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Rbvtþisa®sþshKmn_Gnøg;EvgtMbn;kan;kab;cugeRkayrbs;clnaExμrRkhm
ERbsRmÜlCaPasarExμreday Em:n BiciRt
DI xaMbUlI
RKIsþÚhV½r eDorIg
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa shkarCamYy
RksYgeTscrN_
qñaM2014
i
rkSasiTi§RKb;Ebby:ag qñaM2014 edayviTüasßansøwkrwt / mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
nigRksYgeTscrN_
rkSasiTi§RKb;Ebby:ag minmanEpñkNamYyénesovePAenHRtÚv)anykeTAsresr eLIgvij
b¤eRbIR)as;kñúgTRmg; b¤meFüa)ayEbbNak¾eday EdlrYmmankarftcmøg karkt;Rta
b¤karftTukenAkñúgRbB½n§pÞúkB½t’manepSg²eTot edayKμankarGnuBaØatCalaylkçN_GkSr
BIGñke)aHBum<pSay)aneLIy.
viTüasßansøwkrwt / mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
RbGb;sMbuRtelx 1110/ PñMeBj/ RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa
TUrs½BÞ ³ ¬855¦ 23 211 875
TUrsar ³ ¬855¦ 23 210 358
GIuEm:l ³ dccam@online.com.kh
eKhTMB½r ³ www.dccam.org, www.cambodiatribunal.org b¤ www.cambodiasri.org
KMnitrcnaesovePA KMnitsil,³ qñaM2014 eday qaMg yu
kareRCIserIsrUbft nigcMNgeCIgrUbft qñaM2014
eday RKIsþÚhV½r eDorIg nig DI xaMbUlI
rcnaRkahVik qñaM2014 RkbmuxesovePAeday Rkúmh‘unDIhSaj GIuvn vug nigGtßbTeday
ECm v:lsWsÁI Rkúmh‘unDIhSaj Ludlow6
rcnaRkahVikCaPasaExμreday Kwm suvNÑdanI
bkERbCaPasaExμreday Em:n BiciRt
km<úCa ³ karGb;rMBIGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_KWCakarTb;sáat;GMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_
e)aHBum<pSayenAkm<úCa qñaM2014
GMNHGMNag
TsSn³enAkñúgesovePAenHKWCarbs;GñkniBn§pÞal; nigmin)anbgðajBIkaryl;eXIjrbs;
TIPñak;garsVIsedIm,IshRbtibtiþkar nigGPivDÆn_ viTüasßansøwkrwt b¤mCÄmNÐlÉksar
km<úCaeT.
CMnYyTRTg;EpñkhirBaØvtßúsRmab;KeRmagenHRtÚv)anpþl; edaysb,úrsBITIPñak;garsVIs edIm,I
shRbtibtþikar nigGPivDÆn_.
ii
matika
GarmÖkfa >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>1
esckþIEføgGMNrKuN>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>3
esckþIepþIm >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>9
CMBUk1 Rbvtþisa®sþdMbUgéntMbn;Gnøg;Evg >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>13
CMBUk2 karkekIténclnakumμúynIsþ nigkarmkdl;CaelIkdMbUgrbs;Exμr
RkhmenAGnøg;Evg >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>27
CMBUk3 Gnøg;EvgenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;ExμrRkhm>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>41
CMBUk4 braC½y nigkarrt;eKcxøÜnrbs;ExμrRkhm >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>51
CMBUk5 Gnøg;EvgenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;evotNam>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>63
CMBUk6 karerobcMkgT½BeLIgvijrbs;ExμrRkhm >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>69
CMBUk7 s®gÁamQøb nigs®gÁamRbCaCn >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>77
CMBUk8 CIvitenAelIPñMdgErk >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>89
CMBUk9 Gnøg;Evg ³ tMbn;kan;kab;cugeRkayrbs;ExμrRkhm >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>108
CMBUk10 ekrdMENlrbs; tam:uk >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>128
CMBUk11 cMNuccab;epþIménTIbBa©b; >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>148
CMBUk12 CemøaHrvag b:ul Bt nig tam:uk >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>152
CMBUk13 karcab;xøÜn nigkarkat;eTas b:ul Bt >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>161
CMBUk14 smahrNkmμcUleTAkñúgraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCaenAqñaM1998 >>>>>>168
CMBUk15 BinitüemIltMbn;Gnøg;EvgeLIgvij >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>189
CMBUk16 erOgr:avenAGnøg;Evg>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>208
Gvsankfa >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>218
iii
rUbPaBRkbmux ³ BiFIerobkarenAGnøg;EvgkalBIedImTsvtSr_qñaM1990>>>>220
CIvRbvtþiGñkniBn§ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>222
cMNgeCIgrUbft >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>224
kMNt;smÁal; >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>231
iv
GarmÖkfa
esovePAeRbób)aneTAnwgmnusS enAkñúgn½ymYyEdlfa Cajwkjab; eyIg
EtgEtpSarP¢ab;esovePAeTAnwgkEnøgCak;lak;mYy. ]TahrN_ esovePAsasna
mankareBjniymenAkEnøgeKarBRbtibtiþsasna esovePAsikSaRkas;²sßitenA
kñúgsalaeron nigbNÑal½y ehIyesovePARbelamelakxøI² CaTUeTAsißtenA
CamYyGñkeFIVkarkñúgkariyal½y nigGñkeFIVdMeNIrsRmab;GaneBlTMenrBIkic©kar
b¤eBleFIVdMeNIr. esovePApþl;B½t’manbNþúHKMnit nigCMrujelIkTwkcitþGñkGan.
esovePAKWCaRKab;BUCénkIþRsémrbs;eyIg EdlCaemeronmYyEdleyIg)an
bMePøc xN³eBlbec©kviTüaTMenIb²kMBugrIkduHdalKμanTIbBa©b;. yl;eXIjfa
vaCaerOgl¥mYyEdl GñkniBn§yksßanPaBénTIkEnøgmkBicarNa CaBiessenA
eBlEdlGñkniBn§BitCacg;pSarP¢ab;kargarrbs;xøÜneTAnwgGñkGaneKaledA.
RsémeXIj mnusSkMBugEtGanesovePAenHenACitTItaMgRbvtiþsa®sþ b¤
enAkñúgfñak;eron minq¶ayb:unμanBItMbn;Gnøg;Evg nigRbCaCnEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;enH.
TItaMgenHmanlkçN³smRsb BIeRBaHGñkniBn§manectnaepþateTAelIPaBCamnusS
rbs;clnaExμrRkhm.
karniBn§EdlepþateTAelImnusS CaCagRkúménmnusS sßanPaB nigRBwtþikarN_
manKuNsm,tiþ nigKuNvibtiþ. KuNsm,tiþénkarniBn§EbbenH KWfava)anbgðaj
GMBIPaBsμúKsμajénmnsikarrbs;mnusS enAkñúgGMLúgeBléns®gÁam GMeBIeXar
eXA nigPaBclaclenAkñúgsgÁm. KuNvibtiþénviFIsa®sþniBn§ EbbenHKWfa
eyIgRtÚv)andak;[RbQmeTAnwgkarBitd¾lM)akmYy EdlfaCnéddl;k¾manmux
mat;dUceyIgEdr ehIyeyIgRtÚvEteFIVkareRCIserIsykCeRmIsmYy.
GMeBI]RkidækmμTaMgGs;RtÚv)anRbRBwtþeLIgedaymnusS ehIyvaRbEhlCa
lM)aksRmab;CnrgeRKaHénGMeBI]RkidækmμenH BIeRBaHGMeBIenHhYsGMBIGIVEdl
CnrgeRKaHGacRsémeXIj. CaFmμCati CnrgeRKaHcg;kat;pþac;TMnak;TMngBICn
éddl; GñksmKMnit nigRkúmRKÜsarrbs;Cnéddl;ecjBIsgÁmTaMgmUl. kareqøIy
1
tbEbbenH hak;dUcCakarpþl;témød¾GaRkk;mYy EdlsgÁmRtÚvEtsgRtLb;mk
vij enAeBleFIVdMeNIreTAmux. eTaHCay:agenHkIþ enAkñúgdMeNIrEvgq¶ayeTAmux
TegIVEbbenHminEmnCacemøIysRmab;sgÁmkm<úCaeT. edIm,I[RbeTskm<úCaeFIV
dMeNIreTAmuxeyIgRtÚvRbQmmuxeTAnwgkarBitd¾lM)akEdlfa ExμrRkhmk¾Ca
mnusSdUceyIgRKb;KñaEdr.
RbsinebIRbvtiþsa®sþ nwgRtÚvkøayeTACamKÁeTsk_RbkbedayRbsiT§PaB nig
BitR)akdmYysRmab;GnaKt eyIgRtÚvEtTTYlsÁal;tRmÚvkarEdlKμanTIbBa©b;enA
kñúgkarsikSaBIRKb;TidæPaBTaMgGs; énGtItkalrbs;eyIgrYmTaMgGtItkalRbkb
edayPaBsμúKsμajnigBi)akbkRsaypg. yutiþFm’ nwgminGacekItmaneLIg)an
eT enAkñúgsßanPaBEdlKμankaryl;dwg ehIykarGt;»n nigkarpSHpSanwgekIt
manBitR)akd RbsinebIeyIgsuxcitþTTYlsÁal;KñaCamnusSeTAvijeTAmk.
esovePA {Rbvtiþsa®sþtMbn;Gnøg;Evg}enH nwgcUlrYmcMENkedIm,IseRmc[
)annUvsμartITaMgenH. b:uEnþesovePAenHRKan;EtCacMENktUcmYy enAkñúgkartsU‘
EsVgrkyutiþFm’TUlMTUlaymYyenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa. eyIgRtÚvkarkarcab;epþIm
edIm,IEsVgrkTIbBa©b;mYyRbsinebIman. eTaHbICatMbn;Gnøg;EvgmansniþPaBCag
15qñaMehIyy:agNak¾edayk¾eyIgRtÚvcgcaMfasniþPaB nigyutiþFm’RtÚvedIrTnÞwmKña
edIm,I[sgÁmmYyeFIVdMeNIreTAmux. eCaKvasnarbs;RbeTskm<úCaGaRs½yeTA
elIkarTTYlsÁal; nigkar[témøeTAelIkarBitenH kñúgnamCabuKÁl CashKmn_
nigCaRbeTsmYyTaMgmUl.
Ék]tþm bNÐit efag xun
rdæm®nIþRksYgeTscrN_
RbFanKN³kmμkarGnþrRksYg
edIm,IRKb;RKg nigGPivDÆn_tMbn;eTscrN_Rbvtþisa®sþGnøg;Evg
2
esckþIEføgGMNrKuN
karRsavRCav karsresr nigkare)aHBum<esovePAenHnwgminGacseRmc)an
eT RbsinebIKμankarCMrujelIkTwkcitþ CMnYy nigeyabl;BIsMNak;buKÁl nigGgÁPaB
CaeRcIn. Cabzm eyIg sUmEføgGMNrKuNdl;TIPñak;garsRmab;karGPivDÆ
nigshRbtibtþikarsVIs Edl)anpþl;CMnYyEpñkhirBaØvtßú elIkarRsavRCav nig
kare)aHBum<esovePAenH. eyIgGaceFVIkarsikSaRsavRCav)ansIuCeRmAeTAelI
ÉksarbTsmÖasCamYyRbCaCn nigkareFVIdMeNIreTAkan;tMbn;nanaenAkñúgRbeTs
km<úCa k¾dUcCaenAkñúgRbeTséf edaysarEtCMnYyrbs;Pñak;garsRmab;karGPivDÆ
nigshRbtibtþikarsVIs.
eyIg sUmEføgGMNrKuNy:agRCaleRCAdl; elak qaMg yu EdlCasßabnik
viTüasßan søwkrwt nigCanaykmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa. elak qaMg yu )anpþÜcepþIm
[mankarsikSaRsavRCav nigerobcMesovePAenHeLIg nigEfmTaMg)anpþl;nUv
TisedA nigGnusasn_d¾mantémøCaeRcInenARKb;dMNak;kalTaMgGs;énKeRmagenH.
elak qaMg yu )ancg¥úlbgðajR)ab;eyIg GMBIRbPBÉksaredImEdlRtÚv)anyk
mkeFVICaÉksareyagenAkñúgesovePAenH nig)anpÒl;dMbUnμanl¥²CaeRcIn Edl
eFVI[matika nigkarrcnasm<½n§enAkñúgesovePAenHkan;EtmanPaBl¥RbesIreLIg.
elak KWCabuKÁld¾sMxan;énKeRmagenHtaMgBIkarcab;epþImrhUtdl;cugbBa©b;énkar
RsavRCav EtgniBn§ nige)aHBum<. eyIg k¾sUmEføgGMNrKuNdl;RksYgeTscrN_
énRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa CaBiessÉk]tþmrdæm®nþI efag xun nigKN³kmμakar
GnþrRksYgsRmab;karGPivDÆtMbn;Gnøg;Evg.
eTscrN_minEmnepþatsMxan;EteTAelIkarsÁal;buKÁlEtmñak;enaHeT b:uEnþ
EfmTaMgkarEsVgyl;BIRbCaCn FnFan nigbrisßanEdlrMelcnUvbTBiesaFén
eTscrN_. edayehtuenHehIyRksYgeTscrN_)anTTYlsÁal;fa karsikSa
RsavRCavRbvtþisa®sþ KWCaCMhanmYyd¾sMxan;kñúgkarCMruj[mankareFVIdMeNIrmk
kan;tMbn;enH nigTTYlsÁal;fa erOgr:avEdl)anekIteLIgenAkñúgtMbn;enH KWCaEpñk
3
mYyénRbvtþisa®sþrbs;RbeTskm<úCa. esovePAmYyk,alenHRKan;EtCacMENk
mYy enAkñúgkic©xitxMRbwgERbgkñúgkarEfrkSa nig[témøeTAelIRbvtþisa®sþd¾Biess
éntMbn;enH. eyIg sUmEføgGMNrKuNy:agRCaleRCAdl;RksYgeTscrN_ Edl
)anKaMRTkic©karenH.
TnÞwmnwgenHEdr kare)aHBum<pSayesovePAenH nwgminGacseRmcecjCa
rUbrag)aneT RbsinebIKμankarcUlrYmEckrMElkB½t’manRbkbedayPaBsb,úrs
nigesμaHRtg; BIsMNak;RbCaCnEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;Gnøg;Evg RtBaMgR)asaT
nigGtIttMbn;kan;kab;rbs;ExμrRkhmdéTeTot. RbCaCnRbmaN600nak; Edl
rs;enAtMbn;Gnøg;Evg RtBaMgR)asaT nigGtIttMbn;kan;kab;déTeTot )ancMNay
eBlevlad¾mantémørbs;xøÜn kñúgkarCYypþl;B½t’mandl;RkúmRsavRCavrbs;
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa tamry³karpþl;bTsmÖaspÞal;mat; nigkarbBa¢ak;bEnßm
CaeRcInelIkeRcInsa. Gñkpþl;bTsmÖasmYycMnYn)ancMNayeBlevlaeRcIn
Cag5em:agerobrab;erOgr:avGtItkalrbs;xøÜn. Gñkpþl;bTsmÖasTaMgenH )an
erobrab;erOgr:avrbs;xøÜn taMgBIeBlEdlxøÜncUlrYmbdivtþn_ExμrRkhmenAedImqñaM
1970 rhUtdl;kartsU‘enAelIPñMdgErk nigkarcUlsmahrNkmμenAcugqñaM
1998 k¾dUcCaCIvitrs;enAnaeBlbc©úb,nñ. erOgr:avrbs;RbCaCnTaMgenaHman
témøminGackat;éfø)an enAkñúgkarseRmc)aneCaKC½yénkarRsavRCavesovePA
enH. CagenHeTAeTot eyIg sUmEføgGMNrKuNdl;fñak;dwknaMenAtMbn;Gnøg;Evg
nigRtBaMgR)asaT EdlrYmmanKN³GPi)alRsuk RkúmRbwkSaRsuk nigRkúmRbwkSa
XMu Edl)anGnuBaØat[RkúmRsavRCavrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCaeFVIkarsmÖas
nig)anCYyRTRTg;Epñkrdæ)al Edl)ansRmÜldl;TMnak;TMngKñarvagRkúmRsavRCav
nigRbCaCn.eyIg sUmEføgGMNrKuNCaBiessdl;elak ywm pan;Na GPi)al
énKN³GPi)alRsukGnøg;Evg EdlminRtwmEt)anGnuBaØat[mankarRsavRCav
b:ueNÑaHeT EfmTaMg)ancUlrYmpþl;bTsmÖasRBmTaMg)anpþl;dMbUnμanCaeRcIndl;
RkúmRsavRCavrbs;eyIg .
GtßbTenAkñúgesovePAenHRtÚv)anRtÜtBinitüeday elaksa®sþacarü edvId
4
eqndl½r énsaklviTüal½ymU:Nas RbeTsGU®sþalI nigCaRbvtþiviTUQanmuxeK
mYyEpñkRbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa.
karRsavRCavrbs;eyIg)anCMruj[eyIgBRgIkkarsikSaeTAdl;RbeTséf
edayeyIg )aneFVIsmÖasCamYyRbCaCnéfmYycMnYnenAkñúgRbeTséf. eyIg
sUmEføgGMNrKuNdl;RbCaCnEdlrs;enAPUmiERséRb Edl)ancMNayeBlevla
kñúgkarpþl;bTsmÖas. erOgr:avmYycMnYnrbs;RbCaCnTaMgenaHRtÚv)anbBa©ÚleTA
kñúgesovePAenH Edl)anqøúHbBa©aMg[eXIjGMBITMnak;TMngqøgRbeTsrvagPUmiExμr
nigPUmiéf Edl)anekIteLIgGs;ry³eBlCaeRcInCMnan; nigbnþrhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶
enH.
esovePAenHk¾nwgminGacelcecjCarUbrag)aneT RbsinebIKμankarCYy
eRCamERCgBIbNÐit pat kusl nigelak Lúg danI. bNÐit pat kusl KWCaCMnYy
karsa®sþacarüEpñk viTüasa®sþneya)ayenAmhaviTüal½yRbÚklIn énsakl
viTüal½yRkúgjÚ:vy:k. elakbNÐit)ansmÖasRbCaCnmYycMnYnenAtMbn;enH nig
)anpþl;rUbftmYycMnYndl;eyIg EdlRtÚv)anbBa©ÚleTAkñúgesovePAenH. elak
Lúg danI KWCaRbFanRkúmKeRmagCMruj[mankarTTYlxusRtÚvénmCÄmNÐlÉksar
km<úCa nigCaRbFanRkúmd¾eqñImmYyrUbenAkñúgKeRmagcgRkgesovePAenH. cMeNH
dwgrbs;elakGMBItMbn;enH nigcMeNHdwgGMBIRbCaCnenAkñúgtMbn;Gnøg;Evg )anCYy
sRmÜldl;karsmÖasrbs;Rkúmkargar. minEtb:ueNÑaH elak Lúg danI KWCaFnFan
d¾sMxan;sRmab;B½t’mansIuCeRmATaMgLayGMBItMbn;Gnøg;Evg.
CacugbBa©b; eyIg sUmEføgGMNrKuNcMeBaHGñkbkERb GUnerOn GUnGn ¬ehA
ét¦ nig sÞIhVanI mI k¾dUcCaRkúmRsavRCavrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa rYmman
v:an;fan; eBAdar:a/ eGg kukfay/ sux vNѳ/ Em:n BiciRt/ m:m suvNÑ/ hiun suFanI/
KwmRsUy suxvisal/ nig rI lkçiNa. ét KWCaGñkbkERbBIPasaéfeTAPasa
Gg;eKøs nig)anCYysRmÜldl;karsmÖasRbCaCnéf. sÞIhVanI KWCaGñkbkERb
ÉksarBIPasa)araMgenAedImstvtSr_TI20. eyIg sUmEføgGMNrKuNy:ag
RCaleRCAcMeBaHRkúmRsavRCavrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa Edl)aneFVIdMeNIr
5
CaeRcIndgeTAkan;tMbn;Gnøg;Evg nigRtBaMgR)asaT edIm,IeFVIkarsmÖas nigRbmUl
smÖar³ nigÉksarepSg² Edlpþl;CaÉksareyagbEnßmdl;esovePAenH.
CacugeRkay eyIg sUmEføgGMNrKuNcMeBaHelak Lúg danI/ eGg kukfay/ nig lI
suxXag Edl)anpþl;mtieyabl;Eklm¥eTAelIesckþIRBagénesovePAenH.
6
esckþIepþIm
Rbvtþisa®sþBak;B½n§nwgkarvinicä½yEpñksIlFm’. dUecñH karsikSaGMBIRbCaCn
enAtMbn;Gnøg;Evg Bi)aknwgeCos[putGMBIpñt;KMnitmYyénkarecaTRbkan;. Gnøg;Evg
KWCatMbn;cugeRkayrbs;rbbExμrRkhm EdlCarbbmYyTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaH
GMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_ karsmøab;rgÁal nigesaknadkmμTaMgLay EdlminGac
erobrab;Gs;enAkñúgsgÁmkm<úCa. RbCaCnkm<úCaRbmaNCitBIrlannak;)ansøab;
enAkñúgrbbExμrRkhm ehIyrhUtmkdl;eBlbc©úb,nñenH RbeTskm<úCaenAEt
ts‘UCamYynwglT§plénRbvtþisa®sþenH. RbCaCnEdlrs;enAtMbn;Gnøg;Evg
PaKeRcIn KWCaGtItkgT½B nigCakmμaPi)alExμrRkhm EdlGtItkgT½BmYycMnYn
RbEhlCaFøab;cUlrYmRbRBwtþGMeBI eXareXA.
eyIgGacniyaymü:ageTotfa karsikSaGMBIRbCaCnenAtMbn;Gnøg;EvgGac
gaynwgeFVI[mnusSFøak;eTAkñúgpñt;KMniténkþIGaNitGasUr enAeBlEdlerOgr:avén
GMeBIesaknadkmμénrbb nigclnaenH)anrsat;)at;eTAvij enAeBlEdleyIg
)ansþab;B¤erOgr:av nigkarts‘Urbs;RbCaCnmñak;². kmμaPi)al nigsmaCikRKÜsar
rab;Ban;nak; RBmTaMgemdwknaMkumμúynIsþCan;x<s;mYycMnYnpg RtÚv)ancab;xøÜn nig
smøab;enATUTaMgRbeTskm<úCa. rbbExμrRkhm)ancab;xøÜn eFVITaruNkmμ nigsmøab;
smaCikrbs;xøÜnEdlcUlrYmclnataMgBIéf¶dMbUg ehIy»kasénkarrYcxøÜnmantictYc
bMput RbsinebIbuKÁlNamñak;RtÚv)anecaTRbkan;BIbTminesμaHRtg;. Cak;Esþg
PaBP½yxøac)ankøayeTACa]bkrN_mYy Edl)andak;sgÁmkm<úCaTaMgmUl[eTA
CaTaskr.
eTaHbICarbbExμrRkhm)andYlrlMeTAehIykþI k¾RbCaCnkm<úCaenATUTaMg
RbeTsminfaGñkEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;b¤eRkAtMbn;EdlRKb;RKgedayExμrRkhmenaH
eT TTYlrgTukçevTnay:agFMeFg. s®gÁamrvagkgT½BevotNam nigExμrRkhm
ry³eBlCag10qñaM )anbgá[manmnusSsøab;rab;Esnnak;dl;PaKITaMgsgxag.
Gs;ry³eBlCaeRcInqñaM karrs;enArbs;RbCaCnkm<úCaRtÚvBwgEp¥keTAelICMnYy
9
mnusSFm’ xN³eBlEdleRKaHTurÖikS nigCMgWenAEtbnþjaMjI.
eTaHCay:agenHkþI enAeBlEdlRbCaCnkñúgtMbn;Gnøg;Evg GacTTYlsÁal;nUv
plvi)akd¾GaRkk;énclnaExμrRkhmEdlxøÜn)ancUlrYm nigRTRTg;enAkñúgkal³
eTs³CaeRcIn \riyabfrbs;RbCaCnTaMgenaHcMeBaHrbbExμrRkhm KWminsmamaRt
eTAnwgTMhMénGMeBIeXareXA EdlxøÜn)andwgfa )anekItmaneLIgenaHeT. eTaHbICa
mnusSRKb;rUbyl;Rsbfa ]Rkidækmμd¾GaRkk;)anekIteLIgenAkñúgrbbExμrRkhm nig
bnþekItmaneRkaymkeTotkþI k¾buKÁlmYycMnYnenAEtmanmenaseBa©tnaRslaj;
cMeBaHGtItkalEbbenH ehIymYycMnYneTotenAEteCOCak;fa lT§ikumμúynIsþenA
EtGacGnuvtþ)an RbsinebImanemdwknaMl¥CagenH. dUcKñaenH enAeBlEdl
RbCaCnCaeRcInTTYlsÁal;fa emdwknaMExμrRkhmmYycMnYn dUcCa tam:uk CamnusS
sahaveXareXA k¾mnusSmYycMnYnenAEtmankareKarBcMeBaH tam:uk EdlGñkTaMg
Gs;enaH minGacbMePøc)an.
eKalbMNgénkarniBn§esovePAenH KWminEmnedIm,IpþnÞaeTas b¤elIksresIr
RbCaCnEdlrs;enAtMbn;Gnøg;EvgenaHeT. pÞúyeTAvij eyIgsgÇwmfanwgGacpþl;
TsSn³mYyGMBIshKmn_mYy EdlminTan;RtÚv)ansikSa[suICeRmA nigpþl;Ca
sMeLgmYyeTA[RbCaCnmYyRkúm EdlsMeLgrbs;Kat;minRtÚv)andwgB¤RKb;RKan;
BImunmk. vaKWCac,ab;CasaklEdlfa snþiPaBRtÚv)anksageLIg nigEfrkSa
tamry³karBiPakSaedayebIkTUlay GMBIerOgr:avEdl)anekIteLIgBIGtItkal.
eyIgsgÇwmfa esovePAenHnwgcUlrYmcMENkkúñgkarseRmc[)aneKaledAenH
EdlmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCakMBugEteFVIkñúgkareq<aHeTAbegáItmCÄmNÐlsnþiPaB
Gnøg;Evg.
esovePAenHcab;epþImedaykarelIkeLIgGMBIkarkekIttMbn;Gnøg;Evg mun
ExμrRkhmcUlmkdl;. CMBUk1 BiPakSaGMBIRbvtþisa®sþtMbn;Gnøg;Evg nigRbeTs
km<úCa enAGMLúgBak;kNþalTImYyénstvtSr_TI20. CMBUk2 bgðajGMBIkarkekIt
eLIgénclnakumμúynIsþenA\NÐÚcin EdlRKb;RKgedayGaNaniKm)araMg nigkar
mkdl;tMbn;Gnøg;EvgdMbUgrbs;ExμrRkhm. CMBUk3 BiPakSaGMBICIvitrbs;RbCaCn
10
enAeRkamrbbExμrRkhm EdldMbUgeLIyCashKmn_rYmmYyehIyeRkaymkkøay
eTACashkrN_. CMBUk4 niyayGMBIB½t’manlm¥itGMBIbraC½yrbs;ExμrRkhm
edaysarkgT½BevotNam. CMBUkenHBiPakSaGMBIkarrt;Ebkx©at;x©ayrbs;RbCaCn
km<úCa nigbTBiesaFrbs;kgT½B CnsIuvil nigsmaCikRkúmRKÜsarrbs;RbCaCn
TaMgGs;enaH. CMBUk5 nigCMBUk6 qøúHbBa©aMgGMBItMbn;Gnøg;EvgenAeRkamkarRKb;RKg
rbs;evotNam nigkarerobcMrcnasm<½n§eLIgvijrbs;ExμrRkhmenAelIPñMdgErk.
eTaHbICarbbExμrRkhmRtÚv)anpþÜlrMlMecjBIGMNac nigTTYlbraC½yenAsmrPUmi
k¾eday k¾rbbenHGacerobcMkmøaMgrbs;xøÜneLIgvij[eTACakmøaMgT½BéRBtamry³
CMnYybreTs. CMBUk7nigCMBUk8sikSaGMBICIvitCakgT½BQøb. CMBUk7 epþatsMxan;
eTAelIyuT§viFI nigyuT§sa®sþkgT½Brbs;ExμrRkhm. CMBUk8 RbemIlemIlGMBIkar
ts‘Urbs;RbCaCnsamBaØEdlFMdwgkþIenAkñúgCMrMkgT½B nigCMrMCnePosxøÜn. CMBUk9
bgðajTidæPaBepSg²CMuvij kmøaMgneya)ayGnþrCati Edl)anCYy[ExμrRkhm
rkSa)annUvclnats‘UEbbkgT½BéRBrbs;xøÜn. CMBUkenHEsþg[eXIjGMBIrcnasm<½n§
RKb;RKgrdæ)alénclnaExμrRkhmenAfñak;x<s; nigbgðajGMBITMB½rfμIénkardwknaMrbs;
tam:uk. CMBUk10 erobrab;GMBIbuKÁliklkçN³rbs; tam:uk CamYynwgKeRmag
sagsg;CaeRcIn nigTMnak;TMngrvag tam:uk nigRbCaCnenAkñúgtMbn;Gnøg;Evg. CMBUk
11 dl;CMBUk13 BiPakSaGMBIéf¶cugeRkayénfñak;dwknaMrbs;clnaExμrRkhm.
CMBUkTaMgenHRKbdNþb;TMnas;épÞkñúgrvag b:ul Bt nig tam:uk RBmTaMgkarcab;xøÜn nig
karkat;eTas b:ul Bt. CMBUk14 BiBN’naGMBIRBwtþikarN_epSg² EdlnaMeTAdl;kar
RbyuT§KñacugeRkayenAkñúgtMbn;Gnøg;Evg nigkardYlrlMcugeRkay. CMBUk15
nigCMBUk16 segçbRbvtþisa®sþshKmn_tMbn;Gnøg;EvgeLIgvij edaydMbUgeLIy
BiPakSaGMBIRbvtþisa®sþenHBITsSn³rbs;GñkxageRkA nigbnÞab;mkTsSn³rbs;
RbCaCnEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;Gnøg;EvgenH.
11
CMBUk1
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tMbn;Gnøg;EvgRtÚv)anbegáIteLIgtaMgBIyUrGEgVgNas;mkehIy muneBl
EdltMbn; enHkøayeTACatMbn;kan;kab;cugeRkayd¾l,Il,ajrbs;clnakumúμynIsþ
ExμrRkhm. enAqñaM1905 tMbn;Gnøg;Evg RtÚv)anTTYlsÁal;edayGñkKUrEpnTI
CnCati)araMg enAeBlEdlGñkKUrEpnTITaMgenHkMBugbegáItExSbnÞat;RBMEdnkm<úCa
CamYynwgRbeTsCitxagPaKxageCIg. dUcshKmn_epSg²eTot EdlRtÚv)an
begáIteLIgenAtambeNþayRBMEdnxagTwkdIéfEdr tMbn; Gnøg;EvgRtÚv)antaMgTIlMenA
edayCnCatiExμr Edl)aneFIVcMNakRsukmkBIPaKxagt,ÚgénTwkdIesom Edl
bc©úb,nñsßitenAkñúg extþsIusaektRbeTséf.1
13
rrcnasm<½n§RKb;RKgrdæ)al
tMbn;Gnøg;EvgmanRbvtþipøas;bþÚreRcIndgrvagkarRKb;RKgedaykm<úCa nigkar
RKb;RKgedayéf.munqñaM1867Gnøg;EvgsßitenAkñúgTwkdIkm<úCa. rvagqñaM1867
nigqñaM1907 Gnøg;Evgsßit enAkñúgGtItextþéfmYy EdlmaneQμaH esomNaxn.
enAqñaM1863 RbeTskm<úCasßit enAeRkamGaNaBüa)al)araMg. edaymankar
dak;sm<aFBI)araMg esom)anRbKl;extþ)at;dMbg nigesomrabmk[km<úCavijenA
qñaM1907.
enAqñaM1941 tMbn;Gnøg;EvgenH)anFøak;eTAkñúgkarRKb;RKgrbs;éf CafμImþg
eTot bnÞab;BI manCemøaHmYyry³eBlxøIrvagéf nig)araMg. enAcenøaHqñaM1941
nigqñaM1946 Gnøg;EvgRtÚv)anbBa©ÚleTAkñúgextþrbs;éf EdlmaneQμaHfa
EbøkPIbu‘nsg;Rkam EdlCaeQμaHrbs;GtItnaykrdæm®nþIéfnaeBlenaH. enAkñúg
dMNak;kalenH éf)anRKb;RKgextþesomrab nigextþ )at;dMbgrbs;ExμrrhUt
dl;qñaM1946 enAeBlEdl)araMg nigéfcuHkic©RBmeRBógelIsn§isBaØaRBMEdn Edl
)anRbKl;extþTaMgBIrmk[km<úCavij. enAkñúgsm½ysgÁmra®sþniym extþ]tþr
manC½yRtÚv)anbegáIteLIg edaykat;ecjBIextþesomrab. eTaHCay:agenHkþI
eRkayqñaM1970 tMbn;Gnøg;EvgkøayeTACa{EdndImYy Edlminmanrdæ)alRKb;
RKgEdlenAqøas;KñaeRkamextþ b¤CaRsukeTAtamrbbdwknaMeRkay²mkeTot.}2
enAqñaM1999 extþ]tþrmanC½y RtÚv)anbegáIteLIgvij ehIytMbn;Gnøg;Evg
EdlFøab;CaPUmimYy )ankøayeTACaRsukmYyEdlsßitenAkñúgextþ]tþrmanC½y
rhUtdl;sBVéf¶.
tMbn;Gnøg;Evg nigtMbn;CMuvijenAmunqñaM1908
sßitenAcm¶ayRbmaN125KILÚEm:Rt BITIrYmextþesomrab nigcm¶ay
RbEhl12KILÚEm:RtBICYrPñMdgErk Gnøg;EvgmanRbvtþiCatMbn;dac;Rsyalén
RbeTskm<úCa. enAkñúgrC¢kalRBH)aT semþcRBH neratþm ¬1860-1904¦
nigenAkñúgesÞIrmYyry³kalénrbbGaNaniKmniym)araMg ¬1863-1953¦
14
rdæ)alrbs;RbeTskm<úCaminsUvmankarykcitþTukdak; eTAelItMbn;CnbT ehIy
rcnasm<½n§RKb;RKgrdæ)alenH esÞIrEtKμanvtþmanenAtamtMbn;dac;RsyalTaMg
LayénRBHraCaNacRk.
edaysarEtmankarxVHxatpøÚvfñl; RbB½n§TMnak;TMng nigehdæarcnasm<½n§
tMbn;Gnøg;EvgminTTYl\T§iBlBIrdæaPi)alesom nigrdæaPi)alkm<úCaeT. Cag
enHeTAeTot sßanPaBenAtMbn;Gnøg;Evg hak;minmankarERbRbÜleT eTaHbICa
)araMg)ancUlmkRKb;RKgRbeTskm<úCak¾eday.3
enAkñúgry³kald¾rugerOgénGarüFm’GgÁr GaNacRkExμrlatsn§wgeTAPaKxag
eCIgrhUtdl;RbeTscin Edlrab;bBa©ÚlesÞIrEtTaMgGs;énTwkdIéfnaeBlbc©úb,nñ
enH.4 b:uEnþ edaysarmUlehtumYycMnYn EdlenAEtCaRbFanbTénkarCECk
edjedalKñarhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶enH GaNacRkGgÁr )anFøak;cuHy:agelOnenA
stvtSr_TI14enAeBlEdlRbeTsCitxagkm<úCa )anbegáInGMNacrbs;xøÜneLIg
CalMdab;. rhUtmkdl;stvtSr_TI18 eday sarEts®gÁam PaBclaclenA
kñúgsgÁm nigkarFøak;cuHEpñkesdækic©km<úCaFøak;cUleTAkñúgPaBTn;exSay Edlgay
nwgTTYlrgkarqk;bøn; nigkar)at;bg;TwkdI eTAGñkCitxagd¾manGMNacrbs;xøÜn
KWRbeTsGaNam nigesom ¬EdlCaRbeTsevotNam nigRbeTséfnaeBl
bc©úb,nñ¦. eday)at;bg;GFibetyüPaBeTARbeTsCitxagRBH)aT semþcRBH
GgÁDYg ¬1841-1860¦ )anEsVgrkkarkarBarBI)araMg EdlenATIbMputbegáIt
)annUvsn§isBaØa qñaM 1863 rvagRBHraCbuRtrbs;RBHGgÁ KWRBH)aT neratþm
nig)araMg.
sn§isBaØaqñaM1863 )anbegáItGaNaBüa)al)araMgmkelIRbeTskm<úCa
Edlsn§isBaØaenH )anpþl;siTi§dl;)araMgkñúgkarRKb;RKgeTAelIEpñk BaNiC¢kmμEdndI
nigsasna. cMENkÉ RBH)aT neratþm enAbnþdwknaMkic©karneya)ay nigrdæ)al
épÞkñúg.5 eRkay²mkeTot CaBiess bnÞab;BIqñaM1884 kic©karTaMgGs;sßitenA
eRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;GaCJaFr)araMg.
sßab½nsgÁm nigkarGPivDÆEpñkesdækic©rbs;km<úCa hak;mankarpøas;bþÚr
15
tictYcNas; enAcenøaHqñaM1863dl;cugstvtSr_TI19. edaypÞúyKñaeTAnwg
EbbEpnCIvitrbs;raCvgSanuvgS nigRkúmRKÜsarGPiCn RbCaCnkm<úCaPaKeRcInman
kmμsiTi§tictYcNas; eRkABIsemøókbMBak; smÖar³pÞH)ay nigsmÖar³eFIVERscmáar.6
{RbCaCnTaMgenaHrs;enAtamTmøab;EdldUntarbs;xøÜn )anGnuvtþGs;ry³eBl
CaeRcInBan;qñaM enAkñúgpÞHxÞmRbk;søwketñatsg;x<s;putBIdI edIm,I[manxül;ecjcUl
nigkarBarBITwkCMnn; stVBs; nigstVl¥itepSg².}7 RBHBuT§sasnaKWCamUldæan
RKwHénCIvitrbs;GñkPUmi Edl)anpSarP¢ab;TMnak;TMngkñúgcMeNamGñkrs;enAEk,r
xagKña k¾dUcCashKmn_TaMgmUl. karedaHdUrEpñkesdækic© nigsgÁmRtÚv)ankMNt;
edaylkçxNÐPUmisa®sþminGMeNaypl ehIyenAtMbn;dac;RsyaldUcCatMbn;
Gnøg;Evg PUmiTaMgLayhak;dUcCaekaHenAkñúgsmuRTéRBd¾Rkas;.8 eyIgGacRsém
eXIjfa m®nþI)araMgEdl)aneFVIdMeNIrEsVgyl;tambeNþayRBMEdnkm<úCa-esom
enAqñaM1905 RbEhlCa)anRbTHeXIjsßanPaBRbhak;RbEhlKñaenH. dUcEdl
RbvtiþviTUmYyrUb)anelIkeLIg {eTaHbICaBIrC¢kalmYyeTArC¢kalmYymankarFøak;
cuH sßanPaBenAtamPUmiRsukenAEtdEdl.}9
tMbn;Gnøg;Evghak;dUcCaminmankarERbRbÜleRcIneTeTaHbICatMbn;enH sßitenA
eRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;Exμr b¤esom10.11 esomhak;dUcCaminCMTas;kñúgkar
GnuBaØat[RbCaCnExμrbnþRbtibtþiTMenomTmøab;cas;rbs;xøÜn enAkñúgextþTaMgLay
Edlesom)ankat;yk.12 sRmab;tMbn;dac;Rsyal dUcCaGnøg;Evg nigtMbn;
EdlsßitenAPaKxageCIgCYrPñMdgErkkñúgTwkdIesom RbCaCnExμrenAEtbnþGnuvtþ
rbs;xøÜn dUcEdlxøÜnFøab;)anGnuvtþGs;CaeRcInstvtSr_knøgmk. CnCatiéfmñak;
EdlFøab;rs;enAGnøg;EvgkñúgTsvtSr_qñaM1950 )anerobrab;fa PasaExμrKWCa
PasaEdlRbCaCnPaKeRcInniyayTaMgenAelITwkdIéf nigTwkdIExμrrhUtdl;Bak;
kNþalstvtSr_TI20. {RbCaCnesÞIrEtmYyryPaKryniyayPasaExμrenA
TIenaH. b:uEnþ bc©úb,nñRbCaCn enATIenH ¬sMedAeTAelIRbCaCn Edlrs;enAkñúgextþ
sIusaekt RbeTséf¦ esÞIrEtmYyryPaKryniyayPasaéf.}13
16
eerOgr:avrbs;ecarbøn;mñak;
enAExvicäika qñaM1907 GaCJaFrkm<úCa)ancab;xøÜnecarbøn;mñak; EdlmaneQμaH
fa GaXYn Edl)ancUlrYmRbRBwtþGMeBIqk;bøn;enAkñúgtMbn;. GaXYn )anrt;eKcxøÜnBIr
bIéf¶bnÞab;BICab;XMuXaMg. b:uEnþ muneBleKcxøÜn GaXYn )anR)ab;erOgmYycMnYnTak;
TgeTAnwgRkúmecarbøn; EdleFVI[GaCJaFr)araMgdwgkan;Etc,as;GMBIkarsgS½yrbs;
xøÜn GMBIGMeBIsmKMnitrbs;m®nþIraCkarsuIvilesom enAkñúgGMBIqk;bøn;enaH. GaXYn KW
CaCnCatiExμrmñak; Edlrs;enAkñúgPUmiFñg; extþcugkal; ¬Rsukcugkal; extþ]tþrman-
C½ybc©úb,nñ¦. enAedImExtula qñaM1908 RkúmecarEdlmanKñaRbEhl60nak;
Rbdab;edaykaMePøIg nigdav )ancUlmkkñúgPUmirbs; GaXYn. emecar)ancat;Kña
rbs;xøÜnRbEhl30nak; [edIrRbmUlGñkPUmi nigcab;bBa¢ÚnGñkPUmiTaMgenaHeTAXMu
eKal extþsg;eKok RbeTsesom. GaXYn sßitenAkñúgGñkPUmiEdlRkúmecar)an
ekorykeTA. Rkúmecar)anRbmUlb½NÑbg;Bn§TaMgGs;rbs;GñkPUmi ehIykemÞc
ecaleday)anniyayfa xøÜnnwgminGnuBaØat[GñkPUmiTaMgGs;Cab;Bak;B½n§CamYy
nwg)araMgeToteT. minEtb:ueNÑaH RkúmecarTaMgenaH)anedIrRbmUlstVeKa nig
stVciBa©wmepSg²eTACamYy b:uEnþ)ane)aHbg;ecaleTAvij edIm,IkuM[yWtdMeNIr
rbs;xøÜn. Rkúmecar)anbgçM GaXYn [eFVICaGñknaMpøÚvenAkñúgkarcUleTAqk;bøn;PUmi
epSg²eTotenAkñúgTwkdIExμr. Rkúmecar)anbBa¢a[ GaXYn naMBYkxøÜneTAPUmidUnlk
PUmiTg kñúgextþcugkal;. enAkñúgPUmiTaMgBIr Rkúmecar)ancat;[kmøaMgrbs;xøÜn
edIrRbmUlGñkPUmi ehIynaMykeTARbeTsesom. smaCikRkúm EdlenAess
sl;)anbnþeTAbøn;enAGnøg;Evg. b:uEnþ edaysarEtePøógFøak;xøaMgRkúmecarTaMg
Gs;enaHminGaceFVIdMeNIreTAdl;tMbn;Gnøg;EvgenaH)aneT. edaysarsmaCik
PaKeRcInminecHEhlTwk RkúmecarTaMgGs;enaH )anseRmccitþvilRtLb;eTA
RbeTsesomvij.
