 1500 UTC

Discrete-Ordinate fast Jacobian for real-time

calculation of .�TB

�pi

�TB

�T

October 1-3, 2002 Boulder, COGOES User Conference II

AMSU Precipitation Retrievals

NOAA-15 AMSU with neural net retrieval, 50 km resolution

Staelin & Chen, IEEE TGARS, September 2000.

October 1-3, 2002 Boulder, COGOES User Conference II

Rapid Precipitation EvolutionMarch 5-6 2001 snowstorm observed using AMSU-B

4 and 8 hr time gaps

Major evolution can occur on short time scales!

October 1-3, 2002 Boulder, COGOES User Conference II

Maritime convection observed at 20 km altitude.

Many cells missedat 89 GHz!

~200

km

Gasiewski, et al, Proc. 1994 IGARSS, Pasadena, USA.

October 1-3, 2002 Boulder, COGOES User Conference II

PSR/CX: 5.82-6.15 (v,h) 10o

1999 (C) 6.32-6.65 (v,h) 10o

6.75-7.10 (v,h,U,V) 10o

7.15-7.50 (v,h) 10o

2002 (CX) 10.6-10.8 (v,h,U,V) 7o

10.68-10.70 (v,h) 7o

9.6-11.5 um IR (v+h) 7o

PSR/S: 18.6-18.8 (v,h,U,V) 8o

~2002- 21.4-21.7 (v,h) 7o H2O 2003 36-38 (v,h,U,V) 7o

52.6-57.5x7 (v) 3.5o O286-92 (v,h,U) 3.5o

118.750 x 7 (v) 3.5o O2183.310 x 7 (v) 1.8o H2O325.153 x 3 (v) 1.8o H2O337-343 (v,h,U) 1.8o

380.197 x 5 (v) 1.8o H2O 424.763 x 5 (v) 3.5o O2496-504 (v,h) 1.8o

9.6-11.5 um IR (v+h) 1.8o

CX

VIR5.8 -7.5 &

10.7 GHz

GEM Airborne SimulatorPSRCX and PSR/S Scanhead Suite

& Aircraft Compatibility

V

IRS

18/21

50-5937

89 118

183

340325380

424

500

21

AirPlatforms’ Canberra B6

21

NASA DFRC ER-2

1

Scaled Composites’ Proteus

1 2

NASA WB-57F

October 1-3, 2002 Boulder, COGOES User Conference II

Main Beam Microscanning

-0.25 -0.2 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2-40

-35

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

On- AxisBeam

Azimuth (deg)

Rel

ativ

e G

ain

(dB

)

5 beam scan (0.14o) at 424 GHz from tilting/decentering subreflector and 2-m reflector (MIT/Lincoln Labs)

Concept design of GEM antenna with tilting/decentering subreflector(Ball ATC)

October 1-3, 2002 Boulder, COGOES User Conference II

Assumptions: GEM recurring cost of $30M + $60M bus & launch = $90MTMI-class passive drone cost of $10M + $30M bus+launch = $40M3 NPOESS + GPM PR as GPM baseline system – costed as fixed3 GEMs required for global tropical/midlatitude coverage

#Additional Drones Repeat Time Cost ($M)1 2.4 (hrs) 402 2.0 80 Single HS cost break-point3 1.7 1204 1.5 1605 1.3 2006 1.2 240 Global cost break-point7 1.1 2808 1.0 3209 55 (mins) 36010 51 40015 38 60020 30 80025 25 1000 30 21 120035 18 140040 16 1600

October 1-3, 2002 Boulder, COGOES User Conference II

Recent U.S. GEM Proposals

• Geostationary Microwave (GEM) Observatory –Concept proposal to NASA/HQ in response to InstrumentIncubator Program AO – Based on 2-meter antenna andchannels at 54/118/183/380/424 GHz (Staelin et al, 1998).

• EO-3 Geosynchronous Microwave (GEM) ObservatoryNew Millennium proposal submitted by NOAA/ETL,NASA/GSFC, MIT/LL to NASA/HQ. Based on a GEMdemonstration unit with spatial resolution of 13-20 km, 2-meter antenna (Gasiewski et al, 1998).

• GEosynchronous Microwave (GEM) PrecipitationSounder – Phase B proposal submitted by NASA/LaRC,NOAA/ETL, MIT/LL to NASA/HQ Instrument IncubatorProgram. Focused on antenna technology developmentand demonstration (Lawrence et al, 2001).

October 1-3, 2002 Boulder, COGOES User Conference II

Recent U.S. GEM Proposals(cont’d)

• Geosynchronous Microwave (GEM) Observatory forHydrological Imaging and Profiling – Technologydevelopment proposal to NASA/HQ in response toInstrument Incubator Program AO – Based on 2-meterantenna and channels at 54/118/183/380/424 GHz(Gasiewski et al, 2002). Includes industry-baseddevelopment of prototype microscanning subreflector.

October 1-3, 2002 Boulder, COGOES User Conference II

GEM Roadmap to Operations

October 1-3, 2002 Boulder, COGOES User Conference II

GOMAS Proposal to ESA� Proposal to ESA Earth Explorer Opportunity Missions:“Geostationary Observatory for MicrowaveAtmospheric Sounding” – submitted Jan 2002.

� PI: B. Bizzarri, many European and U.S. partners.

� Based on U.S. GEM baseline design, but free flyer withlarger antenna (3-m) to compensate for application athigher European latitudes (antenna cost ~d2.5).

� 3-year science demo phase, 5-yr design lifetime, 10 kmbest resolution w/o deconvolution, 15 minute bestupdate. Launch ~2008+, cost 160 M€ total, includingground segment

� To be considered for further scientific and technolog-ical study within ESA

October 1-3, 2002 Boulder, COGOES User Conference II

• GEM will be a cost-effective AMSU-like sounder/imager but with time-resolved observations of precipitation –complementary to HES, GIFTS.

• GEM concept study completed, antenna and scanning technology under development (MIT/LL, NOAA/ETL)

• Convective PR anticipated to be measurable over both land and water along with sounding products within clouds, ~15 km midlatitude spatial resolution.

• Demonstration of operational system possible within GPM and NPOESS timeframe. GOES R+ ~2012+ (?)

• Aircraft demonstrations under development (NOAA, MIT)

• European GOMAS concept proposal submitted to ESA (Jan 2002), GOMAS science studies planned (2003).

• RT model and retrieval simulations in progress (NOAA)