17
GGMeBIqk;bøn;
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maneLIgenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCaCaeRcInstvtSr_mkehIyehIyGMeBIenHPaKeRcInekIt
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tMNalR)ab;Kat;GMBItMbn;Gnøg;EvgkñúgstvtSr_TI20. {Gnøg;EvgRtÚv)anehAfa
18
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CaeRcIn[mktaMgTIlMenACamYynwgRbCaCnTUeTAEdr.17
mkRtwmqñaM1892 rdæaPi)alGaNaniKm)araMg)anRKb;RKgelIkarRbmUl
ykBn§daresÞIrEtTaMgGs; ehIyeRkaymk )araMg)anRKb;RKgmkelIrdæ)alExμr
esÞIrEtRKb;Epñk.18 karyagesayRBHTivgÁtrbs;RBH)aT neratþm nigkareLIg
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rC¢kalfμImYyénkarRbmUlpþúMGMNacrdæ)al kan;EtxøaMgCagmun nigkarRbmUlBn§dar
kan;EteRcIneLIgBIsMNak;)araMg EdlRbkarTaMgenH)anbgá[manvibtþisgÁmkan;Et
xøaMgeLIg.19 xN³eBlEdl)araMgbegáInkarRKb;RKgeTAelIrdæ)al karRbmUlBn§
nigkatBVkic©epSg² eTotkan;EtxøaMgeLIg RbCaCn)anrt;cUlkan;EteRCAeTArs;enA
kñúgéRB nigtamtMbn;RBMEdn.20 enAeBlEdltMbn;éRBTaMgenaHk¾RtÚv)anRKb;RKg
kan;EtxøaMgeLIgRbCaCnmYycMnYn)ancab;epþImpøas;TIlMenAeTAkan;RbeTsesom b¤
RbeTslavkñúgGMLúgeBlénkarRbmUlBn§ nigvilRtLb;mkvij enAeBlEdl
GaCJaFrcakecjeTAvij.21
tMbn;RBMEdn)ankøayeTACapøÚvsRmab;CnEdlrt;eKcecjBIkarbg;Bn§ nig
CatMbn;CemøaH. enAqñaM1907 )araMg)ancrca[éfRbKl;extþ)at;dMbg nigextþ
esomrab mk[km<úCavij. eTaHbICaesomRtÚv)anbgçMy:agNa k¾eday k¾esom
minsuxcitþRbKl;extþTaMgBIrenH mk[km<úCavijedaysnþiviFIEdr.
enAkñúgqñaMdEdlenaHEdr enAeBlEdlkm<úCaTamTarmkvijnUvTwkdIPaKxageCIg
nigPaKxaglicBIesom km<úCak¾TTYlrgkarvayRbhary:agxøaMgCabnþbnÞab;BI
sMNak;Rkúmecarbøn; enAkñúgextþ)at;dMbg nigtMbn;Gnøg;Evg.
enAqñaM1907 r)aykarN_sMxan;²CaeRcIn)anerobrab;GMBIRkúmecarbøn;Edl
)aneFVIRbtibtþikarenAelITwkdIPaKxageCIg nigxaglicénRbeTskm<úCa. RbCaCn
19
enAkñúgPUmi)anraykarN_eTAm®nþI)araMgfa Rkúmecarbøn;RbEhlBI60eTA90nak;
mkBIesom)ancUlmkkñúgPUmiCaeRcInenAGnøg;Evg nigtMbn;mYycMnYnenAkñúgextþ
)at;dMbg eday)anbgçMRbCaCn[eTARbeTsesomCamYyxøÜn eday)anKMram
smøab;. GñkPUmiCaeRcInmankarP½yxøac ehIy)anrt;ePosxøÜneTAkan;PUmimYy
cMnYnrbs;esom dUcCaPUmisg;Ka )asan b¤cUleRCAeTAkñúgRbeTséfnaeBl
bc©úb,nñ.22 bnÞab;BIRkúmecarbøn;)ancakecj GaCJaFr)araMg)aneFVIdMeNIreTAkan;
tMbn;TaMgenaH edIm,IeFVIkaresIubGegát KWRKan;EteTAemIlRKÜsaresssl;mYycMnYn
tUcb:ueNÑaH.23
edayTTYlsÁal;BIkarKMramkMEhgkñúgRTg;RTayFMEbbenH GaCJaFr)araMg )an
cat;taMgkmøaMg QøbRbEhl15nak;[eFVIdMeNIreTAkan;RBMEdnkñúgtMbn; Gnøg;Evg
edIm,IsegátemIl.24
CIvitenAGnøg;Evg enAkñúgry³kalenaH manPaBÉeka niglM)ak. manTMnak;
TMngtictYc Nas;eTAkan;BiPBxageRkA. dUecñH kmøaMgb:UlIsNaEdlRtÚv)an
cat;taMg[eTARbcaMkarenAtMbn;TaMgenaHRtÚvBwgEp¥kTaMgRsugeTAelIFnFanenAkñúg
tMbn;TaMgenaH. edayyl;eXIjBIsßanPaBlM)akenAtMbn;TaMgenaH GaCJaFr)araMg
)anseRmcpøas;bþÚrkmøaMgnKr)alrbs;xøÜnerogral;3Exmþg.25
eTaHbICaGaCJaFr)araMgminGacrkP½sþútagbBa¢ak;)anfa rdæaPi)alesomman
karsmKMnit CamYynwgskmμPaBqk;bøn;xagelIk¾eday k¾)araMg)ansnñidæanfa
skmμPaBqk;bøn;enaHTTYl)ankarCMrujelIkTwkcitþBIGaCJaFresom. P½sþútagén
sm½<n§PaBenH eyageTAelIyuT§sa®sþCabnþrbs;Rkúmecarbøn; kñúgkare)assm¥at
PUmimin[manmnusSrs;enA EdlpÞúynwgplRbeyaCn_énGMeBIqk;bøn;.26 GaCJaFr
)araMgsgS½yfa m®nþIesom)anR)ab;RkúmecarTaMgGs;enaH[eFVIkarqk;bøn;PUmirbs;
ExμrtamEtGaceFVI)an nigRbmUlRbCaCnExμrmkRbeTsesom ebImindUecñaHeT Rkúm
ecarTaMgenaHnwgRtÚvGaCJaFresomdak;eTas. GaCJaFr)araMgsgS½yfa smaCik
mYycMnYnrbs;Rkúmecar KWCaCnCatiExμr EdlRtÚv)anekor nigbgçM[cUlrYmenAkñúg
skmμPaBqk;bøn;TaMgenaH.27
20
CCIvitrs;enAkñúgtMbn;Gnøg;Evg ³ 1908-1970
minxusBIRbeTsGaNaniKmdéTeToteTGaNaniKm)araMgk¾RtÚv)anCMruj[
ekgRbv½Ba©eTAelIRbPBFnFanrbs;km<úCa nigbegáInBaNiC¢kmμ edIm,IplRbeyaCn_
rbs;xøÜn. TnÞwmnwgplRbeyaCn_esdækic© nigplRbeyaCn_EpñkPUmisa®sþCayuT§
sa®sþ RbeTsGaNaniKmk¾)anEsVgrkkarpSBVpSayvb,Fm’rbs;xøÜn nigenAkñúg
kRmitkMNt;NamYy edIm,IeFVI[RbesIreLIgdl;CIvit nigshKmn_rbs;RbeTs
EdlsßitenAeRkamGaNaniKm. karcab;GarmμN_rbs;)araMgenAkñúgkarGPivDÆ
vis½yvb,Fm’ nigesdækic©sgÁm EdlRtÚv)ansÁal;fa {ebskkmμBRgIkGarüFm’
x<g;x<s;} KWCaEpñkmYyd¾sMxan;rbs;GaNaniKmniym)araMgenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa.
)araMg)aneFVIkMNay sikSa nigCYsCulR)asaT EdlksageLIgenAsm½y
GgÁr nigrUbcmøak;CaeRcIn EdlePJóveTscr)aneXIjnaeBlbc©úb,nñ. )araMgk¾)an
sagsg;pøÚvfñl; pøÚvrfePøIg nigExSkabTUrsar. CagenHeTAeTot )araMg)anerobcM
nigeFVImCÄkareLIgvijnUvkarRbmUlBn§dar nigrcnasm<½n§ RKb;RKgrdæ)alRBmTaMg
)anbegáItkmμviFIkic©karsaFarN³kñúgRTg;RTayFM.
b:uEnþ enAeBlEdl)araMg)ancMNayeBlevla nigFnFany:ageRcIneTAelI
karBRgwg karGPivDÆrcnasm<½n§RKb;RKgrdæ)al nigesdækic©sgÁmrbs;km<úCaTaMg
mUl karBRgwgvis½yGb;rM suxaPi)al nigCIvPaBrs;enACaTUeTArbs;RbCaCnenA
tamTICnbTenAmanPaBxVHxat. minxusBItMbn;dac;Rsyal déTeTotenAkñúgRbeTs
km<úCa enAedImstvtSr_TI20 tMbn;Gnøg;EvgmankarxVHxatehdæarcnasm<½n§eRKÓg
brikçareBTü buKÁlikeBTüEdlTTYl)ankarbNþúHbNþalRtwmRtÚv nigfñaMsgáÚv. ehtu
dUecñH CMgWenAEtbnþCabBaðaeRKaHfñak;dl;RbCaCnenAkñúgtMbn;CaBiess KWCMgWqøg.
Cak;Esþg minfaRbCaCnekItenAkñúgstvtSr_NaeT PaBlM)akevTna enAkñúg
CIvPaBrs;enA nigPaBmineTogTat;kñúgkarrs;ranmanCIvitCamnusS )ankøayeTA
CaEpñkmYyénCIvitrbs;RbCaCn Edlrs;enAtamtMbn;CnbTdac;Rsyal nigtam
beNþayRBMEdn.
PUmisaguaM ¬)araMg ehAPUmienHfa PUmiRsguaM¦ sßitenAcm¶ayRbEhl12KILÚ
21
Em:RtBItMbn;Gnøg;Evg EdlCacMNucRbsBVrvagRBMEdnkm<úCa nigéf bc©úb,nñ.
eyagtamcas;TuMCnCatiéf PUmienHsßitenAelITItaMgénRckRBMEdnCaMsaguaM sBVéf¶.
dUcKñaeTAnwgtMbn;Gnøg;EvgEdr PUmienHRtÚv)anGñkKUrEpnTI )araMgTTYlsÁal;enAeBl
eFVIKMnUsEbgEckRBMEdnkm<úCa-esom enAcenøaH qñaM1907-1909.
PUmisaguaM RtÚv)andak;eQμaHtamedImeQIFMmYyRbePT EdlduHenAkñúgPUmi.
cas;²CnCatiéf)anBiBN’nafa PUmienHKWCaPUmi EdlCnCatiesom nigExμr)an
mktaMgTIrs;enACamYyKña.28 dUcKñaCamYynwgPUmiepSg²eTotenAkñúgtMbn;enH
RbCaCnPaKeRcInenAkñúgPUminiyayPasaExμr.
enAqñaM1948 RbCaCnenAkñúgPUmienH)anTTYlrgeRKaHBICMgWratt,at. b:uEnþ
erOgr:avlm¥it GMBICMgWenH hak;enAmanPaBRseBcRsBilenAeLIy. ebIeyagtam
cas;²CnCatiéfmYycMnYn PUmisaguaM RtÚv)anbMpøajedaysarCMgWGasnñeraK.29
PUmisaguaM enAEtCatMbn;BaNiC¢kmμkñúgtMbn; mYynaeBlbc©úb,nñenH.
karpÞúHeLIgénCMgWGasnñeraKenATsvtSr_qñaM1940 )anbgá[RbCaCnCaeRcIn
PUmi)at;bg;CIvit. eTaHbICaBMumanTinñn½yc,as;las;edIm,IbBa¢ak;GMBIerOgenHkþI
k¾CMgWenHRtÚv)aneCOCak;fa manRbPBecjmkBIPUmierOnCW RbeTsesom Edlsßit
enAcm¶ayRbmaN10KILÚEm:RtBIPUmisaguaM. CMgWenH)anraldaldl;PUmisaguaM
Edl)anbgá[RbCaCnesÞIrRKb;KñaqøgCMgWenH. GñkEdlGaceKcputBICMgWenH)an
cakecjBIPUmi ehIyPUmiTaMgmUlRtÚv)ane)aHbg;ecal.
enAkñúgRbeTséfsBVéf¶enHmanEtcas;²CnCatiéfmñak; b¤BIrnak;b:ueNÑaHEdl
rYcrs;CIvit enAeBlCMgWGasnñeraK)anratt,at. b:uEnþ erOgr:avGMBICMgWGasnñeraK
Edl)anbgáCaeRKaHmhnþrayd¾F¶n;enH RtÚv)anCnCatiéfenAtamtMbn;RBMEdn
niyayR)ab;tKñaBICMnan;mYyeTACMnan;mYyrhUtdl;sBVéf¶.
eyIgmin)andwgc,as;eTfa etItMbn;Gnøg;Evg b¤PUmiExμrenAEk,renaHTTYl
rgeRKaHBICMgWGasnñeraKenaHEdrb¤y:agNaenaHeT. eTaHCay:agenHkþI ebIBinitü
eTAtamTItaMgPUmisa®sþénPUmisaguaM EdlsßitenAminq¶ayb:unμanBIPUmiéf EdlGac
edIrdl;kñúgry³eBlmYyéf¶ eyIgGacsnñidæan)anfa CMgWGasnñeraK Edlman
22
RbPBecjBIRbeTséf enAcugTsvtSr_qñaM1940 Gacraldaldl;PUmimYycMnYn
enACMuvijtMbn;Gnøg;Evg. esckþIsnñidæanenHRtÚv)aneFVIeLIg edaysarEttMbn;enH
CatMbn;EdlmanRbCaCneFVIdMeNIrecjcUlrvagRbeTskm<úCa nigéf RBmTaMgPaB
Rbhak;RbEhlKñaénsßanPaBesdækic© nigsgÁm enAtamtMbn;EdlsßitenAtam
beNþayRBMEdn.30
rhUtmkdl;TsvtSr_qñaM1990esvasuxaPi)alsaFarN³pøÚvKmnaKmn_ nig
RbB½n§Gb;rM enAmankRmitTabxøaMgenAeLIy ¬b¤esÞIrEtminmanTal;EtesaH¦ enAkñúg
tMbn;Gnøg;Evg.
mI eqg )anrMB£kfa enATsvtSr_qñaM1950 tMbn;Gnøg;Evgmansalaeron
EtmYyb:ueNÑaH. PUmirMeck EdlCaPUmicas;enAtMbn;Gnøg;Evg manRbCaCnCag
50RKÜsar BMumansalaeroneT. dUcKñaEdr PUmitaedv nigPUmixñúr k¾minmansalaeron
Edr. dUcEdl FIn b‘ín )anelIkeLIg{kumartUc²min)aneTAsalaeroneT. BYkeK
FMdwgkþIedayminecHGkSr.}31Qit FI yl;Rsb eday )anniyayfa { min)an
eTAsalaeronenaHeT edaysarEt RtÚvCYyRkúmRKÜsarrbs; kñúgkarrksIuciBa©wm
CIvit.}32
can; éb EdlCaGñkPUmimYyrUbenAtMbn;Gnøg;Evg )anerobrab;GMBICIvitrs;enA
kñúgPUmixñúr kalBImunqñaM1975fa °
enAeBlenaH enAkñúgPUmienHmanRbCaCnrs;enAEt 6RKÜsarb:ueNÑaH.
kumartUc² min)aneTAsalaeronenaHeT. RbCaCnCIkkþÜc nigdMLÚg
éRBsRmab;briePaK ehIyminEdlBak;Gav b¤semøókbMBak;s¥at²dUc
sBVéf¶enHeT. CaTUeTA eyIgesøóksemøókbMBak;RbLak;. eyIgmin
manluyTijb‘ÍecgeT. eyIgbriePaKEt)ayCamYyGMbil EdlTij
mkBIPUmixñar RbeTséf. enATIenHBMumanpSar b¤pøÚvfñl;enAeLIyeT.
eyIg RtÚvcMNayeBl10éf¶eFVIdMeNIredayefμIreCIgqøgkat;PñM edIm,I
eTAdl;tMbn;RbCMuCnenAkñúgTwkdIkm<úCa. b:uEnþ RbsinebIeyIgcg;Tij
23
GMbil eyIgRKan;EteFVIdMeNIreTAéf sñak;enATIenaHmYyyb; ehIy
RtLb;mkPUmivijenAéf¶bnÞab;.33
karkMNt;GayucUleronk¾RtÚv)anKNnaxusBIbc©úb,nñEdr. edaysarEtéf¶
ExqñaMkMeNIt nigGayu minRtÚv)anRbCaCncgcaM b¤kt;RtaTuk RbCaCn)aneRbIR)as;
viFIRbkbedayPaBécñRbDitenAeBlkumarFMdwgkþIlμmGaccUlsalaeron)an.
enAeBlxJMúcUleronenAextþtaEkv enAedImTsvtSr_qñaM1960 Gayu
cUleronenAeBlenaH manPaBxusKñaBIGayucUleronbc©úb,nñeRcIn
Nas;. enAeBlEdlxJMúenACakumar eyIgRtÚvykédrbs;eyIgdak;
elIk,al ehIyBüayamb:HRtecokmçageTot. RbsinebIédrbs;
eyIgminGacb:HRtecokmçageTot)aneT eyIgnwgminRtÚv)anGnuBaØat
[cuHeQμaHcUleroneT. CaTUeTA kumarPaKeRcInmanGayu10qñaM
eTIb)ancUleron.34
esdækic©tMbn;Gnøg;Evg BwgEp¥kTaMgRsugeTAelIkardaMduH nigePaKplepSg²
EdlGacRbmUl)anenAelIdI. edaysarEtBMumanrUbiyb½NÑ RbCaCneRbImeFüa)ay
edaHdUredIm,ITijTMnij. {eyIgBMumanRkdasR)ak; b¤R)ak;kak;enaHeT. dUecñHeyIg
)anykkenÞl nigepþA eTAdUrGMbilCamYyéf.}35 RbCaCnenAkñúgtMbn;k¾eFVIERsnig
daMEpøeQIdUcCa sVay nigedImeQIhUbEpødéTeTotGaRs½yeTAnwglkçxNÐdI.36
meFüa)aydwkCBa¢ÚnmancMnYntictYcNas; edaysarEtBMumanpøÚvsRmab;eFVI
dMeNIr. minmanRbCaCnNamñak;manrfynþ b¤m:UtUenaHeT. tamBiteTA esÞIrEtKμan
RbCaCnNamñak;mankg;CiHenaHeT.37
mnusSRKb;KñaeFVIdMeNIredayefμIreCIg. eyIgcMNayeBlmYy éf¶
edIm,IeFVIdMeNIrBIGnøg;EvgeTArMeck. eyIgeTAdl;rMeck enAeBl
24
éf¶Rtg;. RbCaCnmYycMnYnCiHreTH. b:uEnþ edaysarRKÜsarrbs;
minmanreTHeT eyIgRtÚvedIr nigQb;sRmaktampøÚv RbsinebIeyIg
cg;eFVIdMeNIreTAtMbn;q¶ay dUcCa ERsNy.38
edaysarEtkgVHmeFüa)ayeFVIdMeNIr nigpøÚvfñl; vaminEmnCaerOg EdlKYr[
PJak;ep¥IleTEdlRbCaCnkRmnwgcakecjBIPUmiNas;. Qit FI )anerobrab;GMBI
CIvitrbs;Kat; enAkñúgrC¢kalRBH)aT neratþmsIhnu ¬1941-1955¦fa {RbCa
CnkRmmanTMnak;TMngCamYyKñaNas;. GñkPUmirs;enA eFVIkargar nigRbkbrbr
rksIuEtenAkñúgPUmierog²xøÜn.}39 can; éb )anelIkeLIgfa { xJMúminEdl)ancak
ecj BIPUmirbs;xJMúenaHeLIy kñúgmYyyuvv½yrbs;xJMú.}40
edaysarEtxVHkarpøas;bþÚr nigPaBRkIRkenAkñúgtMbn; karpÁt;pÁg;semøókbMBak;
enAmankRmittictYcNas;.
RbCaCnenAPUmirMeckPaKeRcInCaGñkRk. CaTUeTA Kat;RKan;EtrMu
RkNat; edIm,IRKan;EtbiT)aMgragkayEtb:ueNÑaH. bursPaKeRcInmin
manGavBak;eT ehIybursmYycMnYneTot minmanexaesøókeT. min
mankEnøglk;semøókbMBak;eRcIneT. CnCatiéfeFVIdMeNIrmkdl;TI
enHerogral;10Exmþg edIm,IeFVICMnYj.41
TMenomTmøab; nigBiFIbuNüenAkñúgPUmi k¾manlkçN³xusBIBiFInaeBlbc©úb,nñEdr.
ebIeyagtam can; éb {enAkñúgBiFIerobmgÁlkar BMumankarelgePøg b¤eKaHsÁreT.
RbCaCnRKan;Etsmøab;RCÚkmYy ehIycas;²enAkñúgPUmibIbYnnak; eFVICaGFibtIenA
kñúgBiFI edIm,ICakareKarBeTAdl;RBlwgdUntaEtb:ueNÑaH.}42
rhUtdl;TsvtSr_qñaM1980 tMbn;Gnøg;EvgenAEtsMbUreTAedaystVéRB
CaeRcIn. {dMrIEtgEtcUlmkkñúgPUmitaedv.}43 tMbn;enHk¾manstVeKaéRB RkbIéRB
nigstVxøa.CaerOy²GñkRKb;RKg)araMgRbcaMextþsÞwgERtg ¬manzan³esμIGPi)al
25
extþ¦ )anmkkt;RtataragtémøenAelITIpSar cMeBaHEs,k stVdMrI Es,kstVrmas
fÁamxøa Pøúk nigRskaBRgÚl.44
stVéRBRtÚv)anemIleXIjfaCaRbPBcMNUlpg nigCaeRKaHfñak;pg. dUc
Edl mI eqg )anelIkeLIg {eyIgeRbIR)as;kaMePøIg edIm,IkarBarPUmirbs;eyIg
BIkarT®nÞanrbs;stVdMrI Edl)ancUlmksIuRsUvrbs;eyIg.}45 FIn b‘ín k¾)anrMB£k
Edrfa stVxøa KWCakarRBÜy)armÖrbs;RbCaCnenAkñúgPUmi edaysarEtstVxøa
)ancUlmkkñúgPUmienAeBlyb; nig)ansmøab;stVEqá. FIn b‘ín )anbEnßmfa {kal
BIedIm eyIghUbsac;stVkþan; TnSay Qøús GeNþIk twkEk bgáÜy nigstV éRB
epSg²eTot. b:uEnþ stVTaMgGs;enaH )an)at;bg;Gs;ehIysBVéf¶enH.}46
26
CMBUk2
karkekIténclnakumμúynIsþ nigkarmkdl;CaelIkdMbUgrbs;ExμrRkhmenAGnøg;Evg
eesckþIepþIm
Gnøg;EvgKWCaRsukdac;RsyalmYyrbs;km<úCa EdlsßitenAtambeNþay
RBMEdnkm<úCa-éf. CaRbvtþisa®sþtMbn;Gnøg;EvgenH minRtÚv)anrdæaPi)alkNþal
ykcitþTukdak; ehIyRbCaCnenAtMbn;enHhak;enAdac;q¶ayBIBiPBxageRkA.
sßanPaBÉekarbs;tMbn;enH )anbgáPaBgayRsÜldl;ExμRkhm kñúgkarbgçitbgçM
nigbBa©úHbBa©ÚlRbCaCnenAtMbn;enH[cUlrYmCamYyclnarbs;xøÜn.
{ExμrRkhm} KWCaeQμaHEdlsemþcRBH neratþm sIhnu manbnÞÚlsMedAeTA
RkúmkumμúynIsþmYyRkúm EdlRbqaMgnwgRBHGgÁenAkñúgTsvtSr_qñaM1960. eQμaH
pøÚvkarrbs;RkúmenH KWbkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCa Edl)anRKb;RKgRbeTskm<úCa enAéf¶
TI17 Exemsa qñaM1975. eTaHCay:agenHkþI tMbn;CnbTPaKeRcInénRbeTs
km<úCa)anFøak;eRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;ExμrRkhm munC½yCmñH Exemsa qñaM1975
eTAeTot. edaysartMbn;Gnøg;Evg CatMbn;dac;Rsyal tMbn;enHsßitenAkñúg
cMeNamtMbn;dMbUgbg¥s; Edl)anFøak;eRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;ExμrRkhm.
tMbn;Gnøg;EvgsßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;ExμrRkhm enAedImqñaM1970
bnÞab;BIkarkan;kab;ry³eBlxøIrbs;kgT½B ln; nl;. enAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;
ExμrRkhm CIvitrbs;RbCaCnenAtMbn;Gnøg;Evg mankarpøas;bþÚry:agxøaMg. min
Etb:ueNÑaH menaKmn_viC¢abdivtþn_rbs;ExμrRkhmtRmÚv[RbCaCnenAGnøg;Evg
e)aHbg;ecalnUvRbéBNI nigkarGnuvtþTaMgLayrbs;xøÜn. enATIbMput RbCaCnRtÚv
)antRmÚv[e)aHbg;ecalpÞHsEm,grbs;xøÜnEfmeTot.
bnÞab;BIExμrRkhmTTYl)anC½yCmñHenAqñaM1975 RbCaCnenAGnøg;Evg bnþ
rs;enAkñúgpÞHrbs;xøÜn eRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;ExμrRkhm. eTaHCay:agenHkþI RbCa
27
CnTaMgGs;RtÚv)anerobcM eTAtamRkúmepSg² edIm,eFVIERscmáar nigkab;qáaréRB
b¤bMeBjkargarBlkmμepSg²eTot.47 ExμrRkhm)ankan;kab; nigerobcMtMbn;enH
eTAtamrcnasm<½n§RKb;RKgrdæ)alrbs;xøÜn.48
enAqñaM1977 RbCaCnTaMgGs;enAGnøg;EvgRtÚv)anbgçM[cakecjBIGnøg;
Evg eTArs;enAtamshkrN_ EdlRtÚv)anbegáIteLIgenAtMbn;epSg. enAeBlEdl
rbbExμrRkhmRtÚv)anpþÜlrMlMenAedImqñaM1979 RbCaCnEdlFøab;rs;enAtMbn;
Gnøg;Evg)aneFVIdMeNIrRtLb;mkRsukkMeNItvij. enAeBlenaH RbCaCn)an
RbQmnwgbBaðalM)aksaCafμIrvagkgT½BExμrRkhm nigkgT½BrdæaPi)al Edl
RbNaMgRbECgdeNþImkarKaMRTBIRbCaCn. kgT½Brbs;ExμrRkhmEdlenAess
sl; )anrt;ePosxøÜneTArs;enAelIPñMdgErk enAeBlEdlkgT½BevotNam nig
kgT½Brbs;saFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa kan;kab;tMbn;Gnøg;Evg. RbCaCnEdl
minFøab;manTMnak;TMngCamYynwgkgT½BExμrRkhm RtÚv)anbgçM[eFVIkarseRmccitþ
rvagkarbnþrs;enAkñúgPUmikMeNItrbs;xøÜneRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;kgT½BevotNam
nigkgT½BsaFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa b¤ePosxøÜneTAtamExμrRkhmeTAPñMdgErk
nigRbeTs éf.
kkarkekIteLIgénclnakumμúynIsþenAkm<úCa
eTaHbICaGnøg;EvgKWCaCMBUkcugeRkayénemeronsþIGMBIRbvtþiclnakumμúynIsþ
enAkm<úCakþI k¾clnaenHmin)ancab;epþImenATIenaHeT. edIm,Iyl;[)anc,as;nUv
Rbvtþisa®sþcugeRkayrbs;clnakumμúynIsþenAkm<úCa nigfaetIclnaenHman
TMnak;TMngy:agdUcemþcCamYytMbn;Gnøg;Evg eyIgRtÚvRkeLkeTAemIlRbvtþidMbUg
énclnakumμúynIsþenAtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ ¬b¤erOgr:avEdl)anekIteLIgenAkñúg
shB½n§\NÐÚcin enATsvtSr_qñaM1940¦.
RbvtþidMbUgénclnakumμúynIsþenAkm<úCa manTMnak;TMngCitsñiT§eTAnwgclnats‘U
RbqaMgnwgGaCJaFrGaNaniKm)araMg EdlenAeBlenaHclnaenH minTan;RtÚv)an
begáIt[eTACakmøaMgrwgmaMmYyenAeLIyeT rhUtdl;TsvtSr_qñaM1940. enAqñaM
28
1939 )araMgRtÚv)ankgT½Brbs;rbbNahSIúGaløWm:g;pþÜlrMlM. rbbNahSúI)an
begáItrbbGay:gmYy edIm,IRKb;RKgEpñkxøHénRbeTs)araMg nigplRbeyaCn_
TaMgLayrbs;GaNaniKm)araMg. GaløWm:g;)anbBa¢ardæaPi)alvICIrbs;)araMg
[eFVIkarENnaMdl;rdæ)alGaNaniKmenA\NÐÚcinTaMgGs; [shkarCamYyRbeTs
Cb:un EdlCasm<½n§miRtrbs;GaløWm:g;.
esÞIrEteBjmYyry³eBléns®gÁamelakelIkTIBIr Cb:unepþatkarykcitþ
Tukdak;eTAelItMbn;):asIuhVik nigdak;vtþmanrbs;xøÜnkRmittUcmYyenAtMbn;\NÐÚcin.
Cak;Esþg enARbeTskm<úCa Cb:un)anbegáItTItaMgkgT½Brbs;xøÜnmYyenATIRkúgPñMeBj
nig)anGnuBaØat[GaCJaFrGaNaniKm)araMgbnþkarRKb;RKg rdæ)alrbs;xøÜnenA
km<úCa dUcEdl)araMgFøab;)aneFVItaMgBIqñaM1863mk.
edayemIleXIj)araMgRtÚv)anGaløWm:g;pþÜlrMlMenAqñaM1939 RbeTsCit
xagrbs;km<úCa eBalKW RbeTséf )aneqøót»kasdeNþImykextþ)at;dMbg nig
esomrab RBmTaMgtMbn;mYycMnYneTotrbs;RbeTsLav. enAqñaM1940 eday)an
dwgGMBIkarcuHexSayrbs;)araMg éf)anvayRbharmkelIPaK|sanénRbeTs
km<úCa.
s®gÁam)araMg-éf ¬1940-1941¦ KWCakarvayRbyuT§KñakñúgRTg;RTay
tUcb:ueNÑaH. b:uEnþ s®gÁamenH)anbBa©b;eTAedaykarbnSl;nUvlkçxNÐGaRkk;
sRmab;)araMg nigRbeTseRkamGaNaniKmrbs;xøÜn. enAeRkamkic©RBmeRBóg
snþiPaB EdlsRmúHsRmÜledayCb:un )araMg)anRbKl;extþ)at;dMbg nigesomrab
rbs;km<úCaeTA[éf.49 Cb:un)anGnuBaØat[)araMgbnþRKb;RKgEpñkesssl;rbs;
km<úCarhUtdl;éf¶TI9 ExmIna qñaM1945 EdlbnÞab;BIeBlenaHmk Cb:un)an
GnuvtþkarRKb;RKgrbs;xøÜn mkelIRbeTskm<úCaedaypÞal;rhUtdl;éf¶EdlCb:un
caj;s®gÁamelakelIkTIBIr. xN³eBlEdlCb:unnigGaløWm:g;)ancaj;s®gÁam
elakelIkTIBIr)araMg )ancab;epþImGaNaniKmrbs;xøÜneLIgvijenA\NÐÚcin. b:uEnþ
rdæ)alGaNaniKm)araMgenAelITwkdIenH)anpøas;bþÚrTMB½rfμImYy)at;eTAehIy.
braC½yrbs;)araMgenAkñúgs®gÁamelakelIkTIBIr nigGsmtßPaBrbs;)araMg
29
kñúgkarkarBarplRbeyaCn_rbs;xøÜnenAelITwkdI\NÐÚcin )anqøúHbBa©aMgGMBIPaBGn;
exSayrbs;)araMg. RbeTskñúgtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_Føab;manRbvtþiCamYynwgkar
bHe)ar karts‘URbqaMg clnaT½BéRB menaKmn_viC¢abdivtþn_ TsSnCatiniym
nigCMnYyBIbreTs. ktþaTaMgGs;enH)anCMruj[mankaregIbeLIg ts‘UBIsMNak;Gñk
RbyuT§edIm,IesrIPaBCMnan;eRkay EdlmindUcCa RkúmepSg²eTotenaHeT.
Exμr\sSr³ KWCaclnaCatiniym EdlRbqaMgnwgGaNaniKm)araMg. clnaenH
RtÚv)anbegáIteLIgenAqñaM1945 edaymanCMnYyBIRbeTséf. clnaenHmanedIm
kMeNItenATIRkúg)agkk EdlenATIenaHR)aBisiT§ panit ¬b:uk Xun¦ edaymanCMnYy
BIRbeTséf )anbegáItKNbkSExμr\sSr³. éfmankarGak;Gn;citþcMeBaHkarRbKl;
extþ)at;dMbg nigesomrab mk[km<úCavij. edaymanbMNgcg;bgá[mankar
bHe)ar éf)anKaMRTdl;karbegáItclnaExμr\sSr³ ¬EdlmaneRcInRkúmepSg²Kña
EdlRtÚv)anbegáIteLIgedayÉkraCü enAtamtMbn;CaeRcInenATUTaMgRbeTs
km<úCa¦.50 clnaTaMgenHRtÚv)anbegáIteLIgCacm,gedIm,IpþÜlrMlMGaCJaFrGaNa
niKm)araMg. eTaHCaEbbenHkþI clnaTaMgenHeRkaymk)ankøayeTACakarCMruj
elIkTwkcitþRkúmemdwknaMkm<úCaCMnan;fμI[RbqaMgeTAnwgrdækm<úCaÉkraCüeTAvij.
enAeBlEdlclnaExμr\sSr³enAPaKbs©imEsVgrkkarKaMRTBIRbeTséf Rkúm
clnaExμr\sSr³enAPaKbUBa’ )anshkarCamYyRkúmkumμúynIsþevotmij.
evotmij KWCaRkúménbkSsm<½n§kumúμynIsþevotNam EdlRbqaMgnwgkarRKb;
RKgelIRbeTs evotNameLIgvijBIsMNak;)araMg. enAqñaM1949 Rkúmevotmij
TTYl)ankarKaMRTBIcinkumμúynIsþ Edl)anGnuBaØat[RkúmenH BRgIkkarts‘URbqaMg
nwg)araMg BIs®gÁamQøbeTACas®gÁamrvagkgT½BénRbeTsTaMgBIr. enAqñaM1950
RbeTskñúgtMbn;\NÐÚcin)ancab;epþImegIbbHe)ar.
s®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTImYyKWCakarbHe)arRbqaMgnwgGaNaniKm. sμartICati
niym)anpuseLIgeTACakmøaMgd¾xøa MgkøamYyenAkñ úgGMLúgeBléns®gÁamelak
elIkTIBIr ehIykarts‘URbqaMgnwgGaNaniKm)anpÞúHeLIgenATUTaMgGasIuGaeKñy_.
eTaHCay:agenHkþI karRbyuT§Kñay:agxøaMgkøaenAkñúgs®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTImYy ekIt
30
eLIgenARbeTsevotNam. RsbeBlCamYyKñaenHEdrGñkCatiniymExμrk¾)an
cab;epþImeFVIkarts‘URbhak;RbEhlKñaedIm,IÉkraCürbs;xøÜnEdr.
enAeBlEdlevotmijkMBugts‘URbqaMgnwg)araMgenAkñúgRbeTsevotNam Rkúm
Exμr\sSr³)ancab;epþIms®gÁamkñúgRTg;RTaytUc b:uEnþsMxan;enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa.
Rkúm\sSr³mYycMnYn KWCaRkúmecaréRBxN³mYycMnYneTot KWCaGñkRbyuT§edIm,I
esrIPaB. RkúmTaMgBIrenHKWCakarKMramkMEhgCaRbcaMdl;GaCJaFr)araMg nig
kgeyaFBlexmrPUminÞ EdlmanTItaMgenAtamTICnbT. eTaHbICaRkúm\sSr³
hak;maneKaledAneya)ayrYm kñúgkarTamTarÉkraCüCUnRbeTskm<úCa RkúmenH
minEdlrYbrYmKñaCaFøúgmYy nigesμIPaBKña dUcRkúmevotmijeT. Rkúm\sSr³CaeRcIn
)anRbRBwtþGMeBIqk;bøn; nigminmanTisedAneya)ayc,as;las;eT. enAeBlEdl
RkúmmYycMnYnEsVgrkCMnYyBIRbeTséf RkúmmYycMnYneTotEsVgrkCMnYyBIevotmij
enAeRkamsøakkumμúynIsþniym.51
enAExemsa qñaM1950smaCikeqVgniymCag200nak;énclnaExμr\sSr³
)anCYbRbCMuKñaenAextþkMBt nig)anbegáIt {rNsirSrYbrYmExμr\sSr³} edayQr
elIeKalkarN_kumμúynIsþ. clnaenHtMNag[sm<½n§PaBrvagRbCaCnEdl
rs;enAtamTIRkúg bBaØvnþ RbCaksikr nigBuT§sasnikGñkCatiniym. rNsirSenH
dwknaMeday sWg g:ukmij ¬Gacarüemon EdlCaGacarüBuT§sasna¦ nig)anshkar
CamYyevotNamkñúgkarRbyuT§RbqaMgnwg)araMg. rNsirSenHk¾tMNag[kar
cab;epþImsRmab;smaCiknaeBlGnaKtCaeRcInrbs;bkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCa EdlCa
bkSmYy EdlenATIbBa©b;)andeNþImkan;kab;RbeTskm<úCa nigbegáItrbb{km<úCa
RbCaFibetyü}.52
]TahrN_ tam:uk/ Ca sIum nig ehg sMrin KWCaCnbdivtþn_enAkñúgclnaExμr
\sSr³.53 eTaHCay:agenHkþI emdwknaMCan;x<s;rbs;bkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCadéTeTot
dUcCa saLút s ¬b:ul Bt¦/ sun esn/ exov sMpn nig eGogsarI )ankøayeTACaCn
kumμúynIsþenAeBlEdlxøÜnkMBugsikSaeronsURtenAeRkARbeTs.
enAqñaM1951 kumúμynIsþevotNam)anCYyENnaM[mankarbegáItbkSRbCa
31
Cnbdivtþn_ExμrEdlCaRbPBedIménbkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCa. smaCikKN³kmμaFikar
énbkSenHrYmman sWg g:ukmij ¬tMENgkMBUl¦/ suIv ehg ¬kic©karkgT½B¦/ TU samut
¬Gb;rMmenaKmn_viC¢a¦ nig can; sm½y ¬kic©karesdækic©¦. dUcrNsirSrYbrYm\sSr³
Edr bkSRbCaCnbdivtþn_ExμrEsVgrkkarENnaMBIkumμúuynIsþevotNam.54
GnuelamtamsnñisITsnþiPaBTIRkúghSWENvqñaM1954 ¬EdlenAeBlenaH
s®gÁam\NÐÚcin elIkTImYyRtÚv)anbBa©b;CapøÚvkar¦ rdæ)alGaNaniKm )araMgRtÚv
)andkecjBIRbeTsevotNam. enAeBlenaH evotNamRtÚv)anEbgEckCaBIrKW
evotNamxageCIgEdlmanTMenareTArklT§ikumúμynIsþ nigevotNamxagt,ÚgEdl
manTMenareTArkbs©imRbeTs. CaEpñkmYyénsnñisIT snþiPaBTIRkúghSWENv
kgkmøaMgevotmijTaMgGs; RtÚv)antRmÚv[dkecjBIkm<úCa.
eTaHCay:agenHkþI kgT½B nigTIRbwkSaevotNammYycMnYn bnþsñak;enAkm<úCa
bnþeTot. edaymankarRBÜy)armÖGMBIsuvtißPaBbdivtþn_ enAeBlEdlRbB½n§neya
)aymankarpøas;bþÚr suIv ehg/ can; sm½y nigkmμaPi)al bkSRbCaCnbdivtþn_
ExμrCagmYyBan;nak;epSgeTot )anrt;ePosxøÜn eTARbeTsevotNamEdlenATIenaH
RkúmenH)ancUlrYmCamYy sWg g:ukmij nigsmaCikbkSepSgeTot Edl)an
ePosxøÜneTAevotNammunenHbnþic.
ry³eBlb:unμanqñaMbnÞab;BIsnñisITsnþiPaBTIRkúghSWENv ¬1955-1959¦
KWCaeBlevlaEdlclnakumμúynIsþenAkm<úCamandMeNIrvivtþyWt. enAmunsnñisIT
snþiPaBTIRkúghSWENv semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu )anbBa©úHbBa©ÚlrdæaPi)al)araMg
fa meFüa)ayEtmYyKt;EdlGacTb;sáat;bdivtþn_kumμúynIsþ)an KWkarRbKl;
ÉkraCümk[km<úCa. edaybnþsßitenAkñúgsßanPaBclaclenAkñúgs®gÁam\NÐÚcin
elIkTImYy )araMg)anbnÞn;\riyabfehIy km<úCaTTYl)anÉkraCüenAqñaM1953.
eTaHbICakm<úCaRbEhlCamanplRbeyaCn_eRcInsRmab;GaNaniKm)araMgk¾eday
k¾)araMgepþatkarykcitþTukdak;rbs;xøÜnCacm,geTAelIkarRKb;RKgenAevotNam.
eRkayBIkm<úCaTTYl)anÉkraCüBI)araMg nigbnÞab;BIsnñisITsnþiPaB TIRkúg
hSWENvmk RkúmExμr\sSr³CaeRcIn)ane)aHbg;ecalkarts‘Urbs;xøÜn ehIykumμúy
32
nIsþevotNam)andkxøÜnecjBIRbeTskm<úCaesÞIrEtTaMgRsug. RBwtiþkarN_TaMg
Gs;enH)aneFVI[clnakumμúynIsþenAkm<úCacuHexSay ehIyedaymankareFVITukç
bukemñjBIsMNak;kgT½Brbs;semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu emdwknaMkumμúynIsþkm<úCa
CaeRcIn)anrt;cUléRB.
enAeRkayqñaM1954 RkúmkumμúynIsþesssl;enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa )anRbwg
ERbgts‘U edIm,I)anrs;ranmanCIvit. enAeRkamkardwknaMrbs;elak ln; nl; Edl
CaGKÁembBa¢akarkgT½Brbs;semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu rdæaPi)al)antamcab;xøÜn
emdwknaMkumμúynIsþCaeRcIn Edl)anbgçM[RkúmenHrt;cUléRB.
BIéf¶TI28dl;éf¶TI30 ExkBaØa qñaM1960 smaCsm¶at;mYyrbs;bkSRbCa
Cnbdivtþn_ExμrRtÚv)anerobcMeLIgenAsßanIyrfePøIgmYyenATIRkúgPñMeBj eday
mankarcUlrYmBIsMNak;smaCik7nak;mkBIsaxaenATIRkúg nig14nak;epSgeTot
mkBIsaxaenAtamCnbT. smaCenH)anerobcMbkSsaCafμIeLIgvij kMNt;eKal
neya)ayfμI nigpøas;bþÚreQμaHbkS eTACabkSBlkrkm<úCa Edlman TU samut
CaelxabkS nig nYn Ca CaGnuelxa. b:ul Bt mantMENglMdab;TIbIenAkñúgbkS
ehIy)ankøayCaGnuelxabkSTIBIr enAqñaM1961.55
enAExkumÖ³ qñaM1963 bkSBlkrkm<úCa)anebIksmaCbnÞan;mYy bnÞab;BI TU
samut )an)at;xøÜnenAqñaM1962.smaCenH)aneRCIserIs b:ul Bt CaelxabkS
nig nYn Ca CaGnu elxadEdl. Pøam²bnÞab;BIRtÚv)aneRCIstaMgCaelxabkS b:ul
Bt )anePosxøÜneTACMrMkgT½BevotNam {mnÞIr100} enACab;RBMEdnRsukemmt;
PaK|sanénRbeTskm<úCa. enAqñaM1965 b:ul Bt )aneFVIdMeNIredayefμIreCIg
tampøÚvlMhUCImij eq<aHeTAkan;TIRkúghaNUy edIm,IBiPakSaCamYyevotNamxag
eCIg. b:ul Bt k¾manKeRmageTAeFVITsSnkic©enARbeTscin nigkUer:xageCIgEdr.
enAqñaM1966 bnÞab;BImkdl;km<úCavij b:ul Bt )anbþÚreQμaHbkSeTACabkS
kumμúynIsþkm<úCa. KN³kmμaFikarmCÄimbkSenAeBlenaHrYmman b:ul Bt/ nYn Ca/
eGog sarI/ vn ev:t nig sun esn. enAcugTsvtSr_qñaM1960 bkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCa
TTYl)ansmaCikfμICaeRcIn EdlPaKeRcInrs;enAtMbn;dac;RsyaltambeNþay
33
RBMEdnevotNam EdlenAq¶ayBIkgT½Brbs;semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu.
edayenAq¶ayBIkarRKb;RKgrbs;rdæaPi)al kgkmøaMgkumμúynIsþkm<úCa )an
RbmUlpþú MGMNacrbs;xøÜn nigerobcMkmøaMgeLIgvij edIm,IeRtómsRmab;sßanPaB
GMeNayplNamYy EdlGacGnuBaØat[xøÜndeNþImGMNac)an. enATIbMput sßan
PaBGMeNayplenaH)anmkdl;enAqñaM1970 enAeBlEdl semþcRBH neratþm
sIhnu RtÚv)anpþÜlrMlMecjBIGMNac nigenAeBlEdlrbb ln; nl; RtÚv)an
begáIteLIg.
karTmøak;semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu nigkarbegáItrbb ln; nl; KWCalT§pl
énsm<aFCa eRcInEdlecHEtekIneLIgCalMdab;TaMgBIxagkñúg nigBIxageRkAeTA
elIkarRKb;RKgrbs;semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu EdlCalT§plénkic©xitxMRbwg
ERbgrbs;semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu kñúgkarrkSaGBüaRkwtPaBrbs;km<úCa kñúg
GMLúgeBléns®gÁamevotNam.
s®gÁamevotNam KWCaBaküEdleRbIsMedAeTAelIkarRbyuT§KñarvagPaKI
shrdæGaemrik nigevotNamxagt,Úg kñúgnamCaPaKImYyCamYynwgPaKIevotNam
kumμúynIsþ EdlKaMRTedayevotNamxageCIg kñúgnamCaPaKImçageTot. eTaHbICa
karKaMRTBIdMbUgrbs;shrdæGaemrik epþatsMxan;EteTAelICMnYyesdækic© nigkarpþl;
RbwkSaEpñkeyaFadl;evotNamxagt,Úgy:agNak¾edaykþI k¾CMnYyenH)anekIn
eLIgCalMdab;rhUteTACakarTb;Tl;eTAnwgkarKMramkMEhgrbs;kumμúynIsþ. mkdl;
qñaM1965 shrdæGaemrik)anpþl;fvikay:ageRcInsn§wksn§ab;eTA[evotNam
xagt,Úg ehIyCMnYyrbs;shrdæGaemrik)anekIneLIgy:agelOn BICMnYyEpñk
esdækic© nigkarRbwkSaeyaFaeTACaCMnYyEpñkkmøaMgT½B nigbuKÁlikeyaFay:ag
eRcIn. xN³eBlEdls®gÁamrvagshrdæGaemrik nigevotNamxageCIg kan;Et
manPaBtantwgeLIg shrdæGaemrik)anbegáIn nigBRgIkkarTmøak;RKab;Ebkrbs;xøÜn
kan;EtFMeLIg. dUckar):an;sμan kgT½Brbs;evotNamkumμúynIsþ)aneRbIR)as;TwkdI
km<úCa edIm,IeKcecjBIRKab;Ebkrbs;shrdæGaemrik.
semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu minmanCeRmIseRcIneT kñúgkarTb;sáat;min[
34
evotNamkumμúynIsþ eRbIR)as;TwkdIrbs;km<úCa. kgeyaFBlexmrPUminÞ minman
kmøaMgRKb;RKan; edIm,ITb;Tl;CamYynwgkumμúynIsþ ehIyRsbeBlCamYyKñaenaH
semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu k¾kMBugEtRbQmCamYynwgCnkumμúynIsþkm<úCa CaeRcIn
enAtamTICnbTkñúgRbeTskm<úCa.
semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu )ansmøwgemIleTARkúmGPirkSniymenAkñúgCYrrdæa
Pi)al ¬EdlrYmmankgkmøaMgb:UlIs nigeyaFa¦ edIm,IvayRbharCnkumμúynIsþ
EdlRbqaMgnwgRBHGgÁxN³eBlEdlRBHGgÁbnþrkSaTMnak;TMngmitþPaBCamYy
evotNamkumμúynIsþ RBmTaMgbnþCMrujkmμviFIkMENTRmg;neya)ay tamEbbsgÁm
niymRBHBuT§sasnarbs;RBHGgÁ. kmμviFIneya)ayenHTTYl)aneCaKC½y Edl
RsbeBlCamYyKñaenaH semþcRBH neratþm sIhnuTTYlCMnYyeyaFaBIshrdæ
Gaemrik. b:uEnþ enAExvicäika qñaM1963 bnÞab;BIbdiesFCMnYyrbs;shrdæGaemrik
semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu minGacrkSa)annUvkmμviFIsuxumalPaBsgÁm Edl
RbkbedaykarcMNayy:ageRcInteTAeTot)aneT. edIm,ITb;Tl;eTAnwgkarxVHxat
enHsemþcRBH neratþmsIhnu )aneFVICatUbnIykmμeTAelIkarnaMecjnignaMcUlrbs;
km<úCa Edlneya)ayenHmanRbsiT§PaBry³eBlxøI kñúgkarRTRTg;kmμviFIsgÁmrbs;
RBHGgÁ. b:uEnþ sRmab;lT§plry³eBlEvg kmμviFIneya)ayEbbenH)anCMruj
[mankaredaHdUrenAkñúgTIpSarggwt Edl)anbNþal[rdæaPi)al)at;bg;cMNUl
Bn§Gs;CaeRcIn.
RkúmsþaMniym ¬EdlrYmman b:UlIsTahan nigRkúmGPiCn¦ cab;epþImxwgsm,ar
CamYynwgkarekIneLIgnUvGesßrPaBEpñkesdækic© nigkarekIneLIgénRkúmkumμúy
nIsþ. kmøaMgkumμúynIsþkan;EtmanPaBekøóvkøaeLIg enAkñúgRbtibtþikareyaFarbs;
xøÜn. edayxVHCMnYyrbs;shrdæGaemrik karKMramkMEhgénkardeNþImGMNacBI
sMNak;RkúmkumμúynIsþkan;EtekIneLIg.
mkRtwmqñaM1969 semþcRBH neratþm sIhnuminGacbeBa©ósRbeTskm<úCa
[ecjputBIs®gÁamevotNam)anteTAeToteT.edaymankarGak;Gn;citþCamYy
PaBRBegIykenþIyrbs;semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu nigedayemIleXIjBIskmμPaB
35
rbs;evotNamkumμúynIsþenAkñúgTwkdIkm<úCa shrdæGaemrik)ancab;epþImTmøak;RKab;
EbkkñúgRTg;RTayFM nigCayuT§sa®sþ mkelIRbeTskm<úCa enAqñaM1969.56
PaBxVHcenøaHrbs;semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu enAkñúgkarRKb;RKgesdækic©Cati
nigkarBarrdæaPi)alkm<úCaBIsRtÚvrbs;xøÜnTaMgxagkñúg nigxageRkA )anCMruj[Rkúm
EdlriHKn;RBHGgÁcab;epþImeFVIskmμPaB.
enAqñaM1970 enAeBlEdlsemþcRBH neratþm sIhnu yagecjBIRbeTs
km<úCa RkúmsþaMniym)anTmøak;RBHGgÁecjBIGMNac.
rrbb ln; nl; ³ 1970-1975
enAExmIna qñaM1970 rdæsPaCati)ane)aHeqñatTmøak;semþcRBH neratþm
sIhnu ecjBItMENgCaRBHRbmuxrdæ nig)anbegáItrbbfμImYy. rbbfμIEdldwknaM
edayelakesnaRbmux ln; nl; maneKalbMNgRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgkarKMramkMEhg
rbs;RkúmkumμúynIsþ TaMgkumμúynIsþkm<úCa nigkumμúynIsþevotNam. eTaHbICaelak
esnaRbmux ln; nl; TTYl)ankarKaMRT BIshrdæGaemrikk¾eday k¾RbCaCnenA
tamTICnbTminTTYlsÁal;rbbfμIenHeLIy.
eTaHbICasemþcRBH neratþm sIhnu RtÚv)anbeNþjecjBIGMNac k¾eday
k¾RBHGgÁenAEtTTYl)ankareKarBRslaj;BIRbCaCnenAtamTICnbT. RBHGgÁRTg;
yl;eXIjfa karCYyeRCamERCgBIsMNak;ExμrRkhmGacCYy[RBHGgÁTTYl)an
GMNacRtLb;mkvij. RBHGgÁ)ancgsm<½n§PaB CamYynwgExμrRkhm EdlCa
GtItKUsRtÚvkumμúynIsþrbs;RBHGgÁ nig)anbegáIt{rNsirSrYbrYmCatikm<úCa} nig
rdæaPi)alnireTsmYy EdlmaneQμaHfa {raCrdæaPi)alrYbrYmCatikm<úCa}. eTaHCa
y:agenHkþI enATIbBa©b;ExμrRkhm RKan;EteRbIR)as;RBHGgÁ edIm,IseRmc)annUv
eKaledArbs;xøÜnEtb:ueNÑaH.
RsbeBlCamYyKñaenHEdr kgT½BevotNamkumμúynIsþ)ancUlkan;EteRCAmk
kñúgRbeTskm<úCa nig)aneFVIkarCamYyExμrRkhmkñúgkareRCIserIs nighVwkhVWnkgT½B
bdivtþn_ Edl)anekIneLIgBIcMnYnRbmaNbIBan;nak;enAqñaM1970 eTACagbYnmuWnnak;
36
enAqñaM1973. edaymanCMnYyBIevotNam kgT½BExμrRkhm)ancab;epþImpþÜlrMlM
kgT½Brbs;elakesnaRbmux ln; nl; enAelIsmrPUmi. eTaHCay:agenHkþI kic©sh
RbtibtþikarrvagevotNam nigExμrRkhm RKan;EtCakic©shRbtibtiþkarbeNþaH
GasnñEtb:ueNÑaH. enAeBlEdlkgT½BExμrRkhmmankmøaMgkan;EtxøaMgeLIg Exμr
Rkhm)anTamTar[evotNamdkkmøaMgrbs;xøÜnecjBIRbeTskm<úCa.57 mkdl;
cugqñaM1973 kgkmøaMgevotNamPaKeRcInRtÚv)andkecjBIkm<úCa ehIyExμr
Rkhm)anTTYlxusRtÚvTaMgRsugenAkñúgs®gÁamRbqaMgnwgrbb ln; nl;.
BIExmkra dl;ExsIha qñaM1973 shrdæGaemrik)anTmøak;RKab;EbkRbmaN
knøHlanetanmkelIRbeTskm<úCa Edl)ansmøab;RbCaCnRbmaNbIEsnnak;.58
karTmøak;RKab;Ebk)anBnüarC½yCmñHrbs;ExμrRkhm b:uEnþ )anbgákarxwgsm,arBI
sMNak;RbCaCnenAtamTICnbT EdlRbkarenH)anCYysRmÜldl;kareRCIserIs
kgT½Brbs;ExμrRkhm.
mkRtwmedImqñaM1973 85PaKryénRbeTskm<úCa )anFøak;eRkamkarRKb;
RKgrbs;ExμrRkhm ehIykgT½Brbs;elakesnaRbmux ln; nl; esÞIrEtBMuGac
bnþkarRbyuT§teTAmuxeTot)an. b:uEnþ edaysarCMnYyrbs;shrdæGaemrik kgT½B
ln; nl; GacbnþkarRbyuT§CamYyExμrRkhm)anBIrqñaMeTot.
kkarmkdl;dMbUgrbs;ExμrRkhmenAtMbn;Gnøg;Evg
Pøam²bnÞab;BIrdæRbharqñaM1970 Edl)anTmøak;semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu
ecjBIGMNac kgT½Brbs; ln; nl; )anRKb;RKgtMbn;Gnøg;Evg)anmYyry³eBlxøI.
enAkñúgry³eBlenaH kgT½B ln; nl; )anRbyuT§CamYykgkmøaMgkumμúynIsþevot
NamxageCIg ¬b¤ehAfaevotkug¦ Cajwkjab;. kgkmøaMgevotkugTaMgenH)ancUl
mkRbeTskm<úCa edIm,ICYydl;ExμrRkhm. karts‘UedIm,ITmøak;rdæaPi)al ln; nl;
enAeBlenaH RtÚv)anExμrRkhmBN’nafa Cas®gÁamRbqaMgeTAnwg{cRkBtþiGaem
rik} nigrdæaPi)alsaFarNrdæExμr EdlKaMRTedayshrdæGaemrik.
sßanPaB nigeBlevlaCak;lak;GMBIkarmkdl;dMbUgrbs;ExμrRkhmenAtMbn;
37
Gnøg;EvgminRtÚv)andwg[)anc,as;las;eT. eyagtamsMdIrbs;RbCaCnEdl
rs;enATIenaH kgkmøaMgExμrRkhm)anmktaMgTIenAtMbn;Ek,rGnøg;Evg taMgBImunqñaM
1970. BIrbIExbnÞab;BIkgT½B ln; nl; dkecjBItMbn;Gnøg;Evg ExμrRkhm)an
begáItmUldæanmYyenAéRBs¥ak EdlRtÚv)ansÁal;fa kgekg CakEnøgEdlExμr
RkhmeFVIkareXasna nigeRCIserIsRbCaCnGnøg;EvgCaeRcIn[cUlrYmclnats‘U
bdivtþn_rbs;xøÜn. ExμrRkhmTTYl)aneCaKC½yenAkñúgkargarenH eday)anEbg
EckRbCaCn[eTACakgepSg² edIm,Ikab;qáardIsRmab;daMdMNaMnigeFVIERs EdlCa
kic©kard¾sMxan; sRmab;eKaledACayuT§sa®sþrbs;ExμrRkhm. minyUrb:unμan
bnÞab;BIkarbegáItmUldæankgekg kgT½BExμrRkhm nigkgT½Bevotkug)anpþÜlrMlM
kgT½B ln; nl; nigdeNþImkan;kab;tMbn;Gnøg;EvgTaMgRsug. RbCaCnEdlRtÚv)an
ekor[eTArs;enAkgekg )anvilRtLb;eTArs;enAtamPUmierog²xøÜnvij nig)an
ksagCIvitsaCafμIeLIgvij. eTaHCay:agenHkþI karRbyuT§KñakñúgRTg;RTaytUcrvag
kgT½B ln; nl; nigkgT½BExμrRkhm enAEtbnþekItmanmYyry³eBlkalBIqñaM
1970 dl;qñaM1975 EdlminGnuBaØat[RbCaCnmaneBlsRmakenAkñúg
CIvit.59
karcUlkan;kab;tMbn;Gnøg;Evgrbs;ExμrRkhmekIteLIgenAkñ úgeBlEdl
RbeTsCatikMBugCYbRbTHnUvclacl CemøaH nigGesßrPaBsgÁm CaBiess enAtam
TICnbT.60 CIvitenAtamshKmn_RtÚv)anpøas;bþÚrxN³eBlEdlCemøaH)anekIt
maneLIgenARKb;TICnbT Edl)anpþl;lT§PaBd¾l¥dl;ExμrRkhmkñúgkareRCIserIs
RbCaCnkñúgRTg;RTayFM[cUlrYmCamYybdivtþn_rbs;xøÜn.61 RbCaCnTaMgLayNa
Edlsμ½RKcitþcUlrYmCamYyExμrRkhmRtÚv)antRmÚv[esøóksemøókbMBak;BN’exμA
nigRtÚveTArs;enAkñúgmnÞIrrbs;ExμrRkhm. Pasaniyay nigTMnak;TMngenAkñúg
shKmn_Gnøg;Evg)anpøas;bþÚr. edIm,IbgðajGMBIkarlHbg;rbs;xøÜncMeBaHExμrRkhm
smaCikfμITaMgGs;)aneRbIR)as;PasaepSg edIm,IBN’naGMBITMnak;TMngsgÁm.
smaCikfμITaMgenH)aneRbIBakü{smmitþ} sRmab;ehAKñaeTAvijeTAmk. minyUr
b:unμan PasaCa RbéBNIrbs;ExμrsRmab;eRbIR)as;kñúgTMnak;TMngRKÜsar dUcCaBakü
38
{BU mIg bgRbús bgRsI})anrlay)at;. evaharsBÞ neya)ayRtÚv)anbBa©Úl
eTAkñúgkarR)aRs½yTak;TgKñaRbcaMéf¶.
bTBiesaFEdltMbn;Gnøg;EvgCYbRbTHenAeRkammenaKmn_viC¢a nigkarRKb;
RKgrbs;ExμrRkhm KWRKan;EtCaEpñkmYyénTsSnvis½yd¾FMrbs;ExμrRkhm enA
kñúgkarEkERbRbeTsCati. enAeBlEdlTIRkúgPñMeBjFøak;eRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;
ExμrRkhmenAqñaM1975 RbCaCnrab;Esnnak;RtÚv )anExμrRkhmCemøósedaybgçM
ecjBITIRkúgeTAkan;TICnbT. eKalneya)ayénkarCemøósRbCaCnecjBITIRkúg
eTAkan;TICnbT minEmnGnuvtþ EtenATIRkúgPñMeBjenaHeT. enATUTaMgRbeTskm<úCa
RbCaCnRtÚv)anCemøósecjBITIRbCuMCnEdlenAesssl;eTAkan;TICnbT Edl
enATIenaHRbCaCnRtÚv)anbgçM[eFVIkaredaykmøaMgenAtamkardæannana.
bEnßmeTAelIkarCemøósedaybgçM menaKmn_viC¢arbs;ExμrRkhm)anRKb
dNþb;eTAelIvb,Fm’ nigesdækic©CatiTaMgmUl. menaKmn_viC¢arbs;ExμrRkhm
manRbPBecjmkBIRTwsþIem:Aniym nigRTwsþIm:akSelnIn.62 emdwknaMExμrRkhmman
bMNgEkERbRbeTskm<úCa[eTACasgÁmCnbTmYyEdlKμanvNѳ KμanGñkman
KμanGñkRk nigKμankarCiHCan;. edIm,IseRmc[)annUvEpnkarenH ExμrRkhm)anlub
bM)at;rUbiyvtßú TIpSaresrI salaeron kmμsiTi§ÉkCn semøókbMBak;Ebbbs©im
RbeTs karRbtibtþisasna nigvb,Fm’Exμr. ExμrRkhm)anERbkøaysalaeron
vtþGaram viharsasnaGIusøam viharsasnaRKisþ saklviTüal½y hagTMnij
nigGKarrdæaPi)al eTACamnÞIr snþisux XøaMgpÞúksmÖar³ CMrMGb;rMEkERb nigCRgúk
RsUv.63
ekIt RBH )anerobrab;GMBIbTBiesaFrbs;Kat; kñúgnamCayuvCnmñak;Edl
eFVIERsenAkñúgkgcl½t. RBH )anerobrab;fa ³
eyIgcab;epþImeTAeFVIERsenAem:ag5eTobPøW ehIyeyIgRtÚv)an
GnuBaØat[sRmakhUbGaharéf¶Rtg;enAem:ag11. eyIgRtÚvcab;
epþIm eFVIkarbnþeTotenAem:ag1resol nigsRmak enAem:ag5l¶ac
39
edIm,IhUbGaharCaelIkTIBIr. bnÞab;mk ExμrRkhm)anbBa¢a[eyIg
eTAeFVIkarbnþeTotenAem:ag6rhUtdl;em:ag10yb;. ExμrRkhm
eRbIcegáógeRbgkat edIm,IbMPøWvalERs[kgcl½teFVIkar. eKaledA
rbs;ExμrRkhm KWeFVIy:agNaseRmc[ )anTinñplbIetankñúgmYy
hicta. enAkñúgrdUvRcÚtkat; eyIgRbmUlplRsUv ehIydak;enAkñúg
XøaMg RbmaNbIeTAbYnXøaMg. b:uEnþ xJMúmin)andwgfa etIExμrRkhmyk
RsUvTaMgGs;enaH eTATINaenaHeT.
40
CMBUk3
Gnøg;EvgenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;ExμrRkhm
eemdwknaMExμrRkhmenAtMbn;Gnøg;Evg
enAkñúgry³kalénrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü ¬1975-1979¦ Gnøg;Evg
sßitenAeRkamrbbRKb;RKgmYyRbkbedayPaBRcbUkRcbl; edaysarEtkareFVI
bnSúT§kmμ karcab;xø Ün nigPaBclaclEpñkneya)ay Edl)anRKbdNþb;elI
tMbn;enH. enAkñúgGMLúgeBléns®gÁamsIuvil ¬1970-1975¦ Gnøg;Evgsßit
enAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;tMbn;esomrab-]tþrmanC½y EdlRtÚv)ansÁal;fa
CatMbn;35rbs;ExμrRkhm.64 RsukGnøg;Evg RtÚv)anEbgEckCa4XMu EdlrYm
manXMuGnøg;Evg lMTg RtBaMgtav nigp¥av. XMuTaMgbYnenH RtÚv)anEbgEckbnþ
eToteTACashkrN_EdlRbCaCnenAGnøg;EvgRtÚvrs;enA nigbMeBjkargar.
dUctMbn;déTeTotenATUTaMgRbeTskm<úCaEdr karcab;xøÜn bnSúT§kmμ nigkarsmøab;
EtgEtekIteLIgCajwkjab;enAGnøg;Evg. eTaHbICafñak;dwknaMExμrRkhmPaKeRcIn
enAGnøg;EvgKWCaeKaledAénbnSúT§kmμnigkarsmøab;k¾eday k¾emdwknaMTaMgenH )an
GnuvtþTegVIdUcKñaenHeTAelIRbCaCnrbs;xøÜn. TIsñak;karFMrbs;ExμrRkhmenA
Gnøg;Evg manTItaMgsßitenAPUmirMeck XMulMTg. smmitþ r:ug EdlCakmμaPi)almkBI
extþkMBg;cam KWCaelxaRsukGnøg;EvgBIqñaM1970 dl;qñaM1977.65 r:ug RtÚv)an
cab;xøÜn nigbBa¢ÚneTAXMuXaMgenARsuksMerag extþ]tþrmanC½y.66 smmitþ Tuy
)aneLIgCaelxaRsukGnøg;EvgCMnYs r:ug. b:uEnþ bnÞab;BIeLIgCaelxa)anry³eBl
bIEx Tuy )an)at;xøÜn. v:n EdlCakmμaPi)almkBIPUmiPaKnirtI )ankøayCaemdwknaM
TIbIenAGnøg;Evg. RbCaCnenAGnøg;Evgniyayfa v:n nigGnuelxarbs;xøÜneQμaH etA
)ancab;xøÜn nigsmøab;RbFanshkrN_Gs;CaeRcInrUb.67
edIm,IkarBarRBMEdn ExμrRkhm)andak;kgvresnatUcmYykg[RbcaMkarenA
RsukGnøg;Evg EdlTTYlxusRtÚvyamkam nigkarBarRBMEdnCamYyRbeTséf.
41
kgvresnatUcenHdwknaMeday smmitþ ék CaRbFan/ smmitþ efn CaGnuRbFan nig
smmitþ CMu CasmaCikTIbI. kgT½BenAkñúgkgvresnatUcenH )anTTYlkarhVwkhat;
cMnYnbIExmunnwgRtÚv)anbBa¢Ún[eTAQreCIgenAtamRBMEdn EdlenATIenaHCemøaH
CamYyéf)anekIteLIgCaerOy². kgT½BRtÚv)anbBa¢a[yamRBMEdn CIkdIdaMcRmÚg
nigkarBarlT§PaBénkarvayRbharBIsMNak;RkúmExμrs ¬ExμrssMedAeTAelIkgT½B
EdlenAesssl;rbs; ln; nl;¦.68
CIvitCakgT½BCYbkarlM)ak b:uEnþ enAEtsßitenAkñúgCIvPaBl¥RbesIrCagRbCa
CnPaKeRcIn. kgT½BEdlRbcaMkarenAtambeNþayRBMEdn minmanGaharhUbcuk
RKb;RKan;eT. kgT½BTaMgGs;enaHRtÚvCIkdMLÚgéRB nigkþÜcykmkbriePaKbEnßm
eTaHbICaemdwknaMpÁt;pÁg;RsUverogral;BIrs)þah_mþgk¾eday. CaTUeTAGgÁPaB
nImYy²RtÚvEtBwgEp¥kelIxøÜnÉgedIm,Irs; ehIykgT½BRtÚv)anelIkTwkcitþ[eTA
br)aj;stVéRB nigEsVgrkGaharedayxøÜnÉg. edaysarGnøg;EvgRKbdNþb;
eTAedayéRB tMbn;enHsMbUrstVéRBNas; ¬dUcCastVxøa¦ kgT½BExμrRkhmmYycMnYn
)ankøayeTACaGñkRbmaj;stVéRBy:agsÞat;CMnaj.
CCIvitrs;enARbcaMéf¶rbs;RbCaCnenAtMbn;Gnøg;Evg kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü
BIqñaM1970dl;qñaM1975 RbCaCnRtÚv)anGnuBaØat[rs;enA nighUb Gahar
enAtampÞHerog²xøÜn. b:uEnþ enAeBlEdlExμrRkhmTTYl)anGMNackan;EteRcIn
CIvPaBrs;enARbcaMéf¶rbs;RbCaCn)anpøas;bþÚrbnþicmþg²BICIvit RKÜsar kareFVI
ERscmáar nigkarrs;enAkñúgshKmn_ eTACaCIvitEdlRKbdNþb;edaykarrs;enA
CalkçN³smUhPaBenAkñúgshkrN_. bnÞab;BIqñaM1975 emdwknaMExμrRkhm
)an[RbCaCnRbKl;smÖar³pÞH)ayrbs;xøÜn eTA[shkrN_sRmab;kareRbIR)as;
rYm. CIvitrs;enArbs;RbCaCncab;epþImCYbkarlM)akkan;EtF¶n;eTA² enAeBl
EdlRbCaCnRtÚv)antRmÚv[hUbrYm ehIyeBlevlasRmab;RKÜsarRtÚv)an
cMNayeTAelIkargarBlkmμtamvalERs. enAkñúgkarrs;enACashkrN_ RbCa
CnRtÚveFVIkareRcInem:ag nigTTYlrgkareFVITukçbukemñj. RbCaCnRtÚveFVIkarBIRBlwm
42
Tl;RBlb;ehIy eBlxøHRtÚveFVIkarrhUtdl;Bak;kNþalyb;. GVI²TaMgGs; rYmTaMg
Tmøab;kargarERscmáarRbcaMéf¶pg RtÚv)ankMNt;edayExμrRkhm.
CIvitmankarlM)akehIyRbCaCnminmaneBlevlapÞal;xøÜn b¤sRmab;RKÜsar
enaHeT. RbCaCnRtÚv)anbgçM[eFVIkarBIem:ag6dl;em:ag11RBwk bnÞab;mkRtÚv)an
GnuBaØat[sRmakmYyEPøt. enAem:ag1resol RbCaCnTaMgGs;RtÚvRtLb;eTA
kan;kardæankargarvijrhUtdl;em:ag 5l¶ac. mnusSRKb;rUbmankarenOyht;
y:agxøaMg ehIyTnÞwgrg;caMsñÚreKaHCYg EdlCasBaØaRbkasfa kargarenAéf¶enaH
)anbBa©b;ehIy. eTaHbICaeFVIkareRcInem:agkñúgmYyéf¶y:agNak¾eday k¾enAeBl
xøH ExμrRkhmbgçM[RbCaCneFIVkarrhUtdl;yb;eRCAbEnßmeTot EdlCYnkalrhUt
dl;em:ag10yb;.
kñúgeKalbMNgBRgwgExSsgVak;kargar ExμrRkhm)anEbgEckRbCaCn[eTA
CakgepSg²KñaeTAtamv½y nigePT. kgTaMgenaHrYmman kgcl½t kgkumar kg®sþI
nigkgdwkCBa¢Ún. RbCaCnenAkñúgkgTaMgenaHRtÚvRbwgERbg eFVIkargar minfaQW
b¤Gs;kmøaMgenaHeT. RbCaCnTaMgLayNaEdlbdiesF b¤minGacbMeBjkargar
)annwgRtÚvTTYlTaruNkmμ b¤)at;xøÜnenAkñúgkrNImYycMnYn.
CCIvitrs;enAkñúgshkrN_
minxusBItMbn;déTeToténRbeTskm<úCa PUmiCaeRcInenAtMbn;Gnøg;EvgRtÚv)an
ERbkøay[eTACashkrN_enAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. eTaHbICaeyIgGac
snμtfa CIvitrbs;RbCaCn RbEhlCaminxusKñaxøaMgeBkeT y:agNak¾eday
k¾BIshkrN_mYyeTAshkrN_mYyeTotenAkñúgtMbn;enH eyIgGacnwgmankarPan;
RcLMedaysarEtsßanPaBenAkñúgshkrN_nImYy²GacmansßanPaBxusKñaxøaMg
GaRs½yeTAelIRbFanshkrN_nImYy² nigkargarrdæ)alrbs;kmμaPi)alExμr
RkhmenAtMbn;enaH. karsikSaRsavRCavrbs;eyIgmin)anBinitüemIl[sIuCeRmA
eTAelIsßanPaBCak;EsþgenAkñúgshkrN_nImYy²eT. eTaHCay:agenHkþI kñúgeKal
bMNgpþl;[GñkGanGMBITidæPaBTUeTAmYyénCIvitrs;enAkñúgshkrN_ eyIg)ansegçb
43
GMBICIvitrs;enAkñúgshkrN_mYy EdlmaneQμaHfa shkrN_taedv.
taedv KWCaeQμaHPUmimYyenAkñúgXMuRtBaMgtav EdlCaPUmicas;mYyrbs;
XMurnam énRsukR)asaTrevog. PUmienHmanRbCaCnrs;enARbEhl25 RKÜsarenA
kñúgrbbrbs;semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu. PUmienHminmanrcnasm<½n§sgÁmenaHeT
ehIym®nþIrdæaPi)alkRmcuHmkRtÜtBinitüPUmidac;RsyalmYyenHNas;.
r)aykarN_mYycMnYn)anelIkeLIgfa RbCaCnCaeRcInmkBIPUmiRtBaMgtav
eKakkþan; nigPUmipÁaMrmas RtÚv)anRbmUl[mkrs;enAkñúgshkrN_taedv Edlman
smmitþ m:ul CaRbFanshkrN_ nigsmaCikmYycMnYneTot EdlrYmman sak;/
eCOm nig Ék. kmμaPi)alTaMgGs;enHRtÚv)ansÁal;faCaemdwknaMkacsahav
Edl[RbCaCnhUbEtbbrrav. eTaHCay:agenHkþI RkúmRKÜsarrbs;kmμaPi)alExμr
RkhmPaKeRcInman)ayhUb. sIun hYg )anrMB£kGMBICIvit rbs;Kat;enAkñúgsh
krN_ taedv dUcteTA ³
eyIgRtÚv)anbMEbk[eFVIkargarepSgKña. «Bukrbs;xJMúeFVIkarenAkñúg
eragm:asIunkinRsUv.xJMúeTAXValeKa.mþayrbs;xJMú eTAeFVIkargarERs
cmáar. b¥ÚnRbúsrbs;xJMúedIrkat;esμAsRmab;eFVICI. bgRbúsrbs;xJMú
eTAeFVIkarenAeragm:asIunkinRsUvshkrN_CamYy«Bukrbs;xJMú. eyIg
eFVIkarBIRBlwmTl;RBlb; nigsRmakenAeBlhUbGaharéf¶Rtg;.
eyIgTTYl)anbbrmYycantUcBIreBlkñúgmYyéf¶. edIm,IbMeBjRkBH
eyIg)anedIrebHRtkYnmkhUbCamYyGMbil.69
dUcPUmiepSg²eTotenAkñúgtMbn;enHEdr karrs;enAkñúgPUmitaedv RtÚv)anbegáIt
eLIgCarebobshkrN_. eTaHCay:agenHkþI RKÜsarCaeRcInbnþrs;enAkñúgPUmierog²
xøÜn ¬b¤y:agehacNas; rs;enAkñúgrgVg;énbrievNPUmirbs;xøÜn¦ rhUtdl;qñaM
1977. enAqñaM1977 PUmiTaMgGs;enAkñúgtMbn;Gnøg;Evg KμanmnusSrs;enA.
GñkPUmiRtÚv)anCemøóseTAkan;RsukRkLaj; kñúgextþesomrab.
44
kkumar
eyagtambTsmÖasCamYyRbCaCnEdlrs;enAtMbn;Gnøg;Evg kumarEdl
rs;enAtMbn;enHkñúgry³kalénrbbExμrRkhm RtÚv)anbMEbkecjBI«Bukmþayrbs;
xøÜnGs;ry³eBly:agyUr. ekμgRbúsRsIRtÚv)andak;[rs;enAdac;edayELk
BIKña. mut esA EdlCaGtItRKÚbeRgon KWCaRbFankgkumar. kumarRtÚv)an
bBa¢a[edIrkat;esμA nigci®Ba©aMeFVICI. CaTUeTA kumarTaMgenaHRtÚv)antRmÚv[eFVI
kargarF¶n; dUcCa CIkdI nigelIkPøWERs. kumarCaeRcInesÞIrEtBMumankmøaMgRKb;RKan;
edIm,IelIkcbkab;dIenaHeT.
dUcRbCaCnkm<úCaPaKeRcIn Edlrs;enAeRkamrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü
CIvitrbs;kumarhak;dUcCakMBugsßitenAkñúgelçand¾cEmøkmYy. kumarRtÚv)aneRbI
dUcCaeKaRkbI [eFVIERs CIkdI nigeFVIkargarepSg²eTot dUcCa«Bukmþayrbs;
xøÜnEdr. PaBsb,ayrIkrayEbbyuvv½y)ankøayeTACakarcgcaMmYy Edlsßit
enAEsnq¶ay. cMENkÉkumarPaBEdlKμaneTaséBr_ EbrCaTTYlrgnUvesaknad
kmμEdlKYr[xøac nigrYmrwteTAedayCMgW nigkarsøab;. GgÁPaBkumarrYmmankumarBI
300 eTA400nak;. kumarTaMgenHrs;enA nighUbcukrYmKña. bEnßmBIelIkargar
EdleRbIR)as;kmøaMgBlkmμ Caerogral;éf¶kumarTaMgenaHRtÚv)antRmÚv[eronsURt
menaKmn_viC¢a nigGkSrbnþicbnþÜc. kumarTTYl)anGaharBIreBlkñúgmYyéf¶ enA
em:ag11RBwk nigem:ag5l¶ac. kumarmñak;²TTYl)anbbrmYykUncantUckñúg
mYyeBl.70
karcab;xøÜn nigkarsmøab;
karcab;xøÜn nigkarsmøab;KWCadMeNIrkarCaTUeTA ehIyCIvitrs;enARbcaMéf¶ pSar
P¢ab;nwgkarXøaMemIleTAelITmøab; nigkarniyaysþI. kayvikarsamBaØ BaküsmþI b¤
Tmøab;rbs;buKÁlmñak; GacbgðajGMBIkarxVHkareKarBRslaj; cMeBaHrbbExμrRkhm
ehIyRKan;EtkarsgS½y k¾RKb;RKan;sRmab;cab;xøÜnGñkNamñak;)anEdr.
ék CaRbFankgvresnatUc nigCaRbFanmnÞIrsnþisuxenAGnøg;Evg. mnÞIr
45
snþisuxenHeRkaymk )ankøayCakEnøgd¾KYr[P½yxøacmYysRmab;cab;xøÜnmnusS
TaMgLayNaEdlTTYlkarsgS½y. ExμrRkhm)anEsVgrkCnTaMgLayNa Edl
Cab;Tak;TgCamYyrbbrbs;semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu nigrbb ln; nl;. RbsinebI
CnNamñak;RtÚv)anrkeXIjfa manCab;Bak;B½n§nwgrbbmun CnenaHnwgRtÚvbBa¢ÚneTA
kan;PUmirMeck edIm,IeFVIkartamdan nigsmøab;. CagenHeTAeTot ExμrRkhm)ancab;
nigsmøab;ecalCnTaMgLayNa Edlrt;eKcxøÜneTARbeTséf.
sakSImYyrUb)anrMB£kfa Kat;)aneXIj ék cab;xøÜnmnusS5nak; Edl)an
Büayamrt;eKceTARbeTséf. Kat;)anerobrab;fa ³
xJMú)aneXIjkgT½Bcab;mnusS5nak;Edl)anBüayamrt; eTARbeTs
éf. ta ék )anmkdl;CamYyGgÁrkSrbs;Kat;cMnYn4 b¤ 5nak;.
Kat;)anvaymnusSEdlrt;eKcxøÜnTaMg5nak;enaH. mnusSmñak;²
TTYlrgy:agehacNas;mñak;30rMBat;. ta ék )ansYrGñkTaMgenaHfa
mkBINa nigcg;eTANa. BYkeK)anniyayfa BYkeKmkBIextþkMBg;FM
nigesomrab nigmanbMNgeTARbeTséf. ta ék )anvayRbCaCn
TaMgenaHrhUtdl;EbkxñghUrQam. bnÞab;mk GñkTaMg5nak;enaHRtÚv
)anExμrRkhmnaMykeTA)at;. xJM úmineCOfa GñkTaMg5nak;enaH
GacenAmanCIvitenaHeT.71
RbCaCnCaeRcInmkBIextþepSg²eTot k¾RtÚv)anCemøóseTAGnøg;EvgEdr b:uEnþ
RbCaCnTaMgenHminRtÚv)ankmμaPi)alExμrRkhmeCOTukcitþenaHeT. RbCaCnTaMg
enHk¾minmansac;jati b¤mitþPkþi sRmab;BwgGaRs½y)anEdr ehIyCajwkjyRtÚv
)anExμrRkhmsmøab;edaysarkarsgS½y.72 mnÞIrsniþsuxrbs;ExμrRkhm
RtÚv)anbegáIteLIgenAcMTItaMg EdlCaGnuviTüal½yh‘unEsnnaeBlbc©úb,nñ. Kuk
enaHRtÚv)ansg;GMBIeQIdMbUlRbk;s,Úv EdlmanTTwg5Em:Rt nigbeNþay7
Em:Rt. GñkeTasRtÚv)anbgçM[edkCaCYr edayeCIgrbs;GñkeTasTaMgenaHRtÚv)an
46
dak;exñaHeCIgEdleFVIGMBIeQI. rebobXuMXaMgGñkeTasenATIenaH Rsedognwg
rebobXuMXaMgGñkeTasenAmnÞIrs-21enAPñMeBj. CaTUeTAGñkeTasRtÚv)anXMuxøÜn
ry³eBlmYys)þah_munnwgRtÚv)anykeTAsmøab; enAkñúgTItaMgsmøab;CaeRcInkEnøg
EdlTItaMgmYysßitenAEk,rvtþGnøg;Evgbc©úb,nñ.73 karsmøab;GñkeTasPaKeRcIn
RtÚv)aneFVIeLIgenAeBlyb;.
kkarCemøósRbCaCnedaybgçMeTARsukRkLaj;enAqñaM1977
enAcugqñaM1977 v:n EdlCaRbFanfμIénRsukGnøg;Evg )anbBa¢a[Cemøós
RbCaCnenAGnøg;EvgTaMgGs;[eTArs;enAtamshkrN_ enAkñúgXMukMBg;fáÚv Rsuk
RkLaj; extþesomrab. RbCaCnGnøg;EvgmYycMnYnRtÚv)anbBa¢ÚneTARsukv:arinÞ
RsIsñM sMerag nigcugkal;. cab;BIcugqñaM1977dl;edImqñaM1979 tMbn;Gnøg;Evg
)ankøayeTACamUldæankgT½Brbs;ExμrRkhm.
ywm LaehO EdlCaGtItkgT½BkarBarRBMEdnenAGnøg;Evg BIqñaM1975 dl;
qñaM1979 )anerobrab;GMBIbTBiesaFd¾KYr[rn§t;rbs;xøÜnenAeBlEdl Kat;eTAsYr
suxTukçRKÜsarrbs;Kat;bnÞab;BIkarCemøós. LaehO )anniyayfa ³
enAeBlEdlxJMúeTAdl;pÞH xJMú)aneXIjqñaMgdaM)ayrbs;CIdUnxJMúRtÚv)an
BüÜrTukecaledayKμanGñkNaeRbI. enAkñúgPUmieBareBjeTAedayPaB
s¶at;RCgM. RbCaCnTaMgGs;RtÚv)anCemøóseTARsukRkLaj;. enA
eBl)aneXIjTidæPaBEbbenH xJM úmanGarmμN_Gs;sgÇwm. xJM ú)an
lHbg;RKb;Ebby:ag edIm,IbeRmIRbeTsCati b:uEnþ lHbg;edIm,IGVI?
xJMú)at;bg;GVI²RKb;y:ag. xJMú)at;bg;Gs;nUvPaBeCOCak;. xJMúmindwgfa
RtÚveFVIy:agem:cenaHeT manEtTTYlyksßanPaBenH ehIybnþ
rs;enAteTAeTot.74
47
RbCaCneFVIdMeNIreTARsukRkLaj;edaymeFüa)ayepSg²Kña tamry³reTH
eKa edayefμIreCIg nigtamry³rfynþrbs;ExμrRkhm. enAeBleTAdl;Rsuk
RkLaj; RbCaCnmkBItMbn;Gnøg;Evg RtÚv)anEbgEck[rs;enAtamshkrN_nana
nigRtÚv)ancat;taMgeTAtamkgepSg²CamYyRbCaCn EdlmkBItMbn;epSg. man
EtkumartUc²Etb:ueNÑaH EdlRtÚv)anGnuBaØat[sñak;enACamYymþayenAeBl
yb;. enAeBléf¶kumarRtÚv)antRmÚv[eTAeron nigkat;esμAykeTAeFVICIsRmab;
dak;kñúgERs. kumark¾RtÚv)antRmÚv[edIrRbmUlkNþab;RsUv b¤edIredjcabkMu[sIu
RsUv. RbCaCnRtÚveFVIkarTaMgrdUvR)aMg nigrdUvvsSa nigRtÚveTAelIkTMnb; nig
CIkRbLay. enAEk,rTMnb;s<anERsgmanvalBiXatmYykEnøgenARsukRkLaj;
EdlmaneQμaHfa {L BiXatPñMRTg;)at}.75
CIvitrs;enArbs;RbCaCnmankarlM)ak. enATIenaH RbCaCnBMumanGahar
briePaKRKb;RKan; nigRtÚvrs;enAkñúgPaBsgS½yKñaeTAvijeTAmk. sUm,IEtTegVI
RbcaMéf¶CaFmμtarbs;mnusS k¾GacbgáeTACakarsgS½y)anEdr. Cak;Esþg
GñkenArs;ranmanCIvitmñak;)anniyayfa Kat;Føab;)aneXIjExμrRkhmdwkmnusS
ykeTAsmøab;ecal edaysarEtbuKÁlenaHcMNayeBlevlayUreBkkñúgkar
benÞabg;. TItaMgBiXatenARsukRkLaj;RtÚv)ansÁal;fa enAEk,rLBiXadPñM
RTg;)at EdlmnusSrab;ryBan;nak;RtÚv)ansmøab;.76
eesckþIbBa©b;
munqñaM1970 Gnøg;EvgKWCatMbn;dac;RsyalmYyenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa nig
CatMbn;mYy enAeRkAkarRKb;RKgrbs;rdæ TaMgEpñkesdækic© nigkic©karrdæ)al.
rdæaPi)alkNþalkRmeFVIdMeNIr eTAkan;tMbn;enHNas;ehIyRbCaCnrs;enAtam
Tmøab;EdlFøab;rs;enArab;CMnan;mkehIy edayBwgEp¥kelIkareFVIERscmáar kar
CYjdUr nigdMNaMdaMduHenAkñúgPUmi. enAeBlEdlExμrRkhm cUlmkdl;tMbn;enH
enAedImqñaM1970 vb,Fm’enAtMbn;Gnøg;Evgcab;epþImERbRbÜl. RbCaCnRtÚv)an
bgçM[TTYlykmenaKmn_viC¢abdivtþn_EbbfμIrbs;ExμrRkhm EdlmanbMNglub
48
bM)at;ecalnUvkarGnuvtþEbbRbéBNI CMenO nig\riyabf. RbCaCnCYbRbTHnUv
karlM)aky:agxøaMg dUcCakarrs;enAEbbshkrN_ karbgçM[eFVIkargarCaTm¶n;
karxVHxatGahar nigkarbMbiTsiT§ iesrIPaB Edl)anbgáCapllM)akdl;buKÁl
nigshKmn_TaMgmUl. karsmøab;edayKμankarkat;eTas karpøas;bþÚrTIlMenAeday
bgçM nigkarbnþkarKMramkMEhgedayCemøaH )anbgánUvPaBP½yxøac nigPaBmin
R)akdRbCadl;RbCaCn. enAcugqñaM1977 ExμrRkhm)anbgçMRbCaCnTaMgGs;
[pøas;eTAeFVIkarenARsukRkLaj; edayeFVI[tMbn;Gnøg;Evg køayeTACamUldæan
kgT½Brbs;ExμrRkhm. eTaHbICakarpøas;bþÚrenH RbEhlCaRtÚv)anerobcMeLIg
CayuT§sa®sþmYyedIm,IRbmUlkmøaMgeFVIkarenARsukRkLaj; vak¾GacCayuT§sa®sþ
mYysRmab;Tb;sáat;RbCaCnkMu[rt;eTARbeTséf. eyagtambTsmÖasRbCaCn
manbMNgrt;qøgRBMEdneTARbeTséf edayqøgkat;tamGnøg;Evg b:uEnþRtÚv)anExμr
Rkhmcab;xøÜn. minmanB½t’manNamYybgðajfa manRbCaCnb:unμannak;Gacrt;eKc
xøÜnrYcenaHeT.
49
CMBUk4
braC½y nigkarrt;eKcxøÜnrbs;ExμrRkhm
CCemøaHCamYyevotNam
cab;taMgBIdMNak;kaldMbUgénrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü kgT½BExμrRkhm
)ancab;epþImb:HTgÁicCamYykgT½BevotNamkumμúynIsþ.77 karRbTajRbTg;Kña
enAtamRBMEdn)anbgáeTACakarb:HTgÁicKñakan;Etjwkjab;eLIg²rvagrdækumμúynIsþ
TaMgBIr. enAcugqñaM1977 km<úCaRbCaFibetyü)aneFVIs®gÁam kñúgRTg;RTayFM
CamYynwgRbeTsevotNam.
karekIneLIgnUvkarb:HTgÁicKñamin)anekIteLIgkñúgeBlEtmYyyb;enaHeT.
CemøaHrauMér:rvag RbeTsTaMgBIr)anekIteLIgtaMgBIedImTsvtSr_qñaM1970mkemø:H
ehIykarRbyuT§KñakñúgRTg;RTayFM GacBinitüemIlbkeRkayGMBIRBwtiþkarN_TaMg
Lay Edl)anekIteLIgenABak;kNþalqñaM1977 enAeBlEdlExμrRkhmeFVI
karvayRbhareTAelIextþmYycMnYnrbs;evotNam. kgT½BExμrRkhm)aneFVIkar
vayRbharextþeKony:ag nigextþGany:ag enAcugqñaM1977nig)an)aj;epøagcUl
TIrYmextþcUvduk ¬extþmat;RCÚkCaPasaExμr¦ enAEx]sPa.78 CagenHeTAeTot
enAExkBaØa eRkambBa¢arbs; sun esn ExμrRkhm)ansmøab;rgÁalRbCaCnsIuvil
evotNamRbmaNCabIrynak; enAkñúgextþtaynij.79
edayRbQmmuxnwgkarvayRbharenAtambeNþayRBMEdnevotNam )an
seRmccitþeFVIkarvaybkvij. karRbyuT§KñarvagkgT½BevotNam nigExμrRkhm
)anrIkraldalFMeLIgenAExtula qñaM1977 enAeBlkgT½BevotNam)anvay
lukcUlEpñkCaeRcInkñúgTwkdIkm<úCa. eTaHCay:agenHkþI mkRtwmExmkra qñaM
197880 evotNam)andkkgT½Brbs;xøÜnecjeTAvij.81
eqøIytbeTAnwgkarlukluyrbs;evotNam nigedaymankarP½yxøaccMeBaH
GMeBIk,t;xagkñúg rdæaPi)alrbs; b:ul Bt )aneFVIs®gÁamCamYykmμaPi)alkñúg
51
PUmiPaKbUB’a EdlsßitenACab;RBMEdnevotNamEdlCa{kEnøgEdlkgT½BevotNam
)anlukluycUly:ageRCA}.82 kmμaPi)alPUmiPaKbUB’aCaeRcIn)anrt;ePosxøÜn
eTAevotNam EdlenATIenaHkmμaPi)alTaMgenH TTYl)ankarKaMRTBIevotNam
ehIyenATIbMputevotNam)anCYypþÜlrMlMrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. enAExFñÚ
qñaM1978 rNsirSsamKÁIse®gÁaHCati km<úCaRtÚv)anbegáIteLIg EdlnwgCMnYs
km<úCaRbCaFibetyü bnÞab;BIrbbenHRtÚv)anpþÜlrMlM. enAExmifuna qñaM1978
evotNamcab;epþImTmøak;RKab;EbkmkelIkm<úCa ehIyenAExtula evotNam
cab;epþImerobcMsRmab;karvayRbharkñúgRTg;RTayFM.83CacugeRkayenAcugExFñÚ
qñaM1978 evotNam )anebIkkarvayRbharkñúgRTg;RTayFMmkelIkm<úCaRbCa
Fibetyü.
52
bbraC½yrbs;ExμrRkhm
rbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüRtÚv)anbBa©b; dUcKñaeTAnwgkarcab;epþIménrbbenH
Edr KWsßitenAkñúgsßanPaBs®gÁam nigPaBclaclenAkñúgsgÁm. km<úCaRbCaFib
etyüRtÚv)anpþÜlrMlMedaykgT½BevotNam nigkgT½BrNsirSsamKÁIse®gÁaHCati
km<úCa.
kgT½BevotNam)anvaysn§ab;y:agxøaMgkøacUlkñúgRbeTskm<úCaCamYynwg
cMnYnkgT½Bd¾eRcInkñúgel,ÓnelOn nigkaMePøIgFMFunF¶n; CamYynwgkarvayRbhar
CaeRcIndMNak;kal. enAéf¶TI25 ExFñÚ qñaM1978 kgvresnatUcrbs;rNsirS
samKÁIse®gÁaHCatikm<úCacMnYn9kg nigkgT½BRbCaCnevotNamcMnYn12kgBl
)aneFVIkarvayRbhary:agxøaMg nigRBm²Kña mkelIkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. kgT½B
rNsirSsamKÁIse®gÁaHCatikm<úCa)anvaylukcUlkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüenATItaMgbI
epSg²Kña. bIkgvresnatUc)anvaylukcUl extþsVayerog tambeNþaypøÚvCati
elx1 3kgvresnatUceTotvaylukcUltamextþkMBg;cam nig3kgvresnatUc
cugeRkayvaylukcUltamRsuksñÜl extþRkecH.
53
kgT½BRbCaCnevotNam)aneRbIR)as;kmøaMgrbs;xøÜncMnYn12kgBl ¬Edl
mancMnYnRbEhl 1Esn 2muWnnak;¦ edaymankarKaMRTBIkgT½BeCIgTwk kgrfeRkaH
kgkaMePøIgFM nigkgT½BeCIgGakas. kgT½BevotNam nigkgT½Brbs;rNsirSsamKÁI
se®gÁaHCatikm<úCadeNIþmkan;kab; )anTIRkúgPñMeBjEtkñúgry³eBlbIs)þah_ enA
éf¶TI7 Exmkra qñaM1979. enAkñúgGMLúgeBldb;éf¶bnÞab;mkeTot kgT½BTaMgBIr
deNþImkan;kab;)anRbeTskm<úCaesÞIrEtTaMgRsug. evotNam)anCYybegáItrbbfμI
mYy EdlmaneQμaHfa saFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa EdlRtÚv)anRbkasCapøÚv
karenAéf¶TI12 Exmkra qñaM1979 Edlmansmmitþ ehg sMrin CaRbFan nig
smmitþ Eb:n suvNÑ CaRbFanRkúmRbwkSardæm®nþI ¬naykrdæm®nþI¦ nigCardæm®nþI
karBarCati.84
kkarrt;eKcxøÜneTAPMñdgErk
CamYynwgkarvayRbharBIsMNak;kgT½BevotNam nigkgT½Brbs;rNsirS
samKÁIse®gÁaHCatikm<úCacUlmkkm<úCa kgT½B nigkmμaPi)alExμrRkhm RBmTaMg
RbCaCnEdlkMBugEtP½yjab;j½r )ancab;epþImrt;EbkExJkKña nig)anePosxøÜn
eTABYnsm¶MenAkñúgéRB nig)anrt;eTARBMEdnéf. CaTUeTA GgÁPaBrbs;ExμrRkhm
TaMgGs; )an)at;bg;TMnak;TMngCamYyembBa¢akarrbs;xøÜn nig)ane)aHbg;ecal
Rbtibtþikarswk edIm,IEsVgrkkEnøglak;xøÜnerog²xøÜn. enAkñúgGMLúgeBlrt;ePos
xøÜn ExμrRkhm)anekNÐRbCaCnrab;mWunnak;eTACamYyxøÜn kñúgeKalbMNgerobcM
clnats‘Ubdivtþn_saCafμImþgeTot. RbCaCnkñúgPUmiPaK|san PUmiPaK]tþr nig
PUmiPaKkNþal RtÚv)anCemøóseTAkan;RBMEdnPaKxageCIg ehIyRtÚv)anRbmUlpþúM
eLIgvij enAelICYrPñMdgErk¬EdlsßitenAkñúgextþRBHvihar nigextþ]tþrmanC½y¦.
RbCaCnEdlrs;enAPUmiPaKbUBa’ PUmiPaKbs©im PUmiPaKnirtI nigPUmiPaKBay½Bü
RtÚvedIredayefμIreCIg b¤RtÚv)andwkCBa¢ÚneTAPaKxaglicnigBay½BüénRBMEdn
RbeTskm<úCa EdlsßitenAkñúgextþekaHkug eBaF×sat; nig)at;dMbg. cMENkÉ
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54
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kgT½BePosxøÜnmanes,ógGahartictYcNas;. dUecñHRbCaCnePosxøÜnTaMgGs;
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TwkbriePaKGs;ry³eBlCaeRcInéf¶. enAkñúgkrNImYycMnYnRbCaCnePosxøÜn
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éf.86 RbCaCnTaMgGs;enaHPaKeRcInCasmaCikkgBl801 nigkgBl920
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ta05¦ nig emoc san ¬ehA ta06¦. eTaHbICaRbCaCnmYycMnYnqøgTenø
emKgÁenAextþRkecH nigsÞwgERtgkþI RbCaCnmYycMnYneTot RtÚvqøgTenøemKgÁenA
kñúgTwkdILav edaysarEtkarvayRbharrbs;kgT½BevotNamenAkñúgTwkdIkm<úCa.
xN³eBlEdlRbCaCnmYycMnYnqøgTenøedayTUk RbCaCnmYycMnYneTotqøgTenø
edayeRbIedImb£sSIBIrbIedImcgep¥abKñaEtb:ueNÑaH. RbCaCnRtÚveFVIdMeNIrenAeBl
55
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køayeTACamnusSGatμaniym.87
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y:agNa[eTAdl;mMubI edIm,ICYbCMuCamYyGgÁkar. xJMú)anykmaseTA
dUrykGgárnwgGMbilBIGñkPUmi. eyIg)anrMElkGMbildak;eTAkñúgkUn
fg;tUc²ehIyTukenAkñúgkabUberog²xøÜn. xJMú)aneXIjmnusSCaeRcIn
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sUmCYypg¡ sUmykxJMúeTACamYypg¡} xJMú)ansYrxøÜnÉgfa {etIxJMúGac
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eBlmYyExknøHeTIbeFVIdMeNIrmkdl;mMubI. eBleTAdl;muMbI eyIgrk
)anGgáry:ageRcIn ehIymñak;²kMBugEtXøanxøaMg. mñak;²hUbeRcIn
hYsehtu. RbCaCnmYycMnYn)ansøab;edaysarEthUbGgáreqA
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56
sRmab;RbCaCnCaeRcInepSgeTot RtÚvcMNayeBlCaeRcInEx¦ edIm,IedIreTA
RBMEdnéf. eQOn EdlCakgT½B mñak;enAkñúgkgBl920 )aneFVIdMeNIredayefμIr
eCIgCamYykgT½BExμrRkhmcMnYn1>500nak; epSgeTotGs;ry³eBl2Ex nig
10éf¶edIm,IeTAdl;extþ)at;dMbg EdlenATIenaH embBa¢akarkgBl emoc san
)anmkTTYlehIynaMpøÚveq<aHeTAkan; PñMdgErk.89 ywm pan;Na EdlCaGtItkgT½B
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CaerOy² karRbyuT§KñaEtgEtekIteLIg enAtamtMbn;TaMgenaH.
mnusSCaeRcIn)ansøab; nigrbYs. édeCIgrbs;xJMúcab;epþImehIm Edl
eFVI[xJMúminGacedIreTAmux)an. xJMú)anvegVgBIRkúmrbs;xJMú enAeBlrt;
eKcBIkgT½BevotNam. enATIbMput xJMúRtÚvpwkTwkenamxøÜnÉgedIm,Irs;.
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daM)ay. eyIgRtÚvrt;EckpøÚvKña edayTuk)ayecal. BImYyeBl
eTAmYyeBlRkúmrbs;eyIgkan;EttUceTA². DI Fin KWCaemRkúmrbs;
eyIgenAeBlenaH. enAeBleyIgeFVIdMeNIrmkdl;RsukEqb xJMúRtÚv
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EtehImxøaMgeLIg. EfmTaMgRKúnekþAeTot. RbsinebIxJMúbnþenACamYy
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dUecñH Rkúmrbs;xJM ú)andkhUtkaMePøIgrbs;xJM ú nigbgçM[xJM úcUlsarPaB
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xJMúRtÚv)ankgT½BevotNamcab;xøÜn ehIybBa¢ÚneTAkñúgKuk. enATIenaH
)anCYbmitþPkþirbs;xJMúCaeRcIn.90
57
Kwm Nn EdlCaGtItkgT½BExμrRkhmRbcaMenAtMbn;esomrab-]tþrmanC½y
¬tMbn;106¦ sßitenAkñúgkgkaMePøIgFMéntMbn;enH. enAqñaM1979 enAeBlEdl
kgT½BevotNamvaycUlkm<úCa Nn nigkgrbs;xøÜn RtÚv)anbBa¢ÚneTARsukfaLab
riv:at; ¬extþsÞwgERtg¦ edIm,ICYyvaysmrPUmienATIenaH. Nn )anerobrab;GMBI
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eBlmkdl;RsukfaLabriv:at; xJM úminGacEbgEck)anGñkNaCaExμr
GñkNaCayYn)aneT. RBwkeLIg xJMú)aneXIjkgT½BevotNamCaeRcIn
dUcpSitEdlpusecjBIdI. karRbyuT§Kña)anekIteLIgCaeRcInéf¶.
eyIgcaj;kgT½BevotNam ehIy)andkfycUleTAkñúgéRB EdlenA
TIenaHmanstVéRBCaeRcIn dUcCa dMrI nigxøa. xJMúKitfa xJMúR)akdCasøab;
minxan. enAeBlyb; xJMúminh‘anedkenAelIdIeT. xJMúedkenAelIedIm
eQI. luHdl;RBwkeLIg xJMú)anvegVgTis. xJMú)anB¤sMeLg)aj;kaMePøIg
ehIyk¾seRmcedIrtamTisedAsMeLgenaH. eBledIreTAdl;TIval
mYy xJMú)aneXIjmnusSmYyRkúmGt;Bak;Gav b:uEnþ minGacemIlsÁal;
faCaGñkNa. xJMú)anERskehABYkeK b:uEnþ edaysarBYkeKCakgT½B
evotNam dUecñH BYkeKminGacsþab; xJMúyl;eT. kgT½BTaMgenaH)an
bk;éd[xJMúedIreTArkeK. xJMú)anedIreTArkBYkeK b:uEnþenAeBlEdl
emIleXIjfaCamYkkgT½BevotNam xJMú)anrt;eKcecj. xJMú)anvegVg
enAkñúgéRBGs;ry³eBlBIréf¶eTot edayKμanGahar. eBledIrtam
pøÚv xJMú)anB¤sMeLgLanmYy. xJMú)andwgfa vaCaLanrbs;ExμrRkhm
dUecñH xJMú)anrt;sMedAeTArkLanenaH ehIysuMCiHeTACamYy. kgT½BExμr
RkhmTaMgenaH yl;RBm[xJMúCiHCamYy. kgT½BevotNamenAEtbnþ
edjeyIg BIeRkayrhUtdl;RsukCaMkSanþextþRBHvihar.91
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58
plCaeRcIn. RbCaCnenAEtmanCMenOelIkareXasnarbs;ExμrRkhmEdlfa
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NamnwgGarkmnusS b¤dak;cUleTAkñúgTwkekþA. ExμrRkhmk¾)anR)ab;RbCaCnEdrfa
evotNamcUlcitþvHeBaHmnusS ehIyjat;esμAcUl. RbCaCnCaeRcInyl;eXIj
fa CIvitnwgevTnaCagsøab;eTAeTot RbsinebIkgT½BevotNamcab;)an. dUecñH
RbCaCnsuxcitþeRbImeFüa)ayRKb;Ebby:agedIm,Irt;eKcxøÜn. RbCaCnmYycMnYn
eTotyl; eXIjfaRbeTskm<úCa )anFøak;eRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;evotNam ehIy
CeRmIsEtmYyKt;KWkarksagCIvitsaCafμIenAkñúgRbeTsmYyeTot. RbCaCn
mYycMnYneTot)andwgfa GgÁkarshRbCaCatikMBugpþl;Gahardl;CnePosxøÜn
enACMrMCnePosxøÜn enAPñMqRt nigCMrMCnePosxøÜndéTeTotenAkñúgRbeTséf. eTaHCa
y:agenHkþI RbCaCnmYycMnYnKWCasmaCikrbs;rbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü.
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nigrs;enAkñúgéRBextþrtnKirI. bnÞab;mk enAqñaM1981 xJMú)anrt;eTAPñM
dgErk edaysarEtmankarlM)akEpñkesdækic©. eyIg)aneFVIdMeNIr
ecjBIextþrtnKirI qøgkat;tamRbeTsLav BIeRBaHkgT½BevotNam
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munxJMú. xJMú)ancMNayeBlGs;9éf¶ munnwgeFVIdMeNIreTAdl;TenøreBA
b¤mMubI. cMENkÉmitþPkþirbs;xJMúcMNayeBlEt3éf¶b:ueNÑaH.92
59
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enARsukERBkRbsBV ehIybnþdMeNIreTAextþkMBg;FM nigeFVIdMeNIrbnþeToteTAkan;
extþRBHvihar. RbCaCnCaeRcInepSgeTot )aneFVIdMeNIrtamLaneTAextþsÞwgERtg
nig)anqøgTenøemKgÁeTARsukfaLabriv:at; ehIybnþdMeNIreq<aHeTAextþRBHvihar.
sRmab;dMeNIrd¾Evgq¶ayenH sarin )aneRtómLan cMnYn47eRKÓg edayman
saMgeBj RBmTaMges,ógGahar nigsmÖar³sMxan;²epSgeTot. edaysarEt
RbCaCnenAPUmiPaK|san mancMnYneRcInelIslb; sarin minGacdwkCBa¢ÚnRbCaCn
nigLanTaMgGs;qøgTenø)aneT. edaymanCMnYyBI exg EdlCaelxatMbn;sÞwgERtg
sarin Gaccmøg)anEtLancMnYn 17eRKÓg nigsmÖar³sMxan;²mYycMnYnEtb:ueNÑaH
EdlmandUcCa saMg Ggár nigsemøókbMBak;. sarin )anbBa¢a[dutLanEdlenA
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qøgRsLagminTan; RtÚvEhlqøgTenøemKgÁ b¤rt;cUléRB.93 sßanPaBenAeBlenaH
mansPaBtantwg nigRCÜlRcbl;y:agxøaMgedaysarkgT½BevotNam )anvaycUl
kan;EtCitdl;tMbn;enH ehIyRbCaCn)annaMKñart;eKcxøÜneTAtamTisedAepSg²Kña.
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sarin )anseRmccitþedIrbkeRkayvij edImI,EsVgrkRbBn§rbs;Kat;. bnÞab;BI
)anCYbRbBn§rbs;Kat;enAextþkMBg;cam sarin )aneTArs;enAkñúgéRBCamYykgT½B
ExμrRkhmmYyRkúmeTotrhUtdl;qñaM1983. eRkaymk sarin )aneFVIdMeNIr
mkcUlrYmCamYyclnaExμrRkhmenAelIPñMdgErk. sarin )anerobrab;GMBICIvit
rbs;Kat;enAkñúgéRBfa ³
xJM ú)anbrreTHeKaeTAPñMCI. Rkúmrbs;xJM úmanKñacMnYn15nak; Edlkñúg
enaHman®sþI 2nak;. eyIg)anlak;xøÜnenAkñúgéRB kab;qáaréRBykdI
nigeFVIERscmáarsRmab;ciBa©wmCIvit. kgT½BExμrRkhmCaeRcInGgÁPaB
60
epSgeTot kMBugeFVIRbtibtþikarenAxagmux. GgÁPaBmYycMnYnxVHxat
GMbilniges,ógGahar. CasMNagl¥ Rkúmrbs;xJMú)anrkeXIjGMbil
mYyBag nigsármYyBag EdlRtÚv)ankb;lak;TukenAkñúgdIEdlCa
GtItTItaMgmYyrbs;kgT½BExμrRkhm. eyIg)andaM nigsm¶ÜtGMbil
ehIylak;TuksRmab;eRbI[)anyUr. eyIgmanGMbil BUefA nigkaMbit
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dMeNIreLIgPñMdgErkenAqñaM1983.94
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)andak;GgÁPaBkgT½BtUc²CaeRcInenAtampøÚv. GgÁPaBTaMgenH TTYlxusRtÚvyam
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enATUTaMgRbeTs.
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61
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63
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karCemøósCaelIkTIBIr. kgT½BevotNam)anseRmccitþfa RbCaCnenAGnøg;Evg
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Bi)akkñúgkarkarBar. mü:agvijeTot edaysarEtmankarvayRbhar\tQb;Qr
BIsMNak;ExμrRkhm RbCaCnRtÚvEteTArs;enAtMbn;epSgEdlmansuvtßiPaBCag
Gnøg;Evg.96 eyagtambTsmÖasCamYyRbCaCn tMbn;Gnøg;EvgmanRbCaCn
rs;enARbEhl100RKÜsar EdlmancMnYnRbCaCnsrubBI400eTA500nak;.
kgT½BsaFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa nigkgT½BevotNam )aneRbIR)as;rfynþ
cMnYn30eRKÓg edIm,IdwkCBa¢ÚnRbCaCnTaMgGs;eTAkan;XMuknÞÜt kñúgRsukCaMkSanþ.
karCemøósenHRtÚv)aneFVIeLIgenAExmIna qñaM1979. RbCaCnmYycMnYnenAEt
bnþP½yxøaccMeBaHExμrRkhm nigeCOCak;faevotNamcUlmkrMedaHxøÜn. RbCaCn
TaMgenaH)anseRmccitþeTArs;enAXuMERsNykñúgRsukv:arinÞ EdlCakEnøgRbCaCn
TaMgenaHksagCIvitfμIedayRbkbrbrksikmμ.97
mkdl;RsukCaMkSanþ emXuMrbs;rbbsaFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa)anecj
mkTTYlsVaKmn_RbCaCnCemøósmkBIGnøg;Evg. RbCaCnGnøg;Evg RtÚv)andak;[
enAmYykEnøg ehIyXMufμImYyRtÚv)anbegáIteLIg sRmab; RbCaCnEdlmkBIGnøg;
Evg. CasMNagl¥ edaysarEtpÞHCaeRcInxñgRtÚv)ane)aHbg;ecalRbCaCn
Gnøg;EvgmincaM)ac;sagsg;pÞHfμIenaHeT.98
eTaHbICaRsukCaMkSanþmansuvtßiPaBCagGnøg;Evgy:agNakþI k¾tMbn;enHenAEt
TTYlrgkarvayRbharBIsMNak;ExμrRkhmCajwkjab;. enATIbBa©b;RsukCaMkSanþ
k¾RtÚv)ane)aHbg;ecal ehIyRbCaCnRtÚv)anpøas;bþÚrTIlMenAeTAkan;Rsukrevog
EdlenAeBlenaHKWCaTIrYmextþRBHvihar. bnÞab;BIsmahrNkmμqñaM1998 RbCa
CnmYycMnYnEdlnwkRsukkMeNIt )anRtLb;eTArs;enARsukGnøg;Evgvij ehIy
RbCaCnmYycMnYneTot)anbnþrs;enAkñúgRsukrevog.
kgT½BExμrRkhm nigRbCaCnmYycMnYntUc EdlekItenAGnøg;Evg )anbdiesF
mineKarBtamEpnkarCemøósrbs;kgT½BevotNam nigkgT½BsaFarNrdæRbCa
64
manitkm<úCa ehIy)anseRmccitþbnþrs;enAGnøg;EvgteTAeTot. CalT§pl
RbCaCn nigkgT½BTaMgenHCYbRbTHnwg]bsKÁ nigeRKaHfñak;CaeRcIn. kgT½Bevot
NamminTukcitþRbCaCnenHeT edaysarRbCaCnTaMgenHhak;enAmanPkþIPaB
CamYyExμrRkhm. eTaHbICaKμanP½sþútagc,as;las;k¾eday RbCaCnEdlrs;enA
tMbn;enH mYycMnYn)anniyayfa RbCaCnmYycMnYnRtÚv)ancab;xøÜn nigsmøab;
ecal.99 kgT½BevotNam)anecaTRbkan;RbCaCnTaMgenaHfaCa {kgT½B b:ul Bt
Edlman)atédRbLak;Qam.}100 ywm LaehO )anniyayfa Kat; nigRbCaCn
RbmaN70nak;eTot )anvilRtLb;eTAGnøg;EvgedIm,IEsVgrksac;jati b:uEnþ
RtÚv)ankgT½BevotNamcab;xøÜnenAPUmilMTg. RbCaCnEdlRtÚv)ancab;xøÜn)an
TTYlTaruNkmμ nigsYrcemøIy. LaehO )anrMB£kfa ³
xJMú)anrt;RtLb;mkpÞH ehIyRtÚvkgT½BevotNamcab;xøÜn )anenAPUmi
lMTg. kgT½BevotNam)anEqkeqrxøÜnxJMú nig)ansmøwgemIlsemøók
bMBak; mux nigEPñkrbs;xJMú. bnÞab;mk kgT½BevotNam)aneRCIserIs
Kñarbs;xJMúcMnYn5nak;ehIy)ansYreyIgfa eFVIGIVkalBICMnan;semþcRBH
neratþm sIhnu. xJMú)aneqøIyfa xJMúminmaneFVIGIVeT RKan;Et)aneronsURt
bnþicbnþÜc. {etIGñkeFVIGVIenAkñúgrbb ln; nl;?} xJMú)aneqøIyfa
XValeKa. {etIGñkeFVIGVIenAeRkayqñaM1970?} xJMúeqøIyfa xJMúmin)an
eFVIGIVeT eRBaHxJMúenAtUc. xJMúRtÚv)anExμrRkhm[eronraM. enAeBlEdl
kgT½BevotNamsYrxJMúfa eFVIGVIenACMnan; b:ul Bt? xJMú)aneqøIytamRtg;
fa xJMúCakgT½Brbs; b:ul Bt. {etIGñkkarBarenARBMEdnNa?} xJMúeqøIy
fa xJMúQreCIgenARBMEdnéf. {etIGñkFøab;RbyuT§enAtamRBMEdnevot
NamEdrb¤eT?} xJM ú)aneqøIyfa {xJM úminEdldwgGMBIRBMEdnenaHeT.
xJMúminTaMgdwgfaevotNammanrUbragy:agem:cpg.} bnÞab;BIsYrsMNYr
TaMgGs;enHrYc kgT½BevotNam)anniyayfa BYkeK{nwgsmøab;eyIg
TaMgGs;KñaenAeBleRkay.} bnÞab;BIsYrcemøIyrYckgT½BevotNam
65
)anGnuBaØat[eyIgRtLb;eTAPUmivij. xJMú)aneFVIdMeNIreTAPUmitaedv
EdlenATIenaH xJM ú)anCYb«Bukmþayrbs;xJM ú nigGñkPUmiepSgeTot
eTIbEtRtLb;mkBIRsuk RkLaj;vij.101
RbCaCnEdlRtÚv)ancat;TukfaCa{kgT½Brbs; b:ul Bt} nigEdl)anRbyuT§
RbqaMgCamYyevotNam minmanvasnal¥enaHeT. FIn b‘ín )anerobrab;GMBI
RBwtþikarN_EdlKat;)an eXIjenAGnøg;Evgfa ³
kgT½BevotNam)ancab;mnusS6nak; nig)anbeNþIrGñkTaMgGs;enaH
eTAkan;kEnøgmYyenAEk,rGUrCIk. kgT½BevotNam)anbBa¢a[RbCa
CnTaMg6nak;enaHQrtRmg;CYrEbrmuxeTArkxøÜn. bnÞab;mk kgT½B
evotNam)an)aj;GñkTaMg6nak;enaH Edl)andYleTAelIdITaMgGs;
Kña. kgT½BevotNam)anBinitüemIlsaksBRbCaCnTMag6nak;
ehIyeCOCak;fa BYkeK)ansøab;Gs;ehIy. eRkaymkkgT½Bevot-
Nam)anedIreTAkñúgéRB edIm,Irk]smkdutsaksB. rMeBcenaH
GñkEdlminTan;søab; )anRbevRbvaeRkakeLIg ehIyrt;ykGayu
CIvit. b¥ÚnRbúsrbs;xJMú KWCaCnrgeRKaHmñak;kñúgcMeNamRbCaCnEdl
RtÚv)aj;smøab;. eyIgmanbMNgeFVIdMeNIreTARsuksMeragenAkñúg
éf¶ekItehtuenaH. b:uEnþenAeBlEdlxJM ú)aneXIjRBwtþikarN_enaH
nigkarsmøab;b¥ÚnRbúsrbs;xJMú xJM ú)anseRmccitþRtLb;mkPUmikMeNIt
rbs;xJM úvij. minyUrb:unμan kgT½BExμrRkhm)ancuHBIelIPñM nig)an
CemøóseyIg[eTArs;enACMrMrbs;BYkeKenAelIPñM. enATIenaH Exμr-
Rkhm)andak;Epnkar[eyIgplitcRmÚg.102
enAcugqñaM1979 kgT½BExμrRkhm)anbnþCemøósRbCaCnEdlesssl;
enAtMbn;Gnøg;EvgeLIgPñMdgErk. enAeBlenaH minTan;manpøÚvsRmab;eFVIdMeNIrBI
66
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eBlxøHRtÚvetagvlø×eQI edIm,IeLIgelIcMeNatfμPñMx<s;².103 GñkEdl)aneLIg
eTAdl;elIPñMmun RtÚvCYyeyagGñkEdlenAxageRkamedayeRbIExSvl×øéRB. eday
sarEtkareFVIdMeNIrmankarlM)akxøaMg RbCaCn)ane)aHsm<ayrbs;xøÜnecaltam
pøÚv edayTukEtrbs;rbrNaEdlcaM)ac;dUcCa qñaMg Ggár niges,ógGahar.
eRkABIenHRbCaCnmYycMnYnepSgeTot)anseRmccitþmineTAtamRkúmNaTaMg
Gs; minfaRkúmExμrRkhm b¤kgT½BevotNam. RbCaCnTaMgenH )anrt;eTAlak;xøÜn
enAkñúgéRBenACMuvijtMbn;Gnøg;Evg edayrs;enApþú MKñaCaRkúmtUc² edIm,IsuvtßiPaB
nig)anCaKña.104 CaerOy²RbCaCnTaMgenH RtÚvbgçMcitþrt;BIkEnøgmYyeTAkEnøg
mYyeTot edIm,IeKcBIkarRbyuT§KñarvagkgT½BExμrRkhm nigkgT½BevotNam.105
RbCaCnTaMgenHrs;enAedaybriePaKEpøeQIéRB nigbr)aj;stVéRB. y:agehac
Nas; enAkñúgedImTsvtSr_qñaM1980 RbCaCnEdlbnþrs;enAtMbn;Gnøg;Evg
PaKeRcIn)ankøayeTACaCnEdlBMumanTIlMenAc,as;las;. sIun hYg )anerobrab;
GMBICIvitrsat;GENþtenAGnøg;Evg bnÞab;BIRtLb;mkBIRsukRkLaj;vijfa ³
CaTUeTA eyIgsñak;enAkEnøgmYy)anEtmYy b¤BIryb;EtbueNÑaH mun
nwgpøas;eTAkan;kEnøgfμI. eyIgRtÚvrt; nigedkenAkEnøgepSg²Kña
CaeRcInenAkñúgéRB enAeBlEdlkgT½BExμrRkhm nigkgT½BevotNam
RbyuT§Kñamþg². eyIg)anrkeXIj dMLÚgéRBEdlcas;RCúl ehIyrwg
dUceQIBi)akhUb. b:uEnþva KWCamðÚbEtmYyKt;EdleyIgGacrkmk
hUb)an. CYnkaleyIghUbdMLÚgéRBCamYyRtI b¤sac; stVéRB dUcCa
CIgck; b¤GeNþIk edIm,IcEm¥tRkBHrbs;eyIg.106
kkarkan;kab;rbs;evotNamenAtMbn;Gnøg;Evg
rbbsaFarNedæRbCamanitkm<úCa nigkgT½BevotNam)anbegáItbnÞay
kgT½BCaeRcInenAGnøg;Evg edIm,IeFVICamUldæanyuT§sa®sþeyaFa. TIbBa¢akar
67
FMrbs;kgT½BevotNammaneQμaHfa kugb‘íj. evotNamk¾)anbegáItGgÁPaB
kgT½BBiessmYy EdlsßitenAEk,rRckRBMEdnCaMsaguaMnaeBlbc©úb,nñ edIm,I
Tb;sáat;karvaylukBIsMNak;ExμrRkhmcUlmkGnøg;Evg. CaTUeTAGnøg;Evg enA
cenøaHBIqñaM1979dl;qñaM1989RtÚv)anRbCaCnsuIvile)aHbg;ecal ehIy
køayeTACatMbn;RKb;RKgedayeyaFa edaysarEtpllM)aksRmab;RbCaCn
suIvilkñúgkartaMgTIlMenA. lkçN³PUmisa®sþrbs;tMbn;Gnøg;Evg )anpþl;TItaMg
QreCIgd¾rwgmaMmYy dl;kgT½BsaFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa nigkgT½BevotNam.
ExμrRkhm)ancMNayeBleBjmYyTsvtSr_edIm,IdeNþImkan;kab;tMbn;enH eday
minTTYl)aneCaKC½y.
edImI,karBarBIkarvayluk nigkareRCótcUlrbs;ExμrRkhmkgT½BsaFarNrdæ
RbCamanitkm<úCa nigkgT½BevotNam )anCIkRtg;esCaeRcInkEnøg enAtMbn;Gnøg;
Evg. enAeRkamEpnkar k-5107 viFankarCaeRcInRtÚv)anpþÜcepþIm edIm,IBRgwg
karkarBartMbn;enH nigkat;bnßykareRCótcUlrbs;ExμrRkhm. viFankarTaMgenaH
rYmman karkab;qáaréRB kardak;BRgayRKab;mIn kardaMcRmÚg nigkarsagsg;
rbgeFVIGMBIb£sSICamYynwgbnøalYs.
enAcenøaHBIqñaM1979dl;qñaM1989 kgT½BExμrRkhm nigRbCaCnEdl
enAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;ExμrRkhm rs;enAtammUldæankgT½BtambeNþay
RBMEdnExμr-éf b¤enAtamCMrMCnePosxøÜn CaeRcInenAkñúgTwkdIéf. PñM1001
nigPñM1003 KWCamUldæankgT½Bd¾cm,gBIrrbs;ExμrRkhm EdlmanTMnak;TMng
CamYynwgtMbn;Gnøg;Evg. mUldæanTaMgBIrenHsßitenAelICYrPñMdgErk PaKxageCIg
nigPaKBay½BüénRBMEdnExμr-éf. mUldæanTaMgBIrenH KWCaTItaMgGMeNaypl
sRmab;ExμrRkhmkñúgkarGnuvtþyuT§sa®sþkarBarxøÜnpg nigkñúgkarksagkmøaMg
T½BeLIgvijpg. mUldæanTaMgBIrenH sßitenARbEhlCaBIreTAbIKILÚEm:RtBIRBMEdnéf
nigh‘umB½T§edayéRBeQIy:agRkas;² nigPñMEdlminGaccUleTAdl;.
68
CMBUk6
karerobcMkgT½BeLIgvijrbs;ExμrRkhm
PPñM1001 ³ dMNak;kaldMbUgénkarerobcMrcnasm<½n§rbs;ExμrRkhmeLIgvij
PñM1001KWCaeQμaH EdlExμrRkhmehAsMedAeTAelImUldæankgT½BmYy Edl
sßitenARtg;cMNucRbsBVKñaénRBMEdnrbs;RbeTsTaMgbI EdlrYmmanextþRBHvihar
énRbeTskm<úCa extþ]bu‘nraCfanIénRbeTséf nigextþcM):asak; énRbeTsLav.
cMNucRbsBVenHRtÚv)ansÁal;fa mMubI b¤TenøreBA.108 PñM1001 )ankøayeTA
CatMbn;suvtßiPaBdMbUgbg¥s;mYyrbs;ExμrRkhmEdlenATIenaH emdwknaMExμrRkhm
)anCYbCuMCamYykgT½Brbs;xøÜn nigRbCaCnePosxøÜnrab;muWnnak;. PñM1001
RtÚv)anbegáIteLIgPøam² bnÞab;BIkardYlrlMrbs;ExμrRkhmehIy)ankøayeTA
CamUldæaneyaFa nigsuIvilsRmab;karerobcMrcnasm<½n§eyaFa nigrdæ)aleLIgvij
edImI,eFVIkarts‘UdeNþImGMNacmkvij.
PñM1001RtÚv)aneRCIserIs edaysarEtPñMenHsßitenAPaKxageCIgén
RbeTskm<úCa q¶ayBIRBMEdnevotNamb:uEnþenACitRBMEdnéf. RbeTséf KWCaRck
ecjcUlEtmYyKt; EdlExμrRkhmGacTTYl)anes,ógGaharsmÖar³caM)ac;
epSg²eTot nigeRKÓgsBaVvuF.CagenHeTAeTot RbeTséfKWCaTItaMgCayuT§sa®sþ
sRmab;ExμrRkhmeFVITMnak;TMng nigtP¢ab;eTABiPBxageRkA. CalkçN³PUmisa®sþ
PñM1001sßitenAelITItaMgGMeNaypl EdlExμrRkhmGaceFVIkarRbmUlpþúMkgT½B
rbs;xøÜn)any:agqab;rh½s. TItaMgenHRtÚv)ankarBarBIFmμCatiedayéRBeQI
Rkas;² nigCYrPñMCaeRcIn EdlkgT½BevotNam nigkgT½BsarFarNrdæRbCamanit
km<úCa)ancMNayeBlGs;6qñaM TRmaMGacvaydeNþImyk)anenAcugqñaM1984.
eTaHbICaExμrRkhmTTYlCMnYyBIRbPBCMnYybreTsCaeRcInk¾eday k¾RbeTs
cinKWCaGñkKaMRTcm,grbs;ExμrRkhm. RbsinebIKμanCMnYyBIRbeTs cinelIEpñk
kgT½BhirBaØvtßú smÖar³ nigneya)ayeT ExμrRkhmRbEhlCamankarlM)ak enAkñúg
69
kareFVIs®gÁamRbqaMgeTAnwgrbbsaFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa EdlKaMRTeday
evotNam enAkñúgeBjmYyTsvtSn_qñaM1980. RbeTséfk¾CaRbeTspþl;CMnYy
sMxan;mYyeTotrbs;ExμrRkhm. RbeTséf)anpþl;CRmkdl;kgT½BExμrRkhm
nig)anCYysRmÜldl;kardwkCBa¢ÚnsmÖar³CaeRcIn EdlrYmmanTaMgeRKÓgsBaVvuF
EdlRtÚv)andwkmkBIRbeTscin.109
sun esn EdlCa]bnaykrdæm®nþITIbI nigrdæm®nþIkarBarCatiénkm<úCaRbCaFib
etyüKWCaemdwknaMExμrRkhmenAelIPñM1001.emdwknaMCan;x<s; ExμrRkhmdéTeTot
dUcCa b:ul Bt/ eGogsarI/ nYn Ca nig exov sMpn rs;enAkñúgTIbBa¢akarrbs;xøÜnenAkñúg
TwkdIéf b¤e)aHTItaMgenAtamtMbn;RBMEdn EdlsßitenAkñúgextþekaHkug eBaF×sat;
nig)at;dMbg. emdwknaMExμrRkhmTaMgenH )andwknaMGnuvtþkargarCaeRcIn dUcCa
esdækic© kic©karbreTs karbNþúHbNþal Epñkneya)ayeKalneya)ay nigkar
eXasna. enAÉkñúgRbeTs sun esn TTYlCMnYyBIembBa¢akarT½BCan;x<s;CaeRcIn
EdlrYmman ta m:uk/ Ek Bk/ mas mut/ sU‘ em:t/ sU hug/ nI kn/ sU saerOn/ nig emoc
san. embBa¢akarT½BTaMgenH eRkaymk)ankøayeTACaemdwknaMsmrPUmiTissMxan;²
rbs;ExμrRkhmkñúgkardwknaMkarts‘URbyuT§RbqaMgeTAnwgkgT½BevotNam nigrbb
saFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa.110CaTUeTA emdwknaMExμrRkhmfñak;kNþalepþatkar
yk citþTukdak;eTAelIkarBRgwg nigkardwknaMskmμPaBnana enAxagkñúgRbeTs dUcCa
karerobcMbegáItCaPUmi nigkarbegáItsalaeron nigRbB½n§suxaPi)al.111 pÞúy
eTAvij RbtibtþikareyaFarbs;evotNamepþateTAelIkarRbmUlpþúMRKb;RKgeTAelI
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emdwknaMExμrRkhm)ancab;epþImerobcMkmøaMgkgT½B EdlenAesssl;rbs;xøÜn
nigerobcMRKb;RKgTwkdIkm<úCaEdlenAesssl;eLIgvij.
CaEpñkmYyénEpnkardeNIþmkan;kab;TwkdIbEnßmeTot nigedIm,IekNÐRbCaCn
[cUlmkxagxøÜn kan;EteRcInEfmeTot emdwknaMExμrRkhmenAPñM1001)anerobcM
bBa¢ÚnkgT½Brbs;xøÜnCaeRcIncUl mkxagkñúgénRbeTskm<úCa. kgBlrbs;Exμr
RkhmTaMgenH )anEckKñae)aHTItaMg nigeFVIkarenAkñúg extþmYycMnYndUcCa rtnKirI
70
mNÐlKIrI sÞwgERtg RkecH RBHvihar kMBg;FM kMBg;cam kMBg;qñaMg éRBEvg sVayerog
nigtMbn;mYycMnYnkñúgextþkNþal.
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{s®gÁamRbCaCn}. smaCikRKÜsarkgT½B nigRbCaCnsIuvilEdlenAmUldæanxag
eRkay RtÚvdwkCBa¢ÚnsmÖar³pÁt;pÁg; eRKÓgsBVavuF nigRKab;kaMePøIgeTA[kgT½B
enAsmrPUmimux. kargard¾eRKaHfñak;enHtRmÚv[mankmøaMgT½B karBareRcIn rhUt
eTAdl;RbmaN200nak;. RkúmdwkCBa¢ÚnsmÖar³TaMgenH RtÚveFVIdMeNIredayefμIr
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yWt nigRbkbedayPaBht;enOy. kardwkCBa¢ÚnmYyelIk²RtÚvcMNayeBl
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b¤GRgwgenAeBlyb;.
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Kat;enAkñúgkardwkCBa¢ÚnGavuFBIPñM1001 eTA[kgT½BExμrRkhmEdlmanTItaMgenA
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eTAkan;XuMRsEGm ehIyeFVIdMeNIrbnþeTAextþkMBg;FM. enAeBlresol
éf¶mYy eyIg)anQb;sRmakenAtampøÚv edIm,IdaM)ayhUbéf¶Rtg;.
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enAxagmux)andYl. eBlxJM úRkeLkmkeRkaykgT½B2nak;eTot
)andYleTAelIdI. xJMú)ane)aHRKab;EbkédbYn-R)aMRKab; EdlRbEhl
Ca)ansmøab;kgT½BevotNammYycMnYn. eyIgRbmUl)anmYkrbs;
kgT½BevotNamcMnYn10 bnÞab;BIkarb:HTgÁicenaHrYcmk. xJMúk¾TTYlrg
71
rbYs nigRtÚv)anEsgRtLb;mkeRkamvijedIm,IBüa)al.112
enAcugqñaM1984 kgT½BsaFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa nigkgT½BevotNam
)anebIkkarvayRbhar nigdeNþImkan;kab;)anPñM1001. RbCaCnsuIvilTaMgGs;
RtÚv)anCemøóseTAkñúgTwkdIéf nigrs;enAEk,rmnÞIrrbs; sun esn. eRkaymk
RbCaCn nigkgT½BExμrRkhmRKb;kgBlTaMgGs;RtÚv)anbBa¢Ún[eTArs;enAtMbn;
mYyeTot EdlmaneQμaHfaPñM1003 EdlsßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;
tam:uk. cab;taMgBIeBlenaHmk sun esn cab;epþIm)at;bg;\T§iBleyaFa eTaHbICa
sun esn enAEtbnþdwknaMkgT½B nigRbCaCnmkBIPñM1001y:agNak¾eday.
mYyry³eBlknøgmkeTot emdwknaMExμrRkhmv½yekμgfμI² cab;epþImTTYl)an
GMNackan;EteRcInenAkñúgrgVg;emdwknaMExμrRkhm Edl)anbgá[manPaBtantwg
nigkarRbkYtRbECgépÞkñúg.
PPñM1003 ³ mUldæaneyaFaCayuT§sa®sþrbs; tam:uk
ExμrRkhm)anRbwgERbgdeNþImykmkvij nUvtMbn;tambeNþayRBMEdn
km<úCa-éf EdlmanRbEvgRbmaN830KILÚEm:Rt niglatsn§wgBIextþRBHvihar
enAPaKxageCIgeTAextþ]tþrmanC½y/ bnÞaymanC½y/ )at;dMbg/ éb:lin/ eBaF×sat;
nigextþekaHkug enAPaKxaglic.113 tam:uk KWCaembBa¢akarkgT½Bd¾skmμmYy
rUbenAkñúgRbtibtiþkarenH edaysar tam:uk RKb;RKgRBMEdnPaKxageCIgénextþ
RBHvihar nigextþ]tþrmanC½y.
minmanr)aykarN_c,as;las;NamYy Edlbgðajfa etImUldæannImYy²
RtÚv)anbegáIteLIgenAeBlNa[BitR)akdenaHeT. b:uEnþ CaTUeTA PñM1003 RtÚv
)aneCOCak;fa RtÚv)anbegáIteLIgeRkaykarbegáItmUldæan enAPñM1001bnþic.
bnÞab;BI tam:uk )anCYy sun esn begáItmUldæanenAelIPñM1001rYcmk tam:uk
)ankan;kab;TItaMgsMxan;mYyeTotenAPñM1003 enAcugqñaM1979.
BIqñaM1979dl;qñaM1984 PñM1003)ankøayeTACatMbn;kan;kab;d¾sMxan;
72
mYyrbs;clnaExμrRkhm. edaysarEtkarRbmUlpþúMkgkmøaMgrbs;ExμrRkhm
enAkñúgtMbn;enH PñM1003GacRtÚv)ancat;Tukfa CamUldæaneKalrbs;clnaExμr
RkhmTaMgmUl. RbsinebIeFVIkareRbóbeFobmUldæanenAm:aéL EdlsßitenAeRkam
karRKb;RKgrbs; eGog sarI epþatCacm,geTAelIkic©karesdækic©ehIymnÞIrk-18
EdlsßitenAkñúgextþRtat énRbeTséf nigEdlsßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs; b:ul
Bt nigbBaØvnþmYycMnYneTot hak;epþatCacm,geTAelIkargarneya)ay nigdMeNIr
karCaTUeTArbs;clnaExμrRkhm.114
ebIBinitüemIlGMBITItaMgPUmisa®sþ PñM1003 latsn§wgBIR)asaTRBHvihar
eTARsukGnøg;Evg kñúgextþ]tþrmanC½y. RsukRtBaMgR)asaTmanTItaMgenAEk,r
RckRBMEdn Cb;run EdlExμrRkhmeRbIR)as;sRmab;dwkCBa¢ÚneRKÓgsBaVvuF nig
es,ógBIRbeTséf b¤BImUldæanrbs;xøÜnenAelIPñMdgErk eTA[kgT½BenAxagkñúg
RbeTskm<úCa.115
RbCaCnEdlrs;enAelIPñM1003 RtÚv)aneRCIserIsecjBItMbn;ExμrRkhm
CaeRcInEdl rYmmantMbn;sMLÚt m:aéL PñM1001 nigBICMrMCnePosxøÜn mYycMnYn
epSgeTot. RbCaCnmkrs;enAPñM1003 KWxøHmkedayécdnü xøHmkedaykar
bgçitbgçM b¤xøHeTotmk edaysarEtkareXasnarbs;ExμrRkhm. ®sþImYycMnYn
minmanCeRmIs nigRtÚveFVIdMeNIreTAtambþI EdlbeRmIkarCakgT½BExμrRkhmenAelI
PñM1003. RbCaCnPaKeRcInKWCaGtItkmμaPi)alExμrRkhm nigRbCaCnEdlmk
BIPUmiPaKnirtIénrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü EdlCaGtIttMbn;RKb;RKgrbs; tam:uk
cenøaHBIqñaM1975 dl;qñaM1979.116 RbCaCnEdleFVIdMeNIreTAkan;PñM1003
RtÚveFVIdMeNIrtamTwkdIéf edIm,IeCosvagkarRbQmmux edayRbkarNamYy
CamYykgT½BevotNam nigkgT½Brbs;rbbsaFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa Edl
RbcaMkarenAtambeNþayRBMEdnxagTwkdIkm<úCa. cMnYnRbCaCnenAPñM1003 )an
ekIneLIgCalMdab; EdlkarekIneLIgenH RtÚv)anRbCaCnGHGagfa edaysarEt
lkçxNÐGMeNayplrbs;tMbn;enH nigedaysarEtkarRKb;RKgl¥rbs; tam:uk
Edl)anpþl;karpÁt;pÁg;RKb;Ebby:ag EdlcaM)ac;sRmab;karrs;enARbcaMéf¶.
73
edaymankarKaMRTeBjTMhwgBIkgT½B nigRbCaCn tam:uk )ankøayeTACaembBa¢akar
kgT½Bd¾manGMNacenAelIPñM1003 EdlminmanGñkNaGacRbECg)an.
enAkñúgeKalneya)aykarbreTs RbeTscin nigRbeTséf KWCaGñkKaMRT
d¾sMxan;sRmab;karbnþkarts‘Urbs;ExμrRkhm. edaysar\T§iBl nigs®gÁam
RtCak;)anbgçMshrdæGaemrik[KaMRT clnaRtIPaKI Edlkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü
CaEpñk mYyénclnaenH edIm,IeFVIs®gÁamRbqaMgnwgkgT½BerotNam nigsaFarN
rdæRbCamanitkm<úCaEdlKaMRTedaymancinCaRbPBFnFand¾sMxan;sRmab;pÁt;pÁg;
smÖar³ nigedaymanéfCaRbPBFnFand¾sMxan;sRmab;karpþl;TItaMgkgkmøaMg
ExμrRkhmmanlT§PaB erobcMclnats‘Urbs;xøÜneLIgvij EdlGacRbqaMgnwgrbb
saFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa nigkgT½BevotNam.
kkarbegáItPUmi nigCMrMCnePosxøÜn
edIm,IsRmÜldl;karRKb;RKgrdæ)al tMbn;enAelIPñM1003RtÚv)anerobcM[
eTACaPUmiehIy EbbEpnénkarrs;enArbs;RbCaCn RsedogKñaeTAnwgkarrs;enA
EbbshkrN_enAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. eTaHCay:agenHkþI GVIEdlxusEbøk
Kñacm,gmYy rvagCIvitenAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü nigCIviteRkayrbbenHKW
RbCaCnTTYl)anGahar nigsmÖar³eRbIR)as;RKb;RKan;.117 enAeBlEdlrbb
ExμrRkhmRtÚv)ankMNt;edayeRKaHGt;Xøan rdæ)alrbs;clnaExμrRkhmeRkay
qñaM1979 )aneRbIR)as;karpþl;mðÚbGahar nigsmÖar³ Edl)anmkBIm©as;CMnYy
breTsCameFüa)ayedIm,ITTYl)anPaBesμaHRtg;BIRbCaCn.
RbCaCnTaMgGs;RtÚv)ancat;taMg[rs;enAtamGgÁPaBkgT½Brbs;xøÜn. RbCa
CnRtÚv)an rMBwgfanwgEckrMElkkargar karhUbcuk nigkarkMsanþCamYyKña. PUmi
nImYy²Edlmancm¶ayBIKña RbEhlknøHKILÚEm:RteTAmYyKILÚEm:Rt RtÚv)andak;
eQμaHeTAtamelxkgBl b¤eTAtameQμaHemPUmienAkñúgkrNImYycMnYn.118 PUmi
nImYy²manRbCaCnBI30eTA40RKÜsar ehIyCaTUeTA RbCaCnrs;enAkñúgxÞmeFVI
GMBIeQI b£sSI nigs,Úv.119 edaysarEtkarKMramkMEhgBIkarvayRbhar Edl
74
GacekItmankarsagsg;pÞHCamYynwgsmÖar³EbbenHmanPaBgayRsÜlkñúgkar
pøas;bþÚrTIlMenA nigkarrt;eKcxøÜn )anPøam²CamYynwgkarpþl;sBaØabnþicbnþÜc.
karRKb;RKgrdæ)alenAGnøg;Evg mindUckarRKb;RKgrdæ)alnaeBlbc©úb,nñ
eT. CaTUeTA tam:uk eFVICaGFibtITaMgelIkargarrdæ)al nigkic©karkgT½B.120
kgT½BExμrRkhm nigsmaCikRKÜsar rs;enA nigpøas;TIkEnøgBICMrMmYyeTACMrM
mYyeTot enAkñúgTwkdIéf dUcCa CMrMGUrRtav sÞwgcan; Cb;møÚ dgTg; éxdn nig Ngsu‘g.
eTaHbICaRbCaCnenAGnøg;EvgGHGagfa CMrMCnePosxøÜnTaMgGs;enH sßitenAeRkam
karRKb;RKgrbs;ExμrRkhmenAPñM1003kþI k¾eyIgmankarlM)akkñúgkarkMNt;
GtþsBaØaNBitR)akdrbs;CMrMnImYy² ehIyGtþsBaØaNenHGacmankarERbRbÜl
edaysarEtlMhUrrbs;RbCaCnsuIvil nigkgT½B enAkñúgGMLúgeBlCemøaH.121
CMrMGUrRtav KWCamUldæanRTRTg;d¾sMxan;mYyrbs;ExμrRkhm enAPñM1003. CMrM
enHsßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs; tam:uk Edl)anbegáItTIbBa¢akarmYyenAkñúgCMrM
enH. GgÁkarCMnYyRBMEdnrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati nigGgÁkarGnþrCatimYycMnYn
epSgeTot)anpþl;CMnYymnusSFm’ dUcCa es,ógGahar Twks¥at karEfTaMsuxPaB
nigsmÖar³caM)ac;epSg²eTot RBmTaMgkarGb;rMkRmitbzmsikSa.122 b:uEnþCMnYy
enHRtÚv)ankRmitpþl;[Et®sþI nigkumarb:ueNÑaH edaysarEtkgT½BRtÚv)ancat;Tuk
faCaRkúmcm,aMg. CnePosxøÜnsrubenACMrMGUrRtavmancMnYn15>000nak; mk
RtwmqñaM1991. CMrMenHRtÚv)anbiTCasßaBrenAéf¶TI19 Extula qñaM1992.
RbCaCnmYycMnYnenAkñúgCMrMGUrRtav)anlYcqøgEdncUlRbeTséf edIm,IEsVg
rkkargar nigR)ak;cMNUl. RbCaCnTaMgenaHnwgeFVIkargarRKb;Ebby:ag dUcCaebH
Epø«LwkCIkdMLÚg nigRcÚtRsUv.kargarTaMgenaHRtÚv)ansRmbsRmÜledayefAEk
CnCatiéf Edl)anekgcMeNjBICnePosxøÜnExμr EdlxMEsVgrk»kasedIm,I
TTYl)anCIvitl¥RbesIrCagmun. rfynþrbs;éf CaeRcIneRKÓg)anmkctcaM
enAmuxCMrMCnePosxøÜnenAeBlRBwk ehIydwkCBa¢ÚnCnePosxøÜnmkCMrMvijenAeBl
l¶ac.123 eRkABIkargarlk;kmøaMgBlkmμ CnePosxøÜnmYycMnYn)anlk;s,Úv
eTA[éf. CnePosxøÜnTaMgenaH TTYl)antémø5)at ¬RbEhl620erol¦
75
sRmab;s,ÚvmYykNþab;.124
enAcugqñaM1984 kgT½BevotNam nigkgT½BsaFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa
rab;mWunnak;)anvayRbharRckecjcUlFMrbs;PñM1003 EdlsßitenAkñúgXMu
RBHRbLay. kgT½BevotNam nigkgT½BsaFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCaRbmaN
Cag30>000nak; )ankemÞcCMrMCnePosxøÜnExμrRkhm mUldæanpÁt;pÁg;smÖar³
nigRbB½n§karBarrbs;ExμrRkhmenAkñúgTwkdIkm<úCa.125 enARtwmdMNak;kalenH
kgT½BevotNam nigkgT½BsaFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa RKb;RKg)antMbn;kan;kab;
TaMgGs;rbs;ExμrRkhm nigEfmTaMgvaykan;kab; mUldæanrbs;rNsirShVú‘nsiunbiuc
nigrNsirSrMedaH RbCaBlrdæExμrEfmeTot. TaMgCnePosxøÜnenAkñúgtMbn;TaMgGs;
enaH nigkmøaMgts‘UTaMgGs;RtÚvrt;eTArs;enAkñúgCMrMCnePosxøÜnenAkñúgRbeTséf.
saFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa)aneRbóbRbdUckarvayRbharrbs;xøÜn enAqñaM
1984-1985 faCa{karcgmugvaymUs}. eTaHCay:agenHkþI ExμrRkhm)an
eRbóbRbdUcbraC½yrbs;xøÜneTAnwg{karcak;Tmøaysm,úkG®gág} Edlmann½yfa
kgT½BbraC½yrbs;ExμrRkhmeRbób)aneTAnwgG®gágEdlecjBIsm,úkehIyeRCót
cUlkan;EteRCAeTAépÞxagkñúgénRbeTskm<úCa.126 eTaHbICalT§plCak;Esþgén
karvayRbharmankarlM)akkñúgkarvas;sÞg;kþI eKsegáteXIjfa kgT½BExμrRkhm
mYycMnYn)aneRCótcUlkan;EteRCACagmun eTAxagkñúgRbeTsedIm,IeFVIviT§gSna
nigsabRBÜskareXasnarbs;xøÜn. mü:agvijeTot kgT½BExμrRkhmCaeRcIn RtÚv
)anekaHehA[vilRtLb;mkmUldæanvij edIm,IBRgwgkmøaMgenAtamRBMEdn. eday
sarEtkarxVHxatmðÚbGaharenAkñúgGMLúgeBlenaH kgT½BExμrRkhmEdlenAxag
kñúgRbeTs)aneFVIkarqk;bøn;RbCaCnenAtamPUmi edIm,Irs;ranmanCIvit.
emdwknaMExμrRkhm)anCemøósRbCaCnBIPñM1003 eTACMrMGUrRtav nig sÞwg
can;. cab;taMgBIeBlenaHmk edaysarEtkarKMramkMEhgBIkgT½BevotNam
ExμrRkhm)ancab;epþImeRCIserIs RbCaCnsamBaØenAkñúgCMrM[cUlbeRmIkgT½B.
CIvitkan;EtlM)ak ehIyemdwknaM nigkmμaPi)alExμrRkhm kan;EtCiHCan; nigbgçit
bgçMRbCaCn.
76
CMBUk7
s®gÁamQøb nigs®gÁamRbCaCn
ssmrPUmimuxenAPñM1003
enAExFñÚ qñaM1979 kmøaMgesssl;rbs;ExμrRkhm )anRbkasbegáIt
kgT½BCatikm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. cMnYnkgT½B)anekIneLIgCalMdab;BIqñaM1979
dl;qñaM1985 b:uEnþ bnÞab;mk TMhMkgT½B)anfycuHeTAvij. enARtwmExsIha
qñaM1980 cMnYnkgT½BExμrRkhmekIneLIgBI2muWnnak; eTA4muWnnak;. sun esn
Føab;)anRbkasfaExμrRkhmmankgT½BcMnYn6muWnnak; EdlRtÚv)anEckecjCa
5Ban;kgQøb Edl)aneFVIs®gÁamQøbenATUTaMgRbeTs.127 bnÞab;BIkic©RBm
eRBógsnþiPaBTIRkúg):arIsenAqñaM1991 kgT½BExμrRkhm)anfycuHenARtwm
cMnYn2muWnnak; edaysarEtkareFVImatuPUminivtþn_rbs;RbCaCnBICMrMCnePosxøÜn
RtLb;eTARsukkMeNItvij nigedaysarkarpþac;xøÜnkñúgRTg;RTaytUc.128 mk
RtwmBak;kNþalTsvtSr_qñaM1990 kgT½BExμrRkhmenAsl;RbEhlcMnYn1muWn
nak; ehIyenAqñaM1998 ExμrRkhmenAsl;kgT½Bb:unμanBan;nak;Etb:ueNÑaH.
eTaHbICakgT½BExμrRkhmRtÚv)anEbgEckeTACaGgÁPaBtUc²k¾eday k¾Exμr
RkhmenAEtbnþ erobcMkgT½Brbs;xøÜneTACakgBl kgvresnaFM kgvresnatUc
kgGnuesnaFM nigkgGnuesnatUc Edlrcnasm<½n§eyaFa EdlRtÚv)anbegáIt
eLIgtaMgBIry³kalbdivtþn_ ¬1970-1975¦. kgBlnImYy²mankmøaMgT½B
RbEhlBI2Ban;eTA3Ban;nak; eTaHbICatYelxenH)anFøak;cuH y:agxøaMg. enATIbMput
kgBlmYycMnYnmankgT½Bmindl;BIrbIrynak;pg.129
GtItkgBlExμrRkhmmYycMnYn EdlRtÚv)anbegáIteLIgtaMgBIry³kalén
rbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü ¬1975-1979¦ enAEtrkSavtþmanrbs;xøÜndEdl
xN³eBlEdlkgBlfμI²CaeRcInRtÚv)anbegáIteLIgedaykardak;bBa©ÚlKñanUvkgT½B
Edlrt;x©at;x©ay. ExμrRkhmk¾)aneFVIkareRCIserIskgT½BbEnßmBIkñúgcMeNam
77
RbCaCnEdlrs;enAkñúgCMrMCnePosxøÜn b¤BIkñúgtMbn;kan;kab;rbs;saFarNrdæRbCa
manitkm<úCa.130 kgT½BEdlRtÚv)aneRCIserIsfμIenaH rYmmanTaMgGñksμ½RKcitþ
nigGñkEdlRtÚvExμrRkhm)anekNÐykmk. mnusSmYycMnYnRtÚv)ancab;mk BIxag
kúñgRbeTskm<úCa nigbBa¢ÚnmkGgÁPaBkgT½BenAtambeNþayRBMEdnkm<úCa-éf.
CaEpñkmYyénrcnasm<½n§eyaFaenAPñM1003 tam:uk )anbegáItmUldæan
smrPUmimuxCaeRcIn kEnøgenAtamRBMEdn Edlbc©úb,nñsßitenAkñúgRsukGnøg;Evg
nigRsukRtBaMgR)asaT EdlenACab;KñaCamYynwgextþsIusaekt RbeTséf.
mUldæansmrPUmiTaMgenHrYmman PñM808/ PñM800/ PñM40/ PñM1002 nigPñM50
EdlsßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;PñM1003. mUldæansmrPUmimuxTaMgenHman
TItaMgenAelIPñMdgErk enAcMRckRBMEdnCayuT§sa®sþ EdlenATIenaH ExμrRkhmGac
bBa¢ÚnkgT½Brbs;xøÜn cUlmkvaykan;kab;TItaMgepSg²enAkñúgRbeTs edIm,IeFVI
RbtibtþikareyaFa.131 CaBiesssmrPUmimuxTaMgenH RtÚv)anbegáIteLIgedIm,I
beNþjkgT½BevotNamecjBItMbn;Gnøg;Evg. eTaHCay:agenHkþI ExμrRkhmmin
78
GacseRmceKalbMNgenH)aneT rhUtdl;cugqñaM1989 enAeBlEdlkgT½B
evotNamTaMgGs; RtÚv)andkecjBIRbeTskm<úCa. enAtMbn;RBMEdnxagTwkdIkm<úCa
edayGnuelameTAtam EpnkarkarBarCati EdlRtÚv)ansÁal;fa CaEpnkar{k-5}
kgT½BevotNam nigkgT½BsaFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa )anbegáItbnÞayeyaFaCa
yuT§sa®sþCaeRcIn edIm,ITb;sáat;kareRCótcUlrbs;kgT½BExμrRkhm.
mUldæansmrPUmimuxPñM808manTItaMgsßitenAGtItPUmifÁamrmas Edlbc©úb,nñ
KWCaRckRBMEdnCaMsaguaM. ExμrRkhm)ansagsg;XøaMgsmÖar³mYyenATIenaH edIm,I
pÁt;pÁg;smÖar³dl;smrPUmi. esOn EdlCaGtItembBa¢akarkgBl775 Edlman
mUldæanenAPUmiPaK]tþrrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü KWCaRbFanPñM808 EdlCaRck
RBMEdnd¾sMxan;mYyrvagkm<úCa nigéf.132 mUldæanenHmanTItaMgCitCageK eTA
nwgbnÞayrbs;kgT½BevotNam. enAxagekIt KWCaTItaMgrbs;mUldæansmrPUmimux
PñM800EdlmanTItaMgenACitTMnb;elIkñúgXMuRtBaMgRbiy_ ¬RsukGnøg;Evg¦.PñM800
ykeQμaHtamkgBl800 Edlman DI Fin CaembBa¢akar. eTAxagekItbnþiceTot
KWCamUldæansmrPUmimuxPñM40 EdlsßitenAtMbn;mYy EdlRtÚv)aneKsÁal;fa GUrFM
nig eRcak ¬bc©úb,nñenA kñúgXMuGUrsVay RsukRtBaMgR)asaT¦. mUldæansmrPUmi
bnÞab; KWPñM1002 EdlmanTItaMgenARtg;RckRBMEdnCb;run ¬bc©úb,nñenAkñúgXMu
RBHRbLay RsukRtBaMgR)asaT¦. kgBl612RtÚv)anbegáIteLIg nigRtÚv)an
cat;taMg[karBar nigeFVIRbtibtþikarenAelIPñM1002. ehOn KWCaRbFankgBl
612 ehIy Qan KWCaGnuRbFan.133 kgT½BenAelIPñM1002 eFVIRbtibtþikar
cab;BIRckRBMEdnCb;runeTAdl;R)asaTRBHvihar nigtMbn;mYycMnYnepSgeTotenAkñúg
extþRBHvihar CaBiessenAtambeNþaypøÚvCatielx12 BIXuMRsEGmeTARsuk
CaMkSanþ. smrPUmimux PñM50 manTItaMgenAxagekItRckRBMEdnCb;run.
enAcenøaHqñaM1979 dl;qñaM1985 mUldæanPñM1002 nigPñM50 KWCamUldæan
smrPUmid¾sMxan;BIr enAkñúgRbtibtiþkars®gÁamRbqaMgnwgevotNam nigsaFarNrdæ
RbCamanitkm<úCa. mUldæanTaMgBIrenH sßitenAkñúgTwkdIExμr. enAqñaM1980 edIm,I
beRmIdl;yuT§sa®sþkgT½B tam:uk )andwknaMkarsagsg;pøÚvmYyExSedaypÞal;
79
ecjBImUldæanrbs;Kat;enAkñúgTwkdIéf eTAkan;XMuRBHRbLaykñúgTwkdIExμr eday
qøgkat;RckRBMEdnCb;run. pøÚvenHRtÚv)aneRbIR)as;CaRckd¾sMxan;sRmab;bBa¢Ún
kmøaMgeTAxagkñúgRbeTskm<úCa nigsRmab;dwkCBa¢ÚnsmÖar³ nigeRKÓgsBaVvuFeTA[
kgT½BenAsmrPUmimux. tam:uk )an)at;bg;eCIgsþaMrbs;Kat;enAkñúgGMLúgeBl
sagsg;enaH edaysarEtRtak;T½rQUspøÚvCan;elImInetan enAtMbn;mYyEdlRtÚv
)anehAfa cmáaremÞs ¬cmáarmYyEdlsßitenAkñúgTwkdIéf Tl;muxnwgXuMRBHRbLay
kñúgRsukRtBaMgR)asaT¦. buil sar:at; )anerobrab;GMBIkarsagsg;pøÚvenH nig
RBwtiþkarN_ EdleFVI[ tam:uk køayeTACamnusSBikarfa ³
tam:uk )anQremIl nigbBa¢aeRKÓgcRkedayxøÜnÉg. eK)anR)ab;
Kat;fa kMu[QrEk,reRKÓgcRkeBk BIeRBaHmInRbqaMgrfeRkaHmYy
RKab;enAminTan;RtÚv)anrkeXIjenAeLIy. enAeBlEdlKat;kMBug
QrbBa¢akarsagsg;eRKÓgcRk)anebIkkinelImInRbqaMgnwgrfeRkaH
enaH. Rcvak;eRKÓgcRkenaH)andac; ehIyvat;mkRtÚveCIgsþaMrbs;
Kat;y:agxøaMg. GMEbgmInk¾ )anxÞatmkRtÚvedImRTÚgrbs;Kat;. kgT½B
)anRbjab;Rbjal; elIkKat;dak;elIERK nigEsgKat;eTARbeTs
éf. evC¢bNÐit CYn eCOn nigRKÚeBTüéfmYycMnYneTot )aneFVIkar
Büa)alKat;enAtampøÚv. kgT½B)anEsgKat;qøgkat;RBMEdneTAdl;
CMrMCb;møÚ nigdwkKat;tamLaneTAkan;RbeTséf. kgT½BRtÚvcMNay
eBleBjmYyyb; eTIbeFVIdMeNIreTAdl;CMrMCb;møÚ edaybþÚrevnKña
Esg. kgT½BTaMgenaHmin)anedkb¤Qb;sRmakenAtampøÚveLIy.
muneBlsnøb;)at;sμartItam:uk )anpþaMepJIkgT½B nigRbCaCnEdlenA
CMuvijKat;fa {GjRbEhlCaminrs;eT. CYyEfrkSaRbCaCn nig
bnþclnats‘UteTAeTot.} mnusSRKb;Kña naMKñaERskyMenAeBl)an
B¤Kat;niyaydUecñH.134
80
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embBa¢akarCan;x<s;
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smrPUmiTis 14
smrPUmiTiséb:lin nig
m:aéL
kgBl320
kgBl705
kgBl948
kgBl404
kgBl980
kgBl616
kgBl785
kgBl990
kgBl912
kgBl612
kgBl417
kgBl920
kgBl801
kgBl800
kgBl802
kgBl105
kgBl607
kgBl415
kgBl450
kgBl519
kgBl518
kgBl17
kgBl18
kgBl19
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RRbtibtþikarenAxagkñúg ³ s®gÁamQøb nigs®gÁamRbCaCn
kgT½BenAPñM1003 RtÚv)anbBa¢Ún[eTAeFVIRbtibtþikarenAkñúgRbeTsCaerog
ral;qñaM. kgT½BTaMgenaHRtÚv)anbBa¢Ún[eTAeFVIkarenACMuvijbwgTenøsab kñúgextþ
esomrab kMBg;FM kMBg;qñaMg eBaF×sat; nig)at;dMbg RBmTaMgtMbn;mYycMnYnenAtam
beNþayRBMEdn kñúgextþ]tþrmanC½y nigextþRBHvihar. kgT½BnImYy²RtÚv)an
GnuBaØat[mksYrsuxTukçRKÜsarenAelIPñ MdgErkmþgry³eBlmYyb¤BIrGaTitü.
bnÞab;mk kgT½BTaMgenaHnwgRtÚv)anbBa¢Ún[RtLb;eTAkan;TItaMg EdlxøÜnRtÚv)ancat;
taMg[eTA. mþgmáal kgT½BExμrRkhmEdleFVIRbtibtþikarenACYrmuxGacTMnak;TMng
mkRbBn§ nigRkúmRKÜsarrbs;xøÜntamry³sarTUrelx nigsMbuRt.135 muneBl
ecjeTAbMeBjebskkmμ kgT½BExμrRkhm RtÚvcUlrYmvKÁbNþúHbNþalCamYy
emdwknaMrbs;xøÜn. Ék supl EdlCaGtItelxatMbn;37 nigCaembBa¢akar
kgT½BkñúgPUmiPaKbs©im énrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü )anrMB£kGMBIkargarrbs;Kat;
enAxagkñúgRbeTsfa ³
enAeBlEdlkgT½BevotNam)anvaycUlRbeTskm<úCa xJMúnigGnu
RbFanrbs;xJM úeQμaH ):a Cwm )andwknaMkgT½BcMnYn1Ban;nak; BIextþ
ekaHkug eTAextþkMBg;qñaMg. kgT½Brbs;eyIgeFVIRbtibtþikarenACuMvij
bwgTenøsab edaymanes,ógGahartictYcNas;. enAqñaM1982
tam:uk )anehAxJM ú[RtLb;eTAGnøg;Evgvij EdlenATIenaH xJM ú)an
erobkarRbBn§TIBIr. bnÞab;BIerobkarrYc tam:uk )anbBa¢a[xJMúeTAeFVIkar
enAtMbn;CaeRcIn enAkñúgextþRBHvihar nigextþkMBg;FM CamYykgT½B
rbs; Ek Bknig RsIsubinþ. xJMúk¾Føab;)aneTAeFVIkarenARsukBYk RkLaj;
nigv:arinÞ. xJMúGacRtLb;mkpÞHmkCYbRbBn§rbs;xJMúerogral;knøHqñaMb¤
mYyqñaMmþg. enAqñaM1986 xJM úRtÚv)ancat;taMg[eTAeFVIkarenA
extþkMBg;qñaMg. xJMú)andwknaMkmøaMgRbEhlmYyrynak;EhlqøgTenø
sab edaysarEteyIgBMumanTUkRKb;RKan;. kmøaMgrbs;eyIgeFVIkar
82
enARsukbribUN’ EdlenATIenaH eyIg)aneBIbRbyuT§CamYykgT½B
evotNam nigkgT½BrdæaPi)alCajwkjab;. CYnkaleyIgsñak;enA
kñúgPUmi. b:uEnþ PaKeRcIn eyIgenAkñúgéRB edIm,IeCosBIkarRbyuT§Kña.
kgT½Brbs;xJM úTaMgGs; TukRbBn§ecalenAGnøg;Evg. enAqñaM1996
xJMú)aneFVIdMeNIrtamrfePøIg BIextþkMBg;qñaMgeTAextþeBaF×sat; ehIy
rs;enATIenaHrhUtdl;smahrNkmμ.136
CaTUeTA kgT½BExμrRkhmRtÚv)anbBa¢Ún[eTAeFVIkarenAtMbn;CMuvijPUmikMeNIt
rbs;xøÜn edaysarExμrRkhmemIleXIjGMBIGtßRbeyaCn_CaeRcInkñúgkareFVIdUecñH.
83
kgT½BEdleFVIkarenAEk,rPUmikMeNItrbs;xøÜn sÁal;c,as;GMBITItaMgPUmisa®sþkñúg
tMbn; nigGaceFVIkary:agmanRbsiT§PaBCamYyRbCaCnenAkñúgtMbn;enaH. CagenH
eTAeTot kgT½BTaMgenaHGacTTYl)ankarTMnukbRmúgBIGñkPUmi dUcCacMNIGahar nig
karsñak;enA enAeBlEdlkgT½BTaMgGs;enaHGs;es,ógGaharmþg². ExμrRkhm
k¾GacTTYl)ankarshkarBIGñkPUmi kñúgkarTTYl)anB½t’manBIGaCJaFrmUldæanrbs;
saFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa. bNþajcarkmμrbs;ExμrRkhmGacGnuBaØat[Exμr
RkhmerobcMxøÜnedIm,IeFVIkarvayRbhar nigRbtibtþikarQøbepSg²eTotRbqaMgnwg
rdæaPi)al bnÞaykgT½BevotNam nigkariyal½yrdæ)al.
s®gÁamQøb nigs®gÁamRbCaCn KWCayuT§sa®sþeyaFacm,grbs;ExμrRkhm
enAkñúgkarRbyuT§RbqaMgeTAnwgGVI EdlExμrRkhmehAfa {GaxμaMgyYnQøanBan}.
yuT§sa®sþTaMgBIrenHRtÚv)anExμrRkhmGnuvtþtaMgBIqñaM1968 enAeBlEdlExμr
Rkhmcab;epþImkartsU‘Rbdab;GavuFRbqaMgnwgrdæaPi)alkm<úCa. yuT§sa®sþs®gÁam
QøbGacRtÚv)anBN’nafa cl½tehIyrs;revIkcMeBaHGgÁkarcat;taMg nigyuT§
sa®sþrbs;sRtÚv. RkúmQøbnImYy² manKñaBI10eTA12nak;.
EdlehAfas®gÁamQøb n½yrbs;va KWlbvayxμaMgedayRkúmtUc²
Rsal s¶at; cl½t rs;revIk. n½yCak;Esþg KWRkúmQøbtUc² eTAeFVI
skmμPaBvayxμaMgedayGavuF cRmÚg mIn lb)aj;suIb lbcaMk®nþak;
mIn BRgicBRgilkmøaMgxμaMg mYyéf¶mYyk,al BIrk,alCaRbcaM.
RkúmQøbGt;enAes¶ómeT KWcl½tvayxμaMgCab; manKMnitepþImrkvay
xμaMgCab; XValxμaMgCab; xμaMgecjmin)an. RkúmQøbpþac;pøÚvtUcFMrbs;
xøaMg. pþac;pøÚvedaykab;eQIbiT raMgsRmas; cak;cRmÚg dak;mIn mInécñ
mInefμIreCIg mInsRmab;Lan mInsRmab;rfeRkaHelIpøÚvsgxagpøÚv
ehIyenAXøaMcaM emIlxμaMgenAnwgkEnøgCab; bNþak;evnKñayb;éf¶min[
cenøaHeLIy.137
84
karvayRbharRtÚv)aneFVIeLIgedayes¶óms¶at;bMput edaymin[{sRtÚv}
dwgxøÜnCamun. karvayqμk; nigrt;Ebbs®gÁamQøbenHtRmÚv[mankarpøas;TICa
RbcaM edIm,IsRmbxøÜneTAtamsßanPaBenAkñúgsmrPUmi Edlmankarpøas;bþÚrCa
nic©.138
CamYynwgyuT§viFIs®gÁamQøb kgT½BExμrRkhm)anvayRbhareTAelImnÞIrXMu
nigmnÞIrRsuk RBmTaMgGKarrbs;rdæaPi)alepSg²eTot. meFüa)ayTMnak;TMngpøÚv
fñl; nigpøÚvrfePøIgenATUTaMgRbeTsKWCamuxsBaØaénkarvayRbhar. karvayRbhar
rbs;ExμrRkhm)anbgáCa]bsKÁ nigesaknadkmμCaeRcIndl;rdæaPi)alsaFarN
rdæRbCamanitkm<úCa kgT½BevotNam nigRbCaCnTUeTA. ]TahrN_ enAExmifuna
qñaM1980 ExμrRkhm)an)aj;RKab;epøageTAelIsßanIyrfePøIg enAsþúkGacm_rmas
kñúgextþkMBg;qñaMg Edl)ansmøab;mnusSGs;CaeRcIn.139
emdwknaMExμrRkhmeCOCak;fa karvayRbhar nigkarsmøab;kgT½BevotNam
enATUTaMgRbeTs Caerogral;éf¶nwgeFIV[kmøaMgrbs;evotNamcuHexSay ehIyenA
TIbBa©b; evotNamnwgdkT½BecjBIRbeTskm<úCa. b:ul Bt Føab;)anGYtGagfa
RbsinebIkgT½BevotNamRtÚv)andkecjBIRbeTskm<úCa xøÜnnwgvayrbbsaFa
rNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa{[ebuIgdUcRkdas} ehIynwgdeNIþmykGMNacmkRKb;
RKgsaCafμImþgeTot.140
CaEpñkmYyéns®gÁamRbCaCnkgT½BExμrRkhmnImYy² RtÚv)ancat;taMg[
eFVIkarGUsTajRbCaCn edaykareFVIkary:agCitsñiT§CamYyRbCaCn. CaCag
epþateTAelIeKaledAeyaFa s®gÁamRbCaCnepþateTAelIRbCaCnsuIvil EdlGac
pþl;B½t’mand¾mantémø nigCaFnFanEdlminecHrIgs¶Üt sRmab;karpÁt;pÁg;Rbtibtþi
karenAxagkñúg. karrMedaHRbeTsCatiecjBI {karQøanBanrbs;evotNam nig
Gay:grbs;va} KWCasarmYyd¾sMxan;éns®gÁamRbCaCn. CagenHeTAeTot s®gÁam
RbCaCnmann½yfa RbCaCnTaMgekμgTaMgcas; TaMgRbúsTaMgRsI GaccUlrYmenA
kñúgs®gÁamenH)an.
85
RbCaCnRtÚv)anelIkTwkcitþ[eFVIkarrYmKña enAkñúgkic©xitxMRbwgERbgkñúgkar
eFVIs®gÁam. RbCaCnGaccUlrYmplitcRmÚg nigrayGnÞak; edIm,IkarBarPUmi
rbs;xøÜn. RbCaCnGacpþl;B½t’man eTAdl;kgQøb nigeFVICacarkic©rbs;kgQøb
enAkñúgkarkMNt;eKaledAvayRbhareTAelIm®nþI rdæaPi)al nigkariyal½y
rdæ)al. RbCaCnk¾RtÚv)anelIkTwkcitþ[eFVIkarbMpøicbMpøaj pøÚvsaFarN³ RBmTaMg
bdiesFminlk;smÖar³ nigplitplepSg²eTA[sRtÚv. RbCaCnk¾RtÚv)anelIk
Twkcitþ [eFVIkarraraMgdl;Epnkarrbs;rdæaPi)al kñúgkarRbmUlpþú M b¤eRCIserIs
kgT½B.141
RBM yIm EdlCaGtItkgT½BenAkñúgkgBl801 )anerobrab;GMBIBiesaFn_
EdlKat;)aneronBIembBa¢akarrbs;Kat; enAkñúgkareFVIs®gÁamRbCaCnfa ³
dMbUg eyIgksagbuKÁlehIybnÞab;mk eyIgksagRKÜsarmYy TaMg
mUl. dMbUg eyIgksagbþIEdlGaceTAksagRbBn§rbs;Kat;bnþ.
enAeBlEdlbþI nigRbBn§maneKalCMhresñhaCatidUcKña GñkTaMgBIr
nwgbnþksagkUn²rbs;xøÜnehIykUn² nwgksagmitþPkþirbs;eKbnþ
eTot. dMeNIrkarénkarksagkmøaMg eRbób)aneTAnwgstVkeNþór
EdlsuIeQI. bnþicmþg² stVkeNþórnwgbMpøajeQIBIxagkñúg. sMbk
eRkArbs;eQIemIleTA hak;dUcCaenAl¥. RbtibtþikarxagkñúgenHRtÚv
sm¶at; ebImin dUecñaH eyIgRtÚvrt;cUléRB edIm,IeKcecjBIkarcab;xøÜn
nigkareFVITukçbukemñj.142
kgT½BExμrRkhmEdleFVIkarenAxagkñúg)anbegáItTaMgPaBP½yxøac nigTaMgmitþ
PaBCamYyRbCaCn. mü:ag kgT½BExμrRkhmlYcbøn;RTBüsm,tþi nigdutbMpøajpÞH
sEm,grbs;RbCaCnedIm,IeFVI[kmøaMgrbs;GaCJaFrmUldæan nigkmøaMgrbs;evot
NamcuHexSay. mü:agvijeTot kgT½BExμrRkhmbegáItTMnak;TMngCitsñiT§CamYy
GñkPUmi Edl)anpþl;es,ógGahar nigsmÖar³caM)ac;epSg² sRmab;karrs;enA
86
RbcaMéf¶. ):an ):at; EdlCaGtItkgT½BenAkñúg kgBl519 )anniyayfa {kar
eFVITMnak;TMngCamYyRbCaCnminEmnCaerOglM)akeT. eyIgbegáItTMnak;TMngCamYy
GñkPUmiNa EdlmankUneFVICaTahan rbs;saFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa. minyUr
b:unμan eyIg)ankøayeTACamitþPkþi. eyIgminvayKñaeT. karRbyuT§KñaeRbób)aneTA
nwgkarbMpøajqñaMg)ayxøÜnÉg. eyIgGacecjcUlkñúgPUmi)any:aggay.}143
GñkPUmimYycMnYnEfmTaMgeFVICanIrsar[ExμrRkhmeTotpg. mas eGn EdlCaGñk
PUmimñak;enARsukGnøg;Evg )anrMB£kfa ³
xJMú)ancUlrYmCamYyExμrRkhmenAqñaM1985 edaysarEtxJMúmanbBaða
enAkñúgRKÜsar. ExμrRkhmmanTMnak;TMngl¥CamYyRbCaCnenAkñúgPUmi
¬PUmirUg XMuElVgb£sSI RsukCIERkg extþesomrab¦. GñkPUmi)anCYy
erobcMdMeNIrrbs;xJMúeTAkan;PñMdgErk. ExμrRkhmmanRkúmcarkic©rbs;
xøÜnenAkñúgPUmi. RbsinebIkgT½BevotNamcuHmkRtÜtBinitüenAkñúgPUmi
enAem:ag1resol GñkPUminwg[kareTAExμrRkhmEdlnwgcakecjBI
PUmienAem:ag12éf¶Rtg; edIm,IeCosvagBIkarRbQmmuxdak;KñaCamYy
kgT½BevotNam. RbsinebIkgT½BExμrRkhmminGaccakecjBIPUmi
Tan;eBleT enaHkarRbyuT§CamYykgT½BevotNamnwgekItmaneLIg.
xJMú)aneFVIdMeNIr nigedkCamYykgT½BExμrRkhmGs;ry³eBlknøHEx
munnwgeTAdl;mUldæanrbs;ExμrRkhmenAelIPñMdgErk. eyIg)an
eFVIdMeNIrqøgkat;tMbn;EdlRkaleTAedayRKab;mIn. xJMúRtÚvetagvlø×
eLIgcMeNatfμPñM. eRkaymk xJMú)ankøayeTACakgT½BExμrRkhmenA
kñúgkgBl785nigeRkaymkeTotenAkñúgkgBl980.144
eTaHCay:agenHkþI yuT§sa®sþs®gÁamRbCaCnrbs;ExμrRkhm minmanRbsiT§
PaB edaysarEtRbCaCnminmanCMenOeTAelIyuT§sa®sþ EdlKμanPaBR)akdRbCa
rbs;ExμrRkhm. CagenHeTAeTot RbCaCnmankarenOyNay nigenAEtQWcab;
87
cMeBaHerOgr:avEdl)anekIteLIg enAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü ¬1975-
1979¦. eTaHCaenAkñúgkal³eTs³Nak¾eday RbCaCnCaeRcInnwgminRbfuy
RbfanshkarCamYyExμrRkhmenaHeT. RbsinebIRbCaCnseRmccitþrt;cUléRB
edImI,eKc ecjBIkarlM)akTaMgLay EdlbgáeLIgedayGaCJaFrrdæaPi)al RbCaCn
TaMgenaH suxcitþeTAcuHcUlCamYyrNsirShVú‘nsiunbuicEdldwknaMedayGtItRBHmha
kSRtRBH)aT semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu b¤cUlrYmCamYyrNsirSCatirMedaH
RbCaBlrdæExμrEdldwknaMedaysemþc sWn san. CaTUeTA kgT½BExμrRkhm
eRbIkarKMramkMEhg. RbCaCnmñak;)anerobrab;GMBIBaküsmþI EdlExμrRkhmFøab;
niyayeTAkan;Kat;fa {mUldæanesdækic©rbs;eyIg KWenAkñúgéRB. RbsinebIh‘an
raykarN_BIeyIgeTAR)ab;sRtÚv xøÜnnwg)at;bg;mUldæanesdækic© ehIyRbQmmux
nwgesckþIsøab;.}145 enAkñúgsßanPaBEbbenH RbCaCnCaeRcInEdlenAkñúgtMbn;
RbTajRbTg;Kña )aneRCIserIsykpøÚvkNþal edaymincUlrYm ehIyk¾minRbqaMg
nwgExμrRkhmEdr. edIm,Irs;ranEpñkesdækic© RbCaCn)anshkarCamYyPaKI
CemøaHTaMgBIr.
88
CMBUk8
CIvitenAelIPñMdgErk
CCIvitrbs;RbCaCnenAPñM1003
RbCaCnEdlFøab;rs;enAelIPñM1003 )anerobrab;GMBICIvitlM)akevTna
nigPaBminmanTIlMenAc,as;las; EdlRsemaléns®gÁamTaMgenHbnþ RKbdNþb;
mkelIRKb;TidæPaBTaMgGs;énCIvitrs;enARbcaMéf¶rbsxøÜn. sMeLgRKab;epøag
nigsMeLgpÞúHBIcm¶ay KWCasBaØaénkarvayRbhar Edlmann½yfaRkúmRKÜsar
TaMgLay RtÚvRbjab;Rbjal;RbmUlpþúMsmÖar³caM)ac; nigerobcMrt;eKcxøÜn. «Buk
mþayCaeRcInEtgEtRBÜy)armÖCaerogral;éf¶. skmμPaBsamBaØ dUcCa kar
GnuBaØat[kUnrt;elgxageRkAGacnaMmknUveRKaHfñak; EdlbNþalmkBIkarvay
Rbhar EdlGacekItmanenAéf¶enaH. RbBn§EtgEtelIkédlabþIedaykþIkgVl;
enAeBlbþIeFVIdMeNIreTAsmrPUmimux eday)andwgy:agc,as;fakareFVIdMeNIreTA
smrPUmimþg²GacCakarCYbKñaCacugeRkay. CIvithak;dUcCadMeNIrpSgeRBg
enAkñúgcenøaHénkarrs;enARbcaM nigs®gÁam.
karRbyuT§KñarvagkgT½BExμrRkhmenAelIPñM1003 CamYynwgkgT½Bevot
Nam ekItmaneLIgCajwkjab;. sßanPaBEbbenH)anbgçMRbCaCn[rt;ePosxøÜn
BIkEnøgmYyeTAkEnøgmYyeTot edIm,IeKcBIRKab;kaMePøIg nigRKab;epøag. RbCaCn
)anBN’naCIvitcl½tEbbenH EdlRbkbedayPaBlM)akevTna edaysarEt
RbCaCnRtÚvsagsg;lMenAzanfμI enAerogral;eBlrt;eKcxøÜnmþg². CagenHeTA
eTot RbCaCnRtÚvyksmÖar³CaeRcIneTAtamxøÜn enAeBlmankarRbyuT§Kñamþg².
RbCaCn)aneXIjkgT½BrgrbYs nigsøab; EdlRtÚv)anEsgkat;tamPUmiCaerog
ral;éf¶. CYnkalkgT½BedIrCan;mInEdlxøÜnÉg)ankb;. kgT½BevotNam)an)aj;
RKab;epøagcUleTAkñúgPUmienAelIPñM Edl)anbgá[mankarsøab;y:ageRcIn.146 sM
PIn GtItGñkkan;XøaMg tam:uk nigCaCnBikaredayRKab;mInmñak; EdlFøab;rs;enA
89
elIPñM1003 )anerobrab;GMBICIvitcl½trbs;Kat;fa ³
kgT½BevotNamvayRbhareyIg enAeBlBYkeKesIubdwgBITItaMg
rbs;eyIg. GñkEdlsøab;RtÚv)anTukecal ehIyGñkEdlenArs;bnþ
eFVIdMeNIreTAmuxeTArkTItaMgfμI. eyIgEtgEtTukcanqñaMgenAkñúgbegVc
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CakmøaMgkaykmøaMgcitþ.
eRkaymk eyIgmanCIvPaBKYrsmehIy. RbCaCnPUmixJMúmansuxPaB
l¥bgÁÜreLIgvij. bgb¥Ún)anrYmcMENkvayGaxμaMgyYnQøanBan
CamYyBU²kgT½BCati y:agskmμ nigekøóvkøa. bgb¥ÚnxøHCYydwkCBa¢Ún
RKab;rMesv es,ógGaharCUnBU²kgT½B. bgb¥ÚnxøHeTot CYyeFVIcRmÚg
xñar sg;mnÞIreBTü sg;XøaMgRKab; nigsg;sala[kumareronsURt.
100
TMenomTmøab;d¾l¥RbesIrenH eFVI[RbCaCnPUmixJMúrs;enAsuxdumrmnaRKb;
eBlevla kñúgkitþiyséføfñÚr eTaHbIsßitenAkñúgsm½yts‘UvayGaxμaMg
yYnQøanBanvatTIelbTwkdIRbl½yBUCsasn_enHk¾eday.159
emeronmYyeTotmancMNgeCIgfa {bgRbúsxJMú} ³
kalBIqñaM1980 bgRbúsxJMúmanGayu15qñaM. kalenaH Kat;rs;enA
CamYyBukEm:xJMúenAÉPñMRkv:aj. bgRbúsxJMúCamnusS]sSah_Büayam
ehIysøÚtbUt nigsuPaBrabsar.
RBlwmRsag²eLIg bgRbúsxJMúeRkakGuCcegáóg emIlemeronsaeLIg
vij. muneTAsalaeron Kat;e)assm¥atTIFøaCuMvijpÞH ehIyCYydg
Twkdak;BagTukCUnEm:eRbIR)as;. l¶aceBlRtLb;mkBIsalaeronvij
Kat;CYyeRsacdMNaMEk,r²pÞH. Ééf¶Qb;sRmakeron bgEtgCYy
eFVIkarBukEm: dUcCadaM bEnø eRsacbEnø rk]s dgTwk EfTaMstVman;Ta
b¤CYyemIlEfTaMb¥Ún²CaedIm. eBlyb;munsRmanþ Kat;emIlemeron
b¤eFVIkic©kar EdlelakRKÚdak;[eFVI. CYnkalKat;CYybeRgónGkSrxJMú.
xJM úbgRbúsxJM úcUlcitþGanerOg EdlniyayBIvIrPaBrbs;RbCaCn
km<úCarbs;BU²kgT½BCatikm<úCaRbCaFibetyü kñúgkarts‘UvayGaxμaMg
yYnQøanBan[xJMúsþab;.
luHdl;qñaM1983 bgRbúsxJMúcUleFVIkgT½BCatikm<úCaRbCaFibetyü.
qñaM1986 bgmanParkic©eTAeFVIkargarCamYyRbCaCnenAkñúgXuM
RtBaMgFM RsukRtaMkk; extþtaEkv edIm,IRbmUlkmøaMgvayGaxμaMgyYn
Qøan Ban rMedaHPUmi XuM Rsuk nigrMedaHRbeTskm<úCaTaMgmUl.
101
xJMúRslaj; nigeKarBbgRbúsxJMúNas; 160
kkarBüa)alCMgW
karBüa)alCMgWenAPñM1003 manlkçN³CakarBüa)albzm ehIypþl;kar
Büa)alsRmab;EtrbYs nigCMgWFmμtaEtb:ueNÑaH. CalT§pl RbCaCn nigkgT½B
sßitenAkñúgsßanPaB EdlgaynwgrgeRKaHBIeRKaHfñak; nigCMgWNas;. RbCaCnBuM
TTYl)ankarBüa)alCMgWRtwmRtÚveT. buKÁlikeBTüRtÚv)aneRCIserIsecjBIRbCa
CnenAelIPñM. buKÁlikeBTümYycMnYnTTYl)ankarbNþúHbNþalenAelIPñM1003.
buKÁlikeBTümYycMnYneTot RtÚv)an
bBa¢ Ún[eTATTYlkarbNþúHbNþalenA
RbeTséf CamYyevC¢bNÐitéf nigcin
edaymanCMn YyBIG ñkbkERbPasa
Exμr.161 karbNþúHbNþalRbRBwtþeTA
edaykarGnuvtþCak;Esþg. buKÁlik
eBTüRt Úv)anbNþ úHbNþalCMnaj
Büa)albzm dUcCakarlagrbYs nigkar
Büa)alCMgWRKúncaj;.162 buKÁlik
eBTüRsImYycMnYnRtÚv)anbNþúHbNþal
[eTACaqμb.
bnÞab;BIbBa©b;vKÁbNþúHbNþal
buKÁlikeBTüePTRbúsRtÚv)anbBa¢Ún[
eTACamYykgT½B edIm,Ic,aMgCamYy
evotNamenAtamsmrPUmimux. mnÞIr
eBTüTTYlBüa)alkgT½BrgrbYsBI5
eTA6nak;Caerogral;éf¶.163 edIm,IsRmÜldl;karBüa)alCMgW nigse®gÁaH
kgT½BrbYs Edlkan;EtekIneLIgCaerogral;éf¶ ExμrRkhmenAPñM1003 )an
102
Nub suPa EdlCaGtItsisS
eBTümYyrUbenAPñM1003 )anrMB£kGMBI
karsikSaviC¢aeBTürbs;Kat;enARbeTs
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karsikSaminmanry³eBlrhUt
dl;eTAmYyqñaMeT. ]TahrN_ mYyEx
man30éf¶. eyIgsikSaRTwsþI10éf¶
GnuvtþCak;Esþg10éf¶ ehIy10éf¶
eToteronPasa. dUcKñaEdr RkúmnImYy²
mansmaCik30nak;. eyIg)anEck
evnKñacm¥inmðÚb. eyIg)aneRbIbec©k
eTseBTü edIm,IBüa)alTaMgRbCaCn
nigkgT½B.
begáItmnÞIreBTüCaeRcInkEnøgEdl rYmmaneBTü1003 eBTü72 nigeBTü 13.
exOn nig xal KWCaRbFanmnÞIr eBTü13. xn nigeRkaymk ln KW CaRbFan
mnÞIreBTü72. mnÞIreBTüRtÚv )anbþÚrTItaMgBIkEnøgmYyeTAkEnøgmYyeTot GaRs½y
eTAelIsßanPaBenAsmrPUmimux.
kkarerobmgÁlkar
ExμrRkhmmaneKalneya)ayCMruj[mankarerobkar EdlCameFüa)ay
mYykñúgkarcgeCIgkgT½BenAPñM1003 tamry³cMNgRKÜsar EdlGacTb;sáat;kuM
[mankarpþac;xøÜncUleTArdæaPi)al. karerobkarminRtÚv)anbgçMenaHeT b:uEnþRbCa
Cnk¾BMuman»kaseRcInenAkñúgkareRCIsKURskr b¤EsVgrkCeRmIsEdlRbesIr
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seRmccitþrbs;fñak;dwknaM. kgT½BGacesñIsMuerobkarCamYynarIenAkñúgCMrM)an.
b:uEnþ narImYycMnYnmineBjcitþcMeBaHKURskrrbs;xøÜnenaHeLIy. CaTUeTAnarIyl;
eXIjfa karmansVamI EdlminGacpþl;PaBkk;ekþAkñúgRKÜsar RbesIrCagkarrs;enA
EtÉg.164 narImYycMnYnmineBjcitþcMeBaHkarbBa¢a[erobkarCamYyCnBikar
b:uEnþnarITaMgenaHminh‘anbdiesF.165 bnÞab;BIerobkarrYcKUsVamIPriyaTaMgBIr
sg;pÞHxÞmmYy EdlmanTMhM3Em:RtbYnRCúgeFVIGMBIb£sSI nigdMbUlRbk;s,Úv.
BIdMbUg BiFIerobmgÁlkarRtÚv)aneFVIeLIgCaRkúmdUcKñaeTAnwgBiFIerobkarenA
kñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüEdr eTaHbICacMnYnKUmanticCagk¾eday. eRkaymk
BiFIerobmgÁlkartamEbbRbéBNIExμrRtÚv)anGnuBaØat.
can; enOn eFVIkarenAkñúgkgdwkCBa¢Ún ehIy)anerobkarenAqñaM1980. BiFI
erobmgÁlkarrbs;Kat;man4KU. kgT½B nigkmμaPi)alenAkñúgkgrbs;Kat;)an
mkcUlrYmBiFIerobmgÁlkarenaH.166 hab; ehn EdlCa®sþImñak;eTot Edl)an
erobkarenAelIPñM1003)anniyayfa {enAeBlenaH eyIgmindwgfa esñhamann½y
faem:cenaHeT. eyIgminEdlcab;GarmμN_eTAelImnusSRbúspg.}167hab; ehn
)anrMB£kGMBIéf¶erobmgÁlkarrbs;Kat;fa ³
103
ta jwm KWCacas;TMuEdl)anerobcMmgÁlkar[eyIg. BiFIerobmgÁl
karRtÚv)aneFVIeLIgenARbEhlem:ag3resol. enAéf¶xJM úerobkar
man11KU. enAeBlenaHeyIgBMumantub¤ekAGIeT. TaMgRbúsTaMgRsI
naMKñaGgÁúyenAelIGgát;eQI EdlGacrk)anenAEk,renaH. enAkñúg
BiFIerobmgÁlkar RbFankg)anRbkasfa eyIgTaMgBIrnak;)an
køayeTACabþIRbBn§ nig)anENnaM eyIg[RbwgERbgeFVIkargar nig
minRtÚvrt;ecalclnaExμrRkhm. eyIg)anTHédGbGrsaTr ehIy
bnÞab;mk BiFICb;elogtUcmYyRtÚv)anerobcMeLIg EdlmanmðÚb
GahardUcCa KuyTav RtIxkMb:ug TwkedaHeKa nignMQøb. enHKWCaBiFI
erobmgÁlkarrbs;eyIgnaeBlenaH.168
cab;BIBak;kNþalTsvtSr_qñaM1980mk BiFIerobmgÁlkarenAPñM1003
RtÚv)anerobcMeLIgRbesIrCagmun. eTaHbICaBMumansemøókbMBak;RbéBNI RBHsgÇ
b¤ceRmógRbéBNIk¾eday k¾Gacarü169 RtÚv)anGnuBaØat[erobcMBiFI ehIyBiFItam
RbéBNImYycMnYn dUcCaBiFIbgVilBBilk¾RtÚv)anGnuBaØatEdr.170 kmμviFIraMCamYy
nwgceRmógrbs; siun sIusamut171 RtÚv)anerobcMeLIgsRmab;BiFICb;elog
CamYynwgGaharBIrbImux nigbEg¥m.172 sac;jati nigmitþPkþirbs;kUnkemøaHRkmuM
k¾cUlrYmenAkñúgBiFImgÁlkarenHEdr. cMNgédcab;BI10eTA100)at ¬rUbiyb½NÑ
éf¦. eTaHbICa tam:uk min)ancUlrYmenAkñúgBiFIerobmgÁlkark¾eday k¾ tam:uk
EtgEt]btßmÖGgár nigsmÖar³pÞH)aymYycMnYndl;KURskrfμI.173
eesckþIbBa©b;
PñM1001 nigPñM1003 EdlsßitenAelIPñMdgErk KWCatMbn;kan;kab; d¾sMxan;
rbs;ExμrRkhm nigRtÚv)aneRbIR)as;CaTIbBa¢akareyaFaCayuT§sa®sþ sRmab;
RbtibtþikareyaFaenATUTaMgRbeTs. mUldæaneyaFaTaMgBIrenH GnuBaØat[kmøaMg
104
braC½yesssl;rbs;ExμrRkhmerobcMeLIgvijnUvyuT§sa®sþ nigrcnasm<½n§
eyaFarbs;xøÜn. mUldæanTaMgenH KWCaTItaMgCayuT§sa®sþsRmab;karrs;ran
rbs;ExμrRkhm nigsRmab;karts‘UeLIgvij. mUldæanTaMgenH k¾CasmrPUmi
RbyuT§KñarvagkgT½BExμrRkhm nigkgT½BevotNam nigsaFarNrdæRbCamanit
km<úCa. CagenHeTAeTotmUldæanTaMgenH k¾RtÚv)aneRbIR)as;CaTItaMgd¾sMxan;
sRmab;TTYlCnePosxøÜnExμr.
CIvitrs;enAelIPñMdgErkmankarlM)akTaMgpøÚvkay nigsμartI. kgT½BRtÚv
)anbBa¢ÚneTAkan;smrPUmi cMENkRbCaCnsamBaØ CYykgT½Btamry³kardwkCBa¢Ún
es,ógGahar eRKÓgsBaVvuF nigcRmÚgeTAsmrPUmimux.
edaysarEtmankarKMramkMEhgBIs®gÁamCaRbcaM RbCaCnminEdlsÁal;
CIvitrs;enAsamBaØeT. pÞúyeTAvij RKb;RkúmRKÜsarTaMgGs;RtÚvbgçMcitþrs;enA
edaysμartIRbúgRby½tñCab;Canic©cMeBaHs®gÁam nigkarts‘UedIm,ICati. enAkñúg
sßanPaBswkEbbenH kumarminman»kasTTYl)ankarGb;rMRtwmRtÚveT. dUcKñaEdr
RbCaCnk¾minTTYl)ankarEfTaMsuxPaB[)anRtwmRtÚvEdr. emdwknaMExμrRkhm
Büayam]btßmÖRbCaCn edIm,IkuM[kgT½BRBÜy)armÖGMBIsmaCikRKÜsarrbs;xøÜn
EdlenAxageRkay. eTaHCay:agenHkþI PaBP½yxøac CaRbcaM nigCIvitrs;enARbkb
edayPaBvwkvr enAEttamjaMjIRbCaCn nigkgT½BCab;Canic©. erOgr:avGMBImnusS
edIrCan;mIn nigkgT½BTTYlrgrbYs)ankøayeTACaB½t’manRbcaMéf¶ EdlmnusSRKb;
rUb)andwgCamunfanwgekIteLIg. minmannrNamñak;dwgc,as;fa éf¶GnaKtrbs;xøÜn
nwgkøayeTACay:agNaenaHeT.
CIvitk¾CYbkarlM)akEdr edaysarEttRmÚvkarCaRbcaM kñúgkarbBa¢ÚnkgT½B[
eTAeFVIkarenAxagkñúgRbeTs. kgT½BTaMgenHRtÚv)anbBa¢ÚneTAesÞIrEtRKb;extþ
TaMgGs; enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCaedIm,IeFVIkareXasna nigeFVIviT§gSnaenAtamtMbn;dac;
Rsyal. kgT½BRtÚvrs;enAq¶ayBIRbBn§ nigkUnrbs;xøÜnkñúgry³eBlyUr. eday
sarEtRtÚvrs;enAq¶ayBImUldæan kgT½BTaMgenaHRtÚvBwgEp¥kelIxøÜnÉgedIm,Irs;.
sßanPaBlM)akEbbenH )anbgçM[kgT½BmYycMnYnRbRBwtþGMeBIqk;bøn; nigsmøab;
105
mnusS CaBiessenAtamPUmidac;Rsyalrbs;km<úCa. CaTUeTA kgT½BGacRtLb;
mkkgBlrbs;xøÜnvijenAelIPñM enAkñúgry³eBl1b¤2qñaM bnÞab;BIRkúmfμIRtÚv)an
bBa¢ÚneTACMnYs.
106
CMBUk9
Gnøg;Evg ³ tMbn;kan;kab;cugeRkayrbs;ExμrRkhm
eesckþIepþIm
bnÞab;BIrs;enAelIPñMdgErkGs;ry³eBl10qñaM kgT½BExμrRkhmEdlenA
esssl;eRkamkardwknaMrbs; tam:uk enAPñM1003 deNIþmkan;kab;tMbn;Gnøg;Evg
)an enAcugqñaM1989. enAedImqñaM1990 tam:uk )anseRmccitþbBa¢ÚnRbCaCn
TaMgGs; enAkñúgCMrMCnePosxøÜnkñúgTwkdIéf nigenAmUldæaneyaFa elIPñMdgErkmkkan;
tMbn;Gnøg;Evg. mkdl;Gnøg;Evg RbCaCncab;epþImsagsg;pÞH nigeFVIERscmáar
ehIyemdwknaMExμrRkhmepþatkarykcitþTukdak;eTAelIkarerobcMrcnasm<½n§RKb;
RKgrdæ)al nigehdæarcnasm<½n§enAkñúgtMbn;enaH. enAkñúgry³eBlBIrbIqñaMdMbUgén
karkan;kab;tMbn;Gnøg;Evg tam:uk )anpþÜcepþImKeRmagsagsg;CaeRcInenAkñúgtMbn;
EdlrYmmankarsagsg; GagsþúkTwkenAbwgGnøg;Evg nigkarsagsg;pøÚvfñl;s<an
XøaMgpÞúksmÖar³ XøaMgpÞúkeRKÓgsBVavuF salaeron mnÞIreBTü nigTIbBa¢akarkgT½B
CaeRcIneTot. edaysarEtkic©xitxMRbwgERbgkñúgkarGPivDÆtMbn;enH tam:uk TTYl
)anRbCaRbiyPaBy:agxøaMg enAkñúgcMeNamRbCaCnEdlrs;enAGnøg;Evg.
eTaHbICashKmn_ExμrRkhmmYyenH hak;TTYl)anlkçxNÐrs;enARbesIr
Cagmun clnaExμrRkhmTaMgmUl)anRbQmmuxnwgkarpþac;CMnYyBIbreTsy:ag
F¶n;Edl)anCH\T§iBly:agxøaMg dl;lT§PaBrbs;tMbn;Gnøg;Evg enAkñúgkarRTRTg;
karrs;ranrbs;shKmn_ nigyuT§sa®sþkarBarxøÜn. edayRtÚv)ancgedaysn§i
sBaØasnþiPaBTIRkúg):arIs ExμrRkhmRtÚv)antRmÚv[cUlrYmenAkñúgkare)aHeqñat
qñaM1993 GnuBaØat[kgkmøaMgEfrkSa sniþPaBrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati RKb;RKg
eTAelItMbn;kan;kab;rbs;xøÜn nigTmøak;GavuF. eTaHCay:agenHkþI ExμrRkhmminEdl
bMeBjtamkatBVkic©TaMgGs;enHeT. minyUrb:unμan ExμrRkhmhak;dUcCasßitenAkñúg
PaBÉekakan;EtxøaMgeLIg.
108
emdwknaMExμrRkhmeCOCak;fa xøÜnmanehtuplenAkñúgkareFVIBhikarmincUlrYm
kare)aHeqñat EdlmanEcgenAkñúgkic©RBmeRBógsniþPaBTIRkúg)a:rIs. CaBiess
edayQreTAelIeKaledAsV½ykarBar ExμrRkhmmankarrMBwgTukmYyEdlKμan
PaBR)akdniym Edlfas®gÁamnwgFana)annUvPaBesμIKñaEpñkneya)ayCamYy
raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCaEdleTIbEtCab;eqñatfμI.
RbeTscin éf nigshrdæGaemrik)anpþac;CMnYyCapøÚvkarBIRkúmExμrRkhm.
evotNam)andkkgT½BecjBITwkdIkm<úCa. RbeTskm<úCaseRmc)annUvkare)aH
eqñatRbkbedayRbCaFibetyüelIkdMbUg enAkñúgGMLúgeBlb:unμanTsvtSr_cug
eRkayenH. enAxageRkARbeTskm<úCa s®gÁamRtCak;rvagshrdæGaemrik nig
shPaBsUevot)anbBa©b;. karRbkYtRbECgEpñkPUmisa®sþneya)aycas; rvag
shrdæGaemrik nigshPaBsUevot rvagcin nigevotNam nigrvagshrdæGaemrik
nigevotNamk¾)anbBa©b;Edr. CarYmbriyakasPUmisa®sþneya)ayEdl)an
RTRTg; clnaExμrRkhmGs;ry³eBlCaeRcInqñaM)anpøas;bþÚrenATIbBa©b;. eTaHCa
y:agenHkþI emdwknaMExμrRkhmenAminTan;eRtómxøÜnrYcral;kñúgkare)aHbg;ecal
s®gÁamenAeLIy.
eTaHbICamankarpøas;bþÚrbriyakasneya)ayGnþrCatik¾eday k¾tMbn;Gnøg;Evg
enAEtGacRTRTg;xøÜnÉg)andEdl. m®nþIrdæaPi)al nigGñkCMnYjéf TTYl)anpl
RbeyaCn_y:ageRcInBIkareFVICMnYjqøgEdnCamYyGnøg;Evg CaBiesseTAelICMnYj
eQI. edaysarehtuenH rdæaPi)aléf)anbnþCYysRmÜlnigeFVICMnYjedaysm¶at;
CamYyExμrRkhm. ExμrRkhmmanlT§PaBGacrkSa)annUvlMhUrsac;R)ak; nig
RbPBFnFanTaMgLay edIm,IkarBartMbn;Gnøg;EvgrhUtdl;degðImcugeRkay.
RbCaCnenAtMbn;Gnøg;Evghak;dUcCacg;)ankarpSHpSaCati CagkarbnþeFVI
s®gÁam. s®gÁam nigkarrs;enAkñúgéRBGs;CaeRcInTsvtSr_)ansmøab;CIvit
RbCaCnGs;CaeRcIn. eTaHbICaRbCaCnenAGnøg;EvgmanbMNgR)afñarYm enAkñúg
karbBa©b;s®gÁamk¾eday k¾RbCaCnTaMgGs;enaHBMuman\T§iBleTAelIyuT§sa®sþrYm
rbs;ExμrRkhmenaHeT. bþIRtÚv)anbBa¢Ún[eTAeFVIs®gÁamQøbenAxagkñúgRbeTs
109
enAeBlEdlRbBn§ nigsmaCikRKÜsardéTeTot RtÚvKaMRTsmrPUmimux tamry³kar
dwkCBa¢Únes,ógGahar nigeRKÓgsBVavuFeTAkan;smrPUmi.
eTaHbICaemdwknaMExμrRkhmenAEtrwgrUscg;bnþs®gÁamk¾eday k¾RbCaCnRKb;
rUb)anemIleXIjBIsßanPaBGn;fyrbs;clnaExμrRkhm. enATIbBa©b; CemøaHépÞ
kñúgkar)at;bg;tMbn;RKb;RKgCabnþbnÞab; nigkar)at;bg;FnFan nigkarKaMRT )aneFVI[
emdwknaMExμrRkhmcuHexSay. edayTTYlrg\T§iBlBIkarpþac;xøÜnrbs;ExμrRkhm
enAtMbn;éb:lin nigm:aéL k¾dUcCatMbn;kan;kab;CaeRcInepSgeTotkarEbk)ak;Kña
enAkñúgCYremdwknaMExμrRkhmenAGnøg;Evg kan;EtregÁaHregÁIxøaMgeLIg. CagenHeTA
eTot tMbn;Gnøg;EvgRtÚvÉekaTaMgRsug nig)anTTYlzan³CatMbn;kan;kab;cugeRkay
rbs;ExμrRkhmEdlBMumankþIsgÇwm.
CemøaHépÞkñúg)anQandl;kRmitkMBUl enAeBlEdl b:ul Bt bBa¢a[smøab;
sun esn EdlbnÞab;mk mankarRbyuT§Kñary³eBl5éf¶ rvagkmøaMg EdlesμaHnwg
b:ul Bt nigkmøaMgrbs; tam:uk. CemøaHenH)anbBa©b; enAeBlEdl tam:uk )anTTYl
C½yCmñH cab;xøÜn nigkat;eTas b:ul Bt. enATIbMput b:ul Bt )ansøab;enAeBl
rt;eKcxøÜnBIkarvayRbharrbs;kgeyaFBlexmrPUminÞ.
bnÞab;BI b:ul Bt søab;eTA kardwknaMclnaExμrRkhmrbs; tam:uk manGayu)an
Et1qñaMb:ueNÑaH bnÞab;BIemT½Brbs;Kat;)anbHe)arRbqaMgnwgKat; ehIy)anpþac;xøÜn
cUlrYmCamYyraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa. enATIbBa©b; Gnøg;EvgRtÚv)aneFVIsmahrNkmμ
cUleTAkñúgraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa enAcugqñaM1998 EdlsmahrNkmμenHTTYl
)ankarsVaKmn_BIRKb;PaKITaMgGs;.
ccugbBa©b;éns®gÁamRtCak;
kareLIgkan;GMNac nigdYlrlMénclnaExμrRkhmmanTMnak;TMngy:agsμúK
sμajCamYynwgbBaðaBiPBelak. dUecñH edIm,IsikSaGMBIéf¶cugeRkayénclnaExμr
RkhmenAkñúgbirbTenH vamansar³sMxan;kñúgkarBinitüemIleTAelI\Ti§BlkñúgtMbn;
nigBiPBelak nigfaetI\T§iBlTaMgenHedIrtYdUcemþcxøHmkelI dMNak;cugeRkayén
110
clnaExμrRkhm.
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enAelIBiPBelakrvagshrdæGaemrik shPaBsUevot cin nigevotNam manTMnak;
TMngKñay:agCitsiñT§ CamYynwgbBaðakm<úCa. edayCab;enAkñúgkarRbkYtRbECg
GMNacCasaklCamYyshPaBsUevot shrdæGaemrik)ancMNayFnFanesdækic©
nigeyaFa edIm,IcUlrYmRbyuT§enAkñúgs®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTIBIr ¬b¤s®gÁamevot
Nam¦. eTaHbICakic©xitxMRbwgERbgenH RtÚv)aneFVIeLIgkñúgeKaledACayuT§sa®sþ
kñúgkarTb;sáat;karrIkraldalénlT§ikumμúynIsþk¾eday k¾kic©xitxMRbwgERbgenHTTYl
)anlT§plpÞúyeTAvijenATIbBa©b;. s®gÁamenHRKan;EtGacbg¥ak;karrYbrYmKña
eLIgvijrbs;evotNam nig)ansRmÜldl;kareLIgkan;GMNacrbs;ExμrRkhmenA
qñaM1975.
enAkñúgGMLúgeBléns®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTIBIr lT§ikumμúynIsþ)anRKbdNþb;mk
elIesÞIrEt\NÐÚcinTaMgmUl. RbeTsevotNam Lav nigkm<úCaRtÚv)anRKbdNþb;
eday\T§iBlkumμúynIsþ Edl)anTajykRbeyaCn_ nigTTYl\T§iBlBIkarRbkYt
RbECgCasakl rvagshrdæGaemrik shPaBsUevot nigcin. eTaHbICashPaB
sUevot nigcin Rbkan;yklT§ikumμúynIsþdUcKña k¾eday k¾PaBmincuHsRmúgKñaEpñk
menaKmn_viC¢a bUrNPaBTwkdI nigesdækic© )aneFVI[TMnak;TMngrvagRbeTsTaMgBIr
Føak;eTAkñúgsßanPaBF¶n;kñúgry³eBlyUr.
karEbk)ak;Kñarvagcin nigsUevot KWCaEpñkmYyy:agsMxan; Edl)anCH
\T§iBleTAelIPUmisa®sþneya)ayenAGasIuGaeKñy_. ExμrRkhmEdlxøac\T§iBl
rbs;evotNam)ancgsm<½n§PaBCamYycin. evotNamEdlEtgEtsgS½yGMBI
kareRCótERCkrbs;cin )ancgsm<½n§PaBCamYyshPaBsUevot. enAeBlEdl
kgkmøaMgrNsirSsamKÁIse®gÁaHCatikm<úCa EdlKaMRTedayevotNam )anvaypþÜl
rMlMkmøaMgExμrRkhmenAqñaM1979 cin)aneqøIytbeTAvij edaykarvaykan;kab;
EpñkmYyénRbeTsevotNamkñúgry³eBlmYyxøI.
karts‘UrvagkgT½BrNsirSsamKÁIse®gÁaHCatikm<úCa nigevotNam Edl
111
KaMRTedayshPaBsUevot CamYynwgkgT½BExμrRkhmEdlKaMRTedaycin RtÚv)an
sÁal;faCas®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTIbI ¬b¤s®gÁamrvagkm<úCa nigevotNam¦.174
enAeBlRtÚv)anbeNþjecjBIGMNac ExμrRkhmenAEtbnþEsVgrkCMnYyBI
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saFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa )anEsVgrkCMnYyBIshPaBsUevot. shrdæGaemrik
nigbs©imRbeTsyl;eXIjfa karvaycUlrbs;evotNammkkñúgRbeTskm<úCa
KWCakarQøanBanEdlminFøab;ekItmanBImunmkeTAelIrdæGFibetyümYy. shrdæ
Gaemrik)anKaMRTenAkñúgkRmitmYy eTAelIkarts‘Urbs;ExμrRkhm edIm,IRKb;RKg
RbeTskm<úCaeLIgvij.
enAkñúgeBlCamYyKñaenaH shrdæGaemrikk¾)anemIleXIj»kasmYyenAkñúg
kareFVI[evotNam EdlCaGtItsRtÚvrbs;xøÜn nigshPaBsUevot EdlCaGñk
]btßmÖKaMRTevotNamcuHexSay. enAkñúgGMLúgeBléns®gÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTIbI
shrdæGaemrikPaKeRcIn minmanvtþmankgT½BenAGasIuGaeKñy_eT. eTaHbICa\T§iBl
rbs;shrdæGaemrik)ancuHexSayenAtMbn;enHkþI k¾shrdæGaemrikenAEtbnþEsVg
rkmeFüa)ay edIm,IRbQmeTAnwgkarBRgIk\T§iBlrbs;shPaBsUevotenAkñúg
tMbn;enH. bnÞab;BITMnak;TMngrvagshrdæGaemrik nigcinRtLb;eTArkPaBRbRktI
eLIgvij shrdæGaemrik)anshkarCamYycin enAkñúgkarpþl;karKaMRTedaysm¶at;
dl;kmøaMgrbs;ExμrRkhmnigkmøaMgTaMgLayNaEdlRbqaMgeTAnwgevotNam nigrdæa
Pi)alkm<úCaEdleTIbEtbegáItfμI. dUecñHcab;BIqñaM1979 rhUtmkeBjmYyTsvtSr_
qñaM1980 ExμrRkhmTTYl)ankar]btßmÖKaMRTBIbs©imRbeTs cin nigéf.
enAcugTsvtSr_qñaM1980 sßanPaBneya)aykñúgtMbn; nigBiPBelak)annaM
eTAdl;karkat;bnßyCMnYyEpñkFnFan nigkarTUty:agKMhukBIclnaExμrRkhm.
cab;taMgBIqñaM1980mk mhasnñi)atGgÁkarshRbCaCati )ane)aHeqñat
CaeRcIndgEdltRmÚv[dkkmøaMgbreTsTaMgGs;ecjBIRbeTskm<úCa.175 eTaHCa
y:agenHkþI karKMramkMEhgCabnþGMBIlT§PaBEdlExμrRkhmGacvilRtLb;mkvij
)anbgðajGMBItRmÚvkarénvtþmankgT½BevotNamenAkm<úCa. edaymanvtþman
112
kgT½BevotNamenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa ExμrRkhmminGacRbyuT§edayebIkcMh
CamYykgT½BevotNam nigkgT½Brbs;rNsirSsamKÁIse®gÁaHCatikm<úCa)aneT.
mü:agvijeTot edaysarEtkgkmøaMgExμrRkhm nigkmøaMgRbqaMgepSgeTotman
TItaMgenAkñúgéRBelIPñM nigenAtambeNþayRBMEdn karb:unb:gkemÞcclnats‘UTaMgenH
nigkarbBa©b;s®gÁamT½BQøbCYbkarlM)ak.
vtþmanrbs;kgT½BevotNamenAelITwkdIkm<úCa )anbgákarlM)aky:agxøaMgdl;
evotNam nigkm<úCa. shrdæGaemrik cin nigbs©imRbeTs)andak;TNÐkmμesdækic©
eTAelIevotNam nigrdæaPi)alkm<úCa Edl)anCH\T§iBlF¶n;dl;RbeTsTaMgBIr.
eTaHbICaevotNam nigkm<úCaTTYl)anCMnYyBIshPaBsUevot nigRbeTsmYycMnYn
enAkñúgbøúksUevotk¾eday k¾eRkaymkCMnYyenHRtÚv)ankat;bnßy. cab;BIBak;
kNþalTsvtSr_qñaM1980 shPaBsUevotcab;epþImkat;bnßyCMnYyesdækic©rbs;
xøÜnBIRbeTs nigclnakumμúynIsþenACMuvijBiPBelak. CalT§plevotNamRtÚvbgçM
citþkat;bnßyCMnYymk[km<úCa. enAéf¶TI29 Exviciäka qñaM1987 evotNam)andk
kgT½Brbs;xøÜnecjBIkm<úCacMnYn2muWnnak;.176 enAéf¶TI26 Ex]sPa qñaM1988
rdæm®nþIRksYgkarbreTsevotNam elak egVón kUfac; )anRbkasGMBIkardkT½BcMnYn
5muWnnak;bEnßmeTot enARtwmExFñÚ qñaM1988.177 mkRtwmExkBaØa qñaM1989
evotNam)anbBa©b;kardkkgT½Brbs;xøÜnTaMgGs; EdlmancMnYnRbmaN2Esnnak;
ecjBIRbeTskm<úCa.178
kardkT½Brbs;evotNameRbóbdUcCakaMbitmuxBIr. mü:ag kardkkgT½BenH
)andk]bsKÁd¾FMmYy ecjBIdMeNIreq<aHeTArkkarTTYl)andMeNaHRsayneya
)aymYysRmab;bBaðakm<úCa. mü:agvijeTot kardkT½BecjenH y:agehac)an
pþl;»kasdl;ExμrRkhm enAkñúgkarbnþkarvayRbhar.
kkarkan;kab; nigkartaMgTIlMenArbs;ExμrRkhmenAGnøg;Evg enAqñaM1989
enAeBlEdlevotNamcab;epþImdkkgT½Brbs;xøÜnecjBIRbeTskm<úCa kmøaMg
ExμrRkhmenAelIPñM1003 nigExμrRkhmEdlenAtMbn;kan;kab;tambeNþayRBMEdn
113
déTeTot)anebIkyuT§nakarkñúgRTg;RTayFM edIm,IdeNIþmyktMbn;enAxagkñúgRbeTs
km<úCamkvij. ExμrRkhm)ancab;epþImekNÐCnePosxøÜnRbmaN6Ban;nak; edIm,I
CYydwkCBa¢ÚneRKÓgsBVavuF niges,ógGahareTA[kgT½BenAsmrPUmimux.179
edaymaneRKÓgsBVavuFenAkñúgXøaMgRKb;RKan; kgT½BExμrRkhmenAelIPñM1003
eRkamkardwknaMrbs; tam:uk )anebIkkarvayRbharpþac;RB½Rt enAcugqñaM1989
edIm,Ikan;kab;tMbn;Gnøg;Evg. karvayRbharenHRtÚv)aneFVIeLIgenAcMéf¶buNü
P¢úMbiNÐ.
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eTAedayt,Úg EdlRtÚvExμrRkhmvayyk)anenAéf¶TI24 Extula qñaM1989.
eRkaymkeTot ExμrRkhmdeNIþmkan;kab;)antMbn;mYycMnYneTot dUcCa e):ayEb:t
nigm:aéL énextþbnÞaymanC½ysMeBAlUn PñMRBwkS kMerog nigsMLÚt enAextþ)at;dMbg
valEvgenAextþeBaF×sat; ekaHsøa nigPñMvlø× enAextþkMBt »r:al; nigPñMRsÜc enA
extþkMBg;s<W nigtMbn;tUc²CaeRcInepSgeTot enAtamRBMEdnEdlrYmTaMgtMbn;enA
CMuvijR)asaTRBHvihar.
RsbeBlCamYyKñaenHEdr kgkmøaMgrbs;rNsirSrYbrYmCatiedIm,Ikm<úCamYy
ÉkraCü snþi nigshRbtibtþikar EdlehAkat;fa hVú‘nsiunbiuc nigrNsirSCati
rMedaHRbCaBlrdæExμr k¾)aneFVIkarvayRbharkñúgRTg;RTayFM nigdeNþImkan;kab;
)antMbn;mYycMnYnenAtamRBMEdnénextþ]tþrmanC½y nigextþbnÞaymanC½y.
eTaHbICa)at;bg;tMbn;CaeRcInenAkñúgRbeTsk¾eday k¾rdæaPi)alénrbbsaFarNrdæ
RbCamanitkm<úCa enAEtRKb;RKgTwkdIPaKeRcInénRbeTskm<úCa. dUcKñaenHEdr
RbCaCnkm<úCaPaKeRcInrs;enAkñúgtMbn;RKb;RKgrbs;saFarNrdæRbCamanit.
ExμrRkhmenAPñM1003 )aneRbIR)as;kmøaMgcMnYn12kgBl edIm,Ivay
deNþImkan;kab;tMbn;Gnøg;Evg. Duc sarit EdlCaGtItkgT½BenAkñúgkgBl612
)anrMB£kGMBIC½yCmñHrbs;ExμrRkhm eTAelIkgT½BsaFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCaenA
tMbn;Gnøg;EvgdUcteTA180 ³
114
enAqñaM1985 kgT½BevotNam)anvaykan;kab;mUldæanrbs;Exμr
RkhmTaMgGs;enAelIPñMdgErk. ExμrRkhm)ancl½t RbCaCn nig
kgT½BTaMgGs;BImUldæanrbs;xøÜnenAkñúgTwkdIéf eTAkan;tMbn;Ek,rsmr
PUmi. ExμrRkhmmanbMNgvayrujRcankgT½BevotNam [ecjBI
tMbn;RBMEdn. karRbyuT§)anekIteLIgGs;ry³eBlCag 4qñaM BIqñaM
1985 dl;qñaM1989. enAcugqñaM1988 eyIg)anvayrujRcan
kgT½BevotNam[cuHBIPñMdgErk. bnÞab;BIRKb;RKg)anPñMdgErk eyIg
cab;epþImeFVIRbtibtþikarenAtambeNþaypøÚv)araMg [pøÚvBItMbn;Gnøg;Evg
eTAkan;extþRBHvihar]. eyIg)aneFVIkarvayRbharCab;Canic© BIqñaM
1988eTAqñaM1989. enATIbBa©b; [enAqñaM1989] eyIgvay
kan;kab;)antMbn;Gnøg;Evg nig)anbBa¢ÚnRbCaCnmktaMgTIlMenA
enAkñúgtMbn;enH.181
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kic©.
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BIrbIéf¶bnÞab;BITTYl)anC½yCmñH tam:uk )anerobcMkic©RbCMumhaCnenACMrMCb;møÚ
eday)anRbkasGMBIkarvilRtLb;rbs;ExμrRkhm mkrs;enAelITwkdIkm<úCavij.
tam:uk )anRbkasfa {eyIgnwgQb;rs;enAelITwkdIéfeTotehIy.}182 edIm,I
sRmÜldl;kardwkCBa¢ÚnRbCaCn nigsmÖar³CaeRcIn tam:uk )andwknaMkarksag
pøÚvFMmYyeTotqøgkat;tamRckRBMEdnCaMsaguaM.183 tam:uk )aneRbIeRKÓgcRk
QUsdI RbkbedayKuNPaBx<s; EdlKat;)anTijBIRbeTséf edIm,IQUspøÚv
BICMrMCb;møÚmkkan;TIRbCuMCnGnøg;Evg. tam:uk )ancMNayeBlRbEhl2Ex edIm,I
bBa©b;karksagpøÚvenH. enAExkumÖ³ qñaM1990 ExμrRkhm)andwkCBa¢ÚnRbCaCn
117
118
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kan;tMbn;Gnøg;Evg. tam:uk )anbBa¢a[kgT½Bdak;mIn nigdaMcRmÚg enAtampøÚv
yuT§sa®sþTaMgGs;eq<aHmkkan;tMbn;enH edIm,IkarBarkarb:unb:gkarvayRbharNa
mYykgkmøaMgrbs;rdæaPi)alrdækm<úCa.184
RbCaCnEdleFVIdMeNIrcuHBIelIPñMenAedImTsvtSr_qñaM1990 )anerobrab;fa
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rbs;kgT½BevotNam. tMbn;enHsMbUreTAedayRKab;mIn. CIvitrs;enACYbRbTHnwg
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PaBrIkray nigesckþIsgÇwmkñúgkarksagpÞHfμIenAelITwkdIkm<úCa.
edayminTan;mankarerobcMrcnasm<½n§PUmiXMuenAeLIy RbCaCnrs;enAtam
bnÞaykgBlerog²xøÜn. bnÞaykgBlTaMgenaH manTItaMgenAelItMbn;EdlCaGtIt
PUmicas; EdlPaKeRcInenAtamtMbn;Ek,rRbPBTwk nigedImeQIFM².
kareFVIdMeNIrrbs;RbCaCn RtÚv)andak;kMhity:agtwgruwg. ®sþI nigkumar RtÚv
rs;enAkñúgeragCabeNþaHGasnñenAeBlEdlbursnaMKñakab;qáaréRB nigedaHmIn edImI,
sagsg;pÞH. burs²GacqáardI)anRbEhl10Em:RtkñúgmYyéf¶. RKÜsarnImYy²
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KWCakgT½BEdlmanbTBiesaFCaeRcInenAkñúgRbtibtþikaredaHmIn.185
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edayCIkb:HcMmIn Edl)anpÞúHsøab;ecalkUntUc². enAkñúgGMLúgeBl
enaH eyIgminh‘anP¢ÜrdIeFVIERsenaHeT. kareFVIERsRtÚv)aneFVIeLIg
Tal;Etb:unμanqñaMeRkaymkeTot.
enAeBlEdlmInRtÚv)anedaHGs; RbCaCncab;epþImkab;edImeQIedIm,Isg;pÞH.
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kgBl dUcKñaeTAnwgkarerobcMPUmienAelIPñM1003Edr. kgBl980manTItaMg
enAEk,rsalaRsukGnøg;Evgbc©úb,nñ EdlmanedImsVayFM². edaysarEttMbn;
enH manTMnak;TMngCamYynwgsmaCikrbs;kgBl980 tMbn;enaHRtÚv)andak;
eQμaHfa {PUmi980}.186
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119
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CitenaH. PUmiTYlEt,g RtÚv)anehAtameQμaHedImEt,gCaeRcInEdlduHenATIenaH.
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eRkay mk PUmienH)anerIecjq¶ayBIRtBaMg mkenAEk,rpøÚvCatik¾eday. PUmiTwkCMu
ykeQμaHtamsNæandIrbs;PUmienH EdlemIleTAhak;dUcCakUnekaHmYyEdl
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enaH RtÚv)aneRbIR)as;sRmab;pÞúkes,ógGahar nigsmÖar³epSg²edIm,IpÁt;pÁg;dl;
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eQμaHtamedImsVay EdlduHenAEk,rGUr. PUmiyageCIg nigPUmiyagt,ÚgykeQμaH
tamedImyag. PUmiRBlan ykeQμaHtamGtItRBlanynþehaHmYy EdlRtÚv)an
sagsg;eLIgtaMgBICMnan; semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu.187
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kmμkrmYyRkúmEdlrs;enAEk,renaH edIm,Isagsg;s<an.
tam:uk k¾)anbegáItPUmidac;edayELkmYysRmab;CnBikaredaysars®gÁam
edaysarRbCaCnBikarTaMgenaH minGacrs;enAedayxøÜnÉg)an. PUmienaHman
eQμaHfa PUmieCIgPñM. es,ógGahar nigsmÖar³epSg²eTot RtÚv)andwkykeTA
pÁt;pÁg;RbCaCnenAkñúgPUmienaHCaRbcaM. RbCaCnGnøg;EvgPaKeRcIn )anehAPUmi
enaHfa {PUmiCnBikar} edaysarGñkPUmiPaKeRcInCaCnBikar. tam:uk )anerobcM
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121
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CaeRcInqñaM k¾mankarpøas;bþÚrEdr. s®gÁamRtCak;Citdl;TIbBa©b; ehIyshrdæ
Gaemrik shPaBsUevot cin nigRbeTsenAkñúgsmaKmRbCaCatiGasIuGaeKñy_ ehA
kat;fa Gas‘an )ane)aHCMhand¾sMxan;EsVgrkdMeNaHRsayEpñkkarTUt edIm,IbBa©b;
CemøaHruaMér:enAkm<úCa. enAqñaM1991 PaKIkm<úCaTaMgGs; EdlrYmTaMgExμrRkhmpg
)anyl;RBmcuHkic©RBmeRBógsnþiPaBTIRkúg):arIs. mkRtwmqñaM1993 RbeTscin
éf nigbs©imRbeTs)anpþac;CMnYyCapøÚvkarBIExμrRkhm.
edaysarCMnYybreTskan;EtrYjtUc tam:uk )anbEgVrkarTTYlxusRtÚveTAelI
CIvPaBrs;enARbcaMéf¶rbs;RbCaCn BIeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;xøÜn eTA[RKÜsar
ÉkCnvij. RbCaCncab;epþImkab;qáardIdaMdMNaM nigciBa©wmstV edIm,IbMeBjkarxVHxat
EdlRbCaCnTTYl)anBIrdæ)alrbs; tam:uk.190 tam:uk k¾)anEckeQIdl;kgT½B
edIm,Isg;pÞH. tam:uk )anCMruj[RbCaCn nigkgT½BCYyKñaeTAvijeTAmk enAkñúgkar
ksagPUmi nigsagsg;pÞH enAkñúgTRmg;CaRkúmRbvas;éd b¤RkúmsamKÁI. RkúmenHxus
BIshkrN_kumμúynIsþEdlRtÚv)anbegáIteLIgenAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü
¬1975-1979¦ edaysarExμrRkhmenAGnøg;Evg TTYlsÁal;kmμsiT§iÉkCn
ehIyRKÜsarnImYy²rs;enA nighUbcukenAtampÞHerog²xøÜn.
karbegáItrcnasm<½n§RKb;RKgrdæ)al
enAqñaM1995 ExμrRkhm)anerobcMtMbn;Gnøg;Evg[eTACaRsukmYy EdlrYm
man11XMu nig 50PUmi. ebIeyagtamkMNt;Rtardæ)alRsukGnøg;Evgrbs;Exμr
Rkhm RsukenHmanRbCaCncMnYn 3>257RKÜsar esμInwg 16>087nak;.191
RbCaCnTaMgGs;RtÚv)ancat;TukCashKmn_eyaFamYy EdlRtÚvEbgEckCaBIr
122
RkúmkmøaMgCYrmux nigCYreRkay. edIm,IBRgwgsnþisuxenAGnøg;Evg kgsnþisuxCaeRcIn
RtÚv)anbegáIteLIg. kgTaMgenH rYmmankgCIvBlPUmicMnYn108nak; kgCIvBl
XMu59nak; b:usþ×yamcMnYn15EdlmanGñkyamcMnYn87nak; Rtg;escMnYn2>214
kEnøg kmøaMgplitcRmÚgcMnYn1>261nak; kmøaMgkab;b£sSIcMnYn807nak; nig
reTHeKacMnYn133reTH.
enAEk,rRsukGnøg;Evg RsukRtBaMgR)asaTk¾RtÚv)anbegáIteLIgEdr EdlrYm
manXMucMnYn6 ³ XMu)ak;Gnøúgp¥av RtBaMgR)asaT GUrsVay TMnb;dac; nigRBHRbLay.
GVIEdlKYr[kt;smÁal;enaHKWfa RsukGnøg;Evg sßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;
tam:uk cMENkÉRsukRtBaMgR)asaT sßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs; b:ul Bt.
dMNaMbzmrbs;RsukGnøg;EvgKWRsUv. eTaHCay:agenHkþI RbCaCnk¾eFIVkardaMduH
dMNaMrdUvR)aMgepSg²eTotEdr EdlrYmman eBat RsUvRsal dMLÚgCVa dMLÚgmI el<A
«Lwk eXøak és<ekþab Rtsk; Rtb; emÞs eb:ge):aH lðúg eck GMeBA dUg sVay xñúr RkÚc
eTob nigRtEbk. RbCaCnk¾RbkbrbrciBa©wmstVEdr dUcCa eKa RkbI man; Ta nig
RCÚk.
]sSahkmμsib,kmμ k¾manTMhMFMEdr EdlrYmmanTaMgsib,kmμ nigeragtm,aj
cas; nigfμI. sib,kmμ nigeragtm,ajTaMgenH plitnUvplitpleRbIR)as;RkNat;
nigsmÖar³epSg²sRmab;beRmIdl;esdækic©kñúgtMbn; nigGgÁkareyaFarbs;Exμr
Rkhm. ]sSahkmμplitrbs;CaeRcIndUcCa kaMbit BUefA cb keNþóv ngÁ½l rnas;
reTHeKa t,al;bukedayéd t,al;bukedayeCIg GERg t,al;kin kE®Ba©g l¥I kabUb
RKÜs kenÞl Rkma nigsMBt;.192
rrcnasm<½n§dwknaMrdæ)alrbs;ExμrRkhmenAGnøg;Evg
enAExtula qñaM1993b:ul Bt/ exov sMpn nig can; yUr:an; )anrt;mkGnøg;Evg
enAeBlEdlkgeyaFBlexmrPUminÞ)anvaykan;kab;TIbBa¢akarrbs;ExμrRkhm
enAPñMqRt. tam:uk )ansagsg;pÞHenAk,alGenSag sRmab;emdwknaMTaMgGs;enaH
Edlmancm¶ayRbEhl25KILÚEm:RtBITIRbCuMCnGnøg;Evg nigRbEhl1KILÚEm:Rt
123
BIdIéf.193
pÞHenAk,alGenSag)ankøayeTACaTIbBa¢akarrbs; b:ul Bt nigRtÚv)ancat;Tuk
fa CatMbn; hamXat;rbs;clnaExμrRkhm. minmannrNamñak;RtÚv)anGnuBaØat[
ecjcUlpÞHenaH)aneT eRkABITIRbwkSaCMnitrbs; b:ul Bt RkúmviTüú nigGgÁrkSrbs;
xøÜn. Cajwkjy embBa¢akarkgT½BExμrRkhmEtgEtCYbRbCMuKñaenApÞHrbs; b:ul Bt
enAk,alGenSag.194 b:ul Bt )anerobcMsßanIyviTüúpSaysMeLgmYy
enAEk,rpÞHrbs;Kat;. RbCaCnEdlrs;enAGnøg;EvgPaKeRcInsÁal; nigFøab;)an
eXIj tam:uk b:uEnþ RbCaCntictYcNas; EdlFøab;)aneXIj b:ul Bt.195 pÞúyeTA
vij b:ul Bl manPaBCitsñiT§CamYykgT½B nigRbCaCnenARsukRtBaMgR)asaT.
b:ul Bt Føab;CYyeFVIERs nigcuHeTAsYrsuxTukçRbCaCn.
nYn Ca nig sun esn )anpøas;mkrs;enAGnøg;EvgenAExtula qñaM1996 bnÞab;
BIExμrRkhmenAm:aéL éb:lin nigsmrPUmiTis250 ¬EdlrYmmanRsuksMeBAlUn
PñMRBwkS nigkMerog¦ )anpþac;xøÜncuHcUlCamYyraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa.196 tam:uk )an
sg;pÞH[emdwknaMTaMgGs;enHenAelITItaMgmYy EdlRtÚv)ansÁal;fa eBIytarYn
EdlsßitenAEk,rRckRBMEdnCaMsaguaM. tam:uk )ansg;pÞHFMmYyenAGUrCIk Ek,rTI
RbCuMCnGnøg;Evg EdlCaTIbBa¢akareyaFarbs;Kat;. eGog sarI KWCaemdwknaM
Can;x<s;ExμrRkhmEtmYyKt; Edlrs;enAeRkArdæ)alRKb;RKgrbs;Gnøg;Evg.
eGog sarI manmUldæanenAm:aéL edayTTYl)ankarKaMRTBIkgBlFMBIr ³ kgBl
124
rdæaPi)albeNþaHGasnñkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü ¬1994-1998¦
exov sMpnnaykrdæm®nþI
can; y:Ur:an;]bnaykrdæm®nþI
Ekv y:an m:k; ebn CYn eCOn eTB XunNal; ywm pn eka b‘unehg
tam:ukGuin suPaBeBC b‘uner:t
450 EdldwknaMeday sux PaB man TIbBa¢akarenAm:aéL nigkgBl415
EdldwknaMeday GIu Qan manTIbBa¢akarenAéb:lin. tMbn;kan;kab;rbs;ExμrRkhm
déTeTot eTaHCamanmUldæanenAtamRBMEdn b¤enAxagkñúgRbeTskþI KWCaRkúmtUc²
EdlTTYlbBa¢apÞal;BIGnøg;Evg.
enAExkkáda qñaM1994 raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa)anbegáItc,ab;dak;[RkúmExμr
RkhmenAeRkAc,ab;. CakareqøIytbeTAnwgc,ab;sþIBI{kardak;RkúmExμrRkhm[
enAeRkAc,ab;} ExμrRkhm)anRbkasbegáItrdæaPi)albRgÜbbRgÜmCati nigsamKÁI
Catikm<úCa EdlmanTIsñak;karenAGnøg;Evg. smaCikrdæaPi)albeNþaHGasnñenH
rYmman exov sMpn ¬naykrdæm®nþI¦ can; yUr:an; ¬]bnayk rdæm®nþI nigrdæm®nþITTYl
bnÞúkkic©karbreTs¦ Ekv y:an ¬rdæm®nþIkarBarCati¦ m:k; ebn ¬rdæm®nþIesdækic© nig
hirBaØvtßú¦ CYn eCOn ¬TIRbwkSaBiess¦ eTB XunNal; ¬rdæm®nþITTYlbnÞúkbUrNPaB
TwkdI¦ ywm pn ¬rdæm®nþImhaépÞ¦ekar b‘unehg ¬rdæm®nþIkic©karsaFarN³¦ nig tam:uk
¬GKÁembBa¢akarkgT½B¦.
b:ul Bt/ nYn Ca/ eGog sarI/ sun esn nig Ek Bk minmaneQμaH enAkñúgbBa¢I
emdwknaM rdæaPi)albeNþaHGasnñrbs;ExμrRkhmenaHeT. eTaHCay:agenHkþI b:ul
Bt enAEtCaemdwknaMd¾ manGMNacnigman\T§iBlmYyrUb enAkñúgrdæaPi)alfμIenH.nYn
Ca edIrtYnaTICaGñkGb;rM b:uEnþKat;minman\T§iBlEpñkeyaFaeLIy. nYn Ca )anpþl;
karGb;rMneya)aydl;kgT½B nigkmμaPi)alCaRbcaM. nYn Ca k¾)anGb;rMENnaMdl;
RbCaCnGMBIRbFanbTsþIBICIvitrs;enARbcaMéf¶ dUcCakarEfrkSaGnam½y nigkar
ciBa©wmstVCaedIm.197 nYn Ca )anENnaMRbCaCn[RbúgRby½tñcMeBaHCMgWRKún
caj;. cMeBaHmenaKmn_viC¢aneya)ayvij nYn Ca )anENnaMRbCaCnkMu[e)aHbg;
ecalkarlHbg;edIm,IbuBVehtuCatiniym. nYn Ca )anGb;rMRbCaCnfa {kMue)aHbg;
ecalRbeTsCatirbs;Gñk nigminRtÚvcaj;])ayklrbs;yYn.}198
enAGnøg;Evg sun esn RtÚv)andkhUtsiT§§iEpñkrdæ)al nigeyaFa. dUc nYn Ca
Edr sun esn edIrtYnaTIenAkñúgkarGb;rMRbCaCn nigkmμaPi)al. sun esn )an
125
beRgónRbCaCnfa {GñkTaMgGs;KñaRtÚvEtsVahab;kñúgkarbgábegáInplRsUv.
GñkRtÚvnaMKñadaMeck dMLÚg nigRtkYn [)aneRcIn edIm,IeCosvagkarcMNayluy
eTATijenApSar.}199
tamBiteTA edaysar tam:uk RKb;RKgkgBlxøaMg²enAGnøg;Evg ehIyKat;edIr
tYCa GñkRKb;RKgrdæ)alcm,genAtMbn;enH tam:uk RtÚv)ancat;Tukfa CaemdwknaM
kMBUlenAGnøg;Evg. CaTUeTACIvitrbs; tam:uk manlkçN³cl½t edaypøas;bþÚrcuH
eLIgrvagpÞHenAelIPñMdgErk nigpÞHFMenAGUrCIk.
126
CMBUk10
ekrdMENlrbs; tam:uk
ttam:uk ³ emT½BGnøg;Evg
Gu‘g eCOn b¤ Qit eCOn ehA tam:uk ekItenAqñaM1926 enAextþtaEkv. tam:uk
qøgkat;bTBiesaFCIvitCaeRcInmuneBlmkdl;Gnøg;Evg. kalBIkumarPaB tam:uk
Føab;bYsCasgÇ nigeRkaymk)ankøayCaRbFanExμr\sSr³RbcaMextþtaEkv.
enAqñaM1963 tam:uk )ankøayCasmaCikKN³kmμaFikarmCÄimbkSénbkSkumúμy
nIsþkm<úCa. BIqñaM1968 dl;qñaM1978 tam:uk )ankøayCaGnuelxa nigeRkaymk
elxaPUmiPaKnirtIénrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. enAcugqñaM1978 tam:uk RKb;RKg
PUmiPaKBay½Büénkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü. edaymaneQμaHbdivtþn_ gYn kg/ tam:uk
)ankøayCaGnuRbFanTImYyénsPaRbCaCnbdivtþn_ nigCaGnuRbFanTIBIrénbkS
kumμúynIsþkm<úCa.
eyagtamB½t’manEdlRbmUl)anmun nigkñúgGMLúgeBlénrbbkm<úCaRbCaFib
etyü tam:uk RtÚv)anBN’nafa CaemdwknaMeXareXA nigKμancitþkruNa.200 enA
eRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs; tam:uk kgkmøaMgExμrRkhm )aneFIVbnSúT§kmμeTAelIPUmiPaK
bUBa’ edayeFVIkarsmøab;rgÁaleTAelIRbCaCnsamBaØa nigkmμaPi)alExμrRkhm kñúg
PUmiPaKenaH. TegVITaMgGs;enH)aneFVI[ tam:uk TTYl)angarCa{eBCÄXat}.201
eTaHCay:agenHkþI tam:uk manmuxmat;fμITaMgRsugenAGnøg;Evg. RbCaCn
Gnøg;Evgcat;Tuk tam:uk CaemdwknaMsamBaØ citþl¥ nigminecHerIseGIg ehIyRbkar
Edlfa Kat;mankMhusd¾FMeFgenaH KWRKan;EtCaniyayGaRkk;BIKat;Etb:ueNÑaH.
tam:uk Gacpþl;kar]btßmÖKaMRTdl;RbCaCn nigkgT½BCag1muWn6Ban;nak; Edl
rs;enAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;xøÜnenAGnøg;Evg. sRmab;RbCaCnenAGnøg;Evg
CaeRcIn tam:uk KWCaemdwknaMEbbRbéBNI EdldwknaMRbeTseRbóbdUcCa«BukEdl
EfrkSaRKÜsarrbs;xøÜn.
128
CaTUeTA RbCaCnTTYl)ansmÖar³]btßmÖerogral;BIrs)þah_mþg b¤mYyExmþg.
ekμgcab;BIGayu5qñaMeLIgeTAnwgTTYl)anrbbGgármYyFugeRbgkatkñúgmYyEx ¬Ggár
mYyFugeRbgkatmanTm¶n;RbEhl20KILÚRkam ehIyR)aMBIrFugesñInwgGgármYy
)av¦.202 ekμgEdlmanGayucab;BI5qñaM cuHmkdl;TarkEdleTIbnwgekItTTYl)an
rbbGgárknøHFugeRbgkatkñúgmYyEx.
tam:uk TMnukbRmúgCIvPaBRbcaMéf¶rbs;RbCaCnRKb;Ebby:ag. RbCaCnnwg
mkrkBwgBak;Kat; sUm,IEterOgtUctac dUcCa sárs b¤GMbilsRmab;cm¥inmðÚb.
tam:uk )ancMNayeBleRcInCamYyRbCaCn nigRtÜtBinitüemIlKeRmagsagsg;
CaeRcIn EdlbeRmIdl;plRbeyaCn_shKmn_. \riyabfrbs; tam:uk nigKeRmag
sagsg;kñúgtMbn;TaMgenHeFVI[ tam:uk TTYl)anekrþ×eQμaHCaemdwknaMRbkbedaykar
lHbg; nigCaemdwknaMCaTIeKarBRslaj;rbs;RbCaCnenAGnøg;Evg. enAkñúgbribT
enH tam:uk )anbnþedIrtamKnøgRbéBNIrbs;ExμrRkhm edayRKb;RKgelIRKb;
TidæPaBTaMgGs;énCIvitrbs;RbCaCn.
PaBxusKñad¾KYr[kt;smÁal;rvag tam:uk enAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü
¬1975-1979¦ nig tam:uk eRkayrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü ¬eRkayqñaM
1979¦ KWekrþ×eQμaHrbs;Kat; kñúgnamCaemdwknaMéRBépS b¤CaXatkr. CaTUeTA
RbCaCnEdlsÁal; tam:uk enAGnøg;Evg mankaregOgq¶l;faetI tam:uk GackøayeTA
CaemdwknaMeXareXA b¤{eBCÄXat} edayrebobNa?
eyagtambTsmÖasCamYyRbCaCn tam:uk mincUlcitþPaBhWuhaeT. QYn
Qun EdlCaGtItGñkebIkbr[ tam:uk )anniyayfa tam:uk hUbGahar dUcCaRbCa
ksikrRkIRkEdr. tam:uk mincUlcitþhUbGaharl¥² b¤eRbIR)as;smÖar³TMenIb²
dUcemdwknaMCan;x<s;ExμrRkhmdéTeToteT. Kat;sþIbenÞasRbCaCn dUcCa«BuksþI
benÞaskUn b:uEnþ Kat;minEdlKuMKYnGñkNaeT. eRkayBIeCrsþIrYcmk tam:uk nwg
niyayeTAkan;GñkTaMgenaHFmμta RBmTaMgCYyrkdMeNaHRsay edayminRbkan;
BIRbvtþiGtItkal b¤zan³GVIeLIy. RbCaCnsÁal;emdwknaMExμrRkhmdéTeTot dUcCa
exov sMpn/ b:ul Bt/ nig nYn Ca tamry³rUbftEtb:ueNÑaH.203
129
Kwm Nn EdlCaGtItkgT½BenAkñúgkgBl785 yl;fa tam:uk KWCamnusS
EdlBi)aknwgBN’na.
vaKWCaerOgmYysμúKsμajkñ úgkarbriyayGMBIcritlkçN³rbs;
tam:uk. tam:uk minEdlEbgEckxøÜnKat;[xusBIRbCaCnsamBaØeT.
enAeBlKat;CYbnrNamñak; Kat;EtgEteCrsþIy:agxøaMg. b:uEnþ Kat;nwg
[GVIEdlKat;maneTA[buKÁlenaH. éf¶mYy xJMúnigmitþPkþirbs;xJMú )aneTA
ebIkGgár nigGaharenAXøaMg.eyIg)anykkaMePøIgeTACamYy.enAeBl
eyIgkMBugebIkrbbGahar LanhSúIbrbs; tam:uk )anmkdl;. tam:uk
)ansYreyIgfa {suxsb,ayeTBYkGaekμg²? BYkEh¥geTANa?}
xJMú)aneqøIyfa {)aTta¡ BYkxJMúmkebIkGgár nigGahar.} Kat; )ansYrfa
{y:agem:cehIyenAsmrPUmi? RbsinebIxμaMgcUlmk)an Gjnwg
smøab;BYkEh¥gecal. BYkEh¥genHdUcGacm_G‘Ícwg.} bnÞab;mkKat;
)anykeQIRct;rbs;Kat;mkvayk,alxJMú. Kat;)anedIrcUleTAkñúg
XøaMg nig)ansþI[GñkyamXøaMg. Kat;)anbBa¢aGñkyamXøaMg[
bEnßmrbbGaharBYkeyIgEfmeTot eday)anniyayfaBYkeyIghUb
minEq¥teTCamYynwgrbbGahardUcral;dg.204
tam:uk maneQμaHl,Il,ajCamYynwgeTBekaslüEpñkyuT§sa®sþeyaFa
nigsmtßPaBrbs;Kat;enAkñúgkareFVIkargarenAeRkamsßanPaBd¾lM)akbMputenAkñúg
éRB. RbCaCnenAGnøg;Evgcat;TukKat;fa CaemdwknaMEdlminecHxøac. Kat;edIrBI
kEnøgmYyeTAkEnøgmYyeTot edIm,IBinitüsßanPaBrs;enArbs;RbCaCn. Ém eGOn
EdlCaRbCaCnmYyrUbenAGnøg;Evg)anBN’naBIcritlkçN³rbs; tam:uk fa ³
tam:uk KWCamnusSl¥ BIeRBaHKat;minmankmμsiT§ipÞal;xøÜneT. Kat;min
EdlGnuBaØat[sac;jati b¤kUnecArbs;Kat; ykRTBüsm,tiþrbs;
130
shKmn_eT. Kat;rs;enAsamBaØdUcRbCaCnEdr. tam:uk CamnusS
niyayRtg; esμaHRtg; nigRsLaj;RbCaCnNas;. Kat;EbgEck
rbbGgárdl;RbCaCnesμI²Kña edayminRbkan;zan³ nigtYnaTIeLIy.
RbsinebIKμan tam:uk RbCaCnTaMgGs;RbEhlCasøab; nigKμanGahar
hUbenaHeT. emdwknaMExμrRkhmdéTminGnuBaØat[eyIgdwgsUm,IEt
dMeNIr nigTItaMgEdleKrs;enApg.205
RbCaCnEdlminsUvCitsñiT§nwg tam:uk k¾manTsSn³RsedogKñaEdr. Kwm lI
)anrt;ePosxøÜneTArs;enAkñúgCMrMb£T§ iEsn eRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;rNsirSCati
rMedaHRbCaBlrdæExμr. eRkaymkenAeBlevotNamvaykan;kab;)anCMrMenH lI
)anrt;eTArs;enACMrMCnePosxøÜnEdlRKb;RKgedayrNsirShVú‘nsiunbiucenAGUrsμac;.
enAqñaM1993lImkrs;enAGnøg;Evg.lI )anerobrab;GMBIbTBiesaFrbs;Kat;Edl
Føab;rs;enAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs; tam:uk fa ³
xJM úminkan;eCIgxagNaeT xJM úniyaytamEtGIVEdlxJMú)anemIleXIj.
ral;eBlEdleyIgxVHGgár luy b¤fñaMsgáÚv tam:uk )anCYyeyIg.
xJMúmindwgCaRtÚvxwgnwgmnusSdUc tam:uk y:agem:cnwgekIteT BIeRBaHKat;
minEdleFVI)abxJMúpg. Kat;EfmTaMg)an[luyxJMúBIrBan;)at ¬rUbiy
bNÑéf¦ edIm,ITijRCÚk nigman;ykmkciBa©wmeTotpg.206
ta m:uk erobkarRbBn§TIBIreQμaH eNn enAedImTsvtSr_qñaM1990 enAeBl
EdlRbBn§TI mYyrbs;Kat; Eg:t Xwm )ansøab;edaysarCMgW.207 RbBn§TIBIrrbs;
tam:uk KWCa®sþIemm:ay EdlmankUnBIrnak;CamYybþImun EdlCaGtItembBa¢akar
kgT½Brbs; tam:uk. bþImunrbs;Kat;søab; enAkñúgGMLúgeBlRbyuT§KñaenAGnøg;Evg.
eNn )anpøas;eTArs;enAéb:lin nigerobkarbþITIbI bnÞab;BI tam:uk søab;enAqñaM
2006.208
131
KKeRmagsagsg;rbs; tam:uk
tam:uk )anpþÜcepþImKMnitsagsg;pøÚv TMnb;Twk salaeron mnÞIreBTü s<an nig
KeRmagCaeRcInepSgeTotenAGnøg;Evg. KeRmagsagsg;TaMgGs;enaH)anpSar
P¢ab;y:agxøaMgeTAnwgkarbkRsayrbs;ExμrRkhmeTAelIsn§isBaØasnþiPaBTIRkúg
):arIs. CaEpñkmYyénsn§isBaØasnþiPaBenH ExμrRkhmRtÚv)anelIkTwkcitþ[ksag
ehdæarcnasm<½n§ nigFnFanmnusS edIm,IeRtómeFVIsmahrNkmμcUlrdæaPi)al.
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tam:uk )anGMBavnavRbCaCnenAGnøg;Evg[cUlrYmCYyenAkñúgKeRmagsagsg;
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qøgkat;s<anmankatBVkic©cUlrYmCYykñúgKeRmagsagsg;enaH.209
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132
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sg;XøaMgFM²cMnYn6 edIm,IrkSaes,ógTaMgenH. KeRmagsagsg;enH RtÚv)anbBa©b;
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133
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RbCaCn)anehAXøaMgenaHfa {XøaMgtaPin} BIeRBaH taPin KWCaGñkRKb;RKgXøaMg
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eronenaHmankm<s;bICan; nig12bnÞb; EdlGacdak;sisS)anBIbIryeTAbYnry
nak;. CagenHeTAeTot XMunImYy²mansalaerontUc²BImYyeTAbYn EdlRtÚv)an
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km<úCa. esovePAsikSa)anbeRgónsisSGMBIvIrPaBrbs;kgT½BExμrRkhm enAkñúg
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134
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{Gay:g} nig {yYn}.
mmnÞIreBTü
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KWCasMNg;GKarfμkm<s;bICan;. Ln EdlCakmμaPi)alExμrRkhm nigEdlFøab;eTA
eronenARbeTscin niglav EdlCaCMnajkarsagsg; nigCnCatiéfmñak;CaGñkTTYl
xusRtÚvcMeBaHkarsagsg;mnÞIreBTüenH. mnÞIreBTüenHTTYlBüa)alRbCaCn nig
TahanEdlmanCMgW nigrbYsRsal²Etb:ueNÑaH. GñkCMgWnigrbYsF¶n;RtÚv)an
bBa¢ÚneTABüa)alenARbeTséf. mnÞIreBTürbs; tam:uk )ankøayeTACamnÞIreBTü
RsukGnøg;Evg bnÞab;BIsmahrNkmμqñaM1998.
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edIm,IdwkCBa¢ÚnRbCaCncuHBICMrM nigBIelIPñM. enAerogral;rdUvvsSa kareFVIdMeNIrRbcaM
135
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lg;Twksøab;eBlBüayamqøgGUrCIkenArdUvvsSa. ehtudUecñH tam:uk )anseRmccitþ
sagsg;s<anGUrCIk bnÞab;BIbBa©b;karsagsg;TMnb;GUrCIkrYcmk. sMNg;s<an
GUrCIk)ancab;epþImenAqñaM1994 nig)anbBa©b;enAExmkra qñaM1996.212
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Nak¾eday[EteFVIdMeNIrqøgkat;kardæans<anenH RtÚvEtEckrMElk
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enaHmanpÞH4xñg. pÞHTImYy EdlRtÚv)anksageLIgenAqñaM1993 manCBa¢aMgeQI
nigdMbUleFVIBIsuIRbÚsIum:g;t_. pÞHTIBIrEdlmanTMhMFMCageKRtÚvcMNayeBl2qñaM eTIb
GacbBa©b;karsagsg;rYcral;enAqñaM1996. pÞHenH mankm<s;bICan; EdlCan;
137
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mkBwgBak; tam:uk. pÞHTIbYn EdlRtÚv)ansagsg;eLIgenAqñaM1993 KWsRmab;
buKÁlik nigcugePArbs; tam:uk sñak;enA.
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dMbUl dUecñHehIy tam:uk )anbBa¢a[bþÚrdMbUlek,Ógvij. enAxagkñúgpÞHmanlm¥eTA
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TaMgGs;enAkñúgbrievNpÞH.
138
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139
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141
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deNIþmkan;kab;Gnøg;Evg b:uEnþminTTYl)aneCaKC½y. enAedImqñaM1993 kgkmøaMg
rbs;rdæaPi)alénrdækm<úCa)anvaycUl nigkan;kab;)anGnøg;Evg edIm,ITb;sáat;kar
lukluyrbs;ExμrRkhmcUleTAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa.
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lM)akevTnaenAkñúgCemøaHqñaM1993-1994 ³
142
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144
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GaCIvkmμÉkCnRtÚv)anhamR)amenAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü nigenAeRkam
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145
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bBa©úklk;. bþI nigbgRbúsrbs;xJMúecHniyayPasaéf. embBa¢akar
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semøókbMBak;epJIRbBn§ enAeBlBYkKat;CitRtLb;mkpÞHvij. bnÞab;BI
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edIm,IykvaeTAlk;enAPUmiepSgeTot. xJMúRtÚv)ancab;xøÜn nigRtÚv)an
cat;Tukfa Ca{sac;ehImsac;s¥úy}. RbsinebIeyIgmin)anpþac;xøÜn[
)anqab;eT emø:HxJMúRtÚv)anykeTAsmøab;ecal)at;eTAehIy.229
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nigkm<úCaRbCaFibetyükan;EtmanPaBtantwgeLIg cMnYnmnusSEdlRtÚv)ancab;
xøÜn)anekIneLIgy:agxøaMg. dUcKñaEdr enAeBlEdlcMnYnRbCaCnpþac;xøÜn )anekIn
eLIgkarEbk)ak;enAkñúgCYremdwknaMExμrRkhm k¾kan;EttantwgeLIgEdr EdlnaMeTA
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kgT½BPaKeRcInenAkñúgkgBlenH)anpþac;xø ÜncuHcUlCamYyraCrdæaPi)alenAqñaM
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nak;enAkñúgkgBl980 k¾RtÚv)ancat;TukfaCaCMBUk{sac;ehImsac;s¥úy}.
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saerOn. eTaHCay:agenHkþI tam:uk min)anbBa¢ÚnCnTaMgGs;enaHeTAkan;PUmiTYlRKÜs
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146
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147
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eLIgenAkñúgéf¶cugeRkayénclnaExμrRkhm. karseRmccitþfa etIKYrcUlrYmenAkñúg
kare)aHeqñatqñaM1993 b¤y:agNa )anbgáPaBtantwgenAkñúgcMeNamemdwknaMExμr
Rkhm. b:ul Bt Rbkan;x¢ab;nUvKMnit Edlfa kgkmøaMg nigcarkic©rbs;evotNam
)anRCabcUleTAkñúgRbB½n§rdæ)alTaMgGs;rbs;rdækm<úCa. CagenHeTAeTot b:ul Bt
enAEteCOCak;fa ExμrRkhmGacdeNþImykkm<úCamþgeTot)an. TsSn³rbs; b:ul
Bt hak;minenAq¶ayb:unμanBIkarBiteT.
esÞIrEtPøam² bnÞab;BIevotNam)andkkgT½BCacugeRkayecjBIRbeTs
km<úCaenAqñaM1989 smrPUmiCayuT§sa®sþsRmab;eCaKvasnaRbeTskm<úCa)an
pøas;bþÚrBIdMNak;kaleyaFamkdMNak;kalneya)ayvij. CakarBitNas; kmøaMg
kgT½Brbs;PaKITaMgGs; man\T§iBleTAelITidæPaBneya)ay. niyaymü:ageTot
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k¾dUcCaGgÁkareyaFarbs;xøÜn. b:uEnþ eTaHbICakmøaMgT½B BitCaman\T§iBleTAelIkar
TTYl)ankarKaMRTenAkñúgkare)aHeqñat EdlRtÚv)anerobcMeLIgedayGgÁkarsh
RbCaCatiy:agNak¾edayk¾C½yCmñHCayuT§sa®sþ minEmnsißtenAelIkarRbyuT§enA
tamsmrPUmienaHeT b:uEnþsßitenAkñúgTwkcitþrbs;RbCaCnkm<úCa.
PaKIcm,g²enAkñúgkarts‘UGMNacenH EdlrYmmanPaKIKNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa
KNbkShVú‘nsiunbiuc nigrNsirSCatirMedaHRbCaBlrdæExμr)anemIleXIjkarBit
enH nig)aneRtómxøÜnRbkYtRbECg edIm,ITTYl)anGMNacneya)ayenHTaMgmun
nigeRkaykare)aHeqñat. pÞúyeTAvij fñak;dwknaMExμrRkhmemIleXIjfa sm½<n§PaB
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148
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)anbiTkariyal½yrbs;xøÜnenAkñúgTIRkúgPñMeBj nig)andkkmμaPi)alrbs;xøÜnRtLb;
mktMbn;EdlxøÜnRKb;RKgvij. ExμrRkhm)anbiTRckecjcUleTAkan;tMbn;kan;kab;
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{ebIcUlrYmeyIgsøab;elOn ebImincUlrYmeyIgsøab;yWt.}232 edaysarehtupl
enH ExμrRkhm)anseRmccitþbnþkarts‘Urbs;xøÜnRbqaMgnwgraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa
EdleTIbCab;eqñatfμIbnþeTot.233
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RbCaFibetyü RtÚv)anbegáIteLIgedaymin)anpþl;KuNsm,tþiGV ITaMgGs;dl;
clnaExμrRkhm. mü:agExμrRkhmman»kastictYcNas; kñúgkarTTYl)ankarKaMRT
Epñkneya)ayebIeRbóbeFobeTAnwgkarKaMRTEpñkeyaFa. mü:ageTot lT§PaBEdl
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enAéf¶TI7 Exkkáda qñaM1994 rdæsPaCatikm<úCa)anGnum½tic,ab;sþIBI{kardak;
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c,ab;enH GgÁkarExμrRkhmRtÚv)ancat;TukfaCa GgÁkarxusc,ab; ehIyemdwknaM
ExμrRkhmGacRbQmmuxnwgkarkat;eTas[Cab;KukBI10qñaMeTAmYyCIvit.235
b:ul Bt eCOCak;fa minmansgÇwmsRmab;dMeNaHRsaysnþiPaB nigkarpSHpSaeTA
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eFVIs®gÁam.
149
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hVú ‘nsiunbuic nigrNsirSCatirMedaHRbCaBlrdæExμr236 RtÚvGnuvtþtamkatBVkic©
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Rkhm)aneToteT.
karpþac;CMnYyGnþrCatibnÞab;BIqñaM1993 )anCMruj[emdwknaMExμrRkhmeFVI
vimCÄkarkmøaMgrbs;xøÜn. dUcEdl)anelIkeLIgExμrRkhm)an)at;bg;CMnYybreTs
esÞIrEtTaMgGs; bnÞab;BIqñaM1991. eRkABIGaCIvkmμeRkApøÚvkarCamYyéf Exμr
Rkhmrs;enAedayBwgEp¥kTaMgRsugeTAelIFnFanEdlxøÜnman.237 enAeBl
kmøaMgExμrRkhmTTYlbnÞúkkan;EtF¶n;CagmunsRmab;CIvPaBrs;enArbs;xøÜn CemøaH
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eRcInNas;. b:uEnþ nwgminsMuCMnYyBIKat;eT.}238
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150
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kmøaMgExμrRkhmesssl;enAtMbn;m:aéL nigéb:lin. enAExtula qñaM1996 eGog
sarI )andwknaMkgT½BCag3Ban;nak;enAtMbn;éb:lin nigm:aéL cuHcUlCamYyraC
rdæaPi)alkm<úCa.239 BiFIpþac;xøÜnCapøÚvkarRtÚv)anR)arB§eFVIeLIgenAéb:lin enA
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eTo )aj; nig eTo cMr:at; EdltMNag[raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa nig eGogsarI/ GIuQan nig
sux PaB EdltMNag[PaKIExμrRkhm)ancUlrYmeFVICaGFibtIenAkñúgBiFIenH.
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bnþbnÞab;. karpþac;xøÜnTaMgenaHrYmmankarpþac;xøÜnrbs;RkúmExμrRkhmenAsMLÚt240
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raCrdæaPi)altaMgBIedImqñaM1996.243 enAéf¶TI18 ExFñÚ qñaM1996 nI kn/
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151
CMBUk12
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nig nYn Ca. b:ul Bt )andwgfa embBa¢akarkgT½Brbs; eGog sarI )ankan;kab;siT§i
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Bi)akkñúgkarvilRtLb;mkvij.244
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BikareCIgmçag nigminGacedIredayxøÜnÉg)an. CakartbsñgnUvPaBesμaHRtg;rbs;
kgT½B sun esn )anRbKl;luymYybegVc[eTAkgT½BTaMgenaH Edl)anCYyCUnBYk
xøÜneTAdl;RbeTséf edaysuvtßiPaB. shnaykrdæm®nþI semþcRkúmRBH neratþm
rNb¤T§i nigsemþc h‘un Esn )anesñIsMueTAGaCJaFréf [cab;xøÜn tam:uk/ nYn Ca nig
sun esn. b:uEnþGaCJaFréfmin)aneFVItamsMeNIenHeTehIy tam:uk/ nYn Ca nig
sun esn )aneFVIdMeNIrRtLb;mkGnøg;EvgvijedayKμan]bsKÁGVITaMgGs;.
152
eBleFVIdMeNIrmkdl;RBMEdnéf em:A ¬GgÁrkSrbs; tam:uk¦ )anTUrs½BÞmkGnøg;Evg
eday)anesñIsMuLanmYyeRKÓgmkTTYl tam:uk/ nYn Ca nig sun esn RtLb;mk
tMbn;kan;kab;vij. CaCagTTYl)anCMnYy em:A RtÚv)an b:ul Bt bBa¢a[TijsaMg
edIm,Idutsmøab;emdwknaM EdlCiHenAkñúgLanenaH. em:AsÁal; tam:uk taMgBIenAekμg nig
)anbeRmI tam:uk esÞIreBjmYyCIvityuvv½yrbs;Kat;. em:A )anbdiesFmineFVItam
bBa¢aenHeT. pÞúyeTAvij em:A )anCYlrfynþmYyeRKÓgBIéf edIm,ICUnemdwknaMTaMgbI
RtLb;mkGnøg;Evgvij.245
b:ul Bt )aneFVIdMeNIrmkCYb tam:uk enAeBlEdl tam:uk mkpÞHrbs;Kat;enA
eBIytarYn. emdwknaMTaMgBIr)anCYbKñaGs;ry³eBld¾yUr nig)aneQøaHRbEkkKña
xøaMg². b:ul Bt )ancab;xøÜn nigXMuXaMg tam:uk/ nYn Ca nig sun esn Gs;ry³eBl
6Excab; BIExtula qñaM1996 dl; ExkumÖ³ qñaM1997. tam:uk )anrMB£kfa { RtÚv
)anXMuxø Ün Gs;ry³eBl6ExCamYy nYn Ca nig sun esn. eyIgsßitenAkñúg
bnÞb;ggwt nig minRtÚv)anGnuBaØat[edIreTANaeT. Kitfa RbEhlCaKat;xøac
FøayB½t’manecjeTAeRkA. minnwksμanfa eKcg;smøab;eyIgesaH.}246
KKN³kmμaFikar19 ³ emdwknaMExμrRkhmCMnan;fμI
eTaHbICa b:ul Bt XMuXaMgemdwknaMCan;x<s;TaMgbIy:ages¶óms¶at; enAkñúgGMLúg
eBlenaH b:ul Bt min)ansmøab;emdwknaMTaMgenaHeT EdlGacnwgbgá[manCemøaH.
pÞúyeTAvij b:ul Bt )aneRCIserIskardkhUtkarKaMRT ¬CaBiessBI tam:uk¦ eday
)anesñI[mankarpøas;bþÚrfñak;dwknaMenAGnøg;Evg. b:ul Bt )anesñIfa RKb;emdwknaM
ExμrRkhmEdlmanv½ycMNas;TaMgGs; EdlrYmTaMg tam:uk nigxøÜnKat;pgRtÚvcUl
nivtþn_ nigTuk»kas[GñkdwknaMCMnan;eRkaybnþkartsU‘. emdwknaMcas;TaMgGs;
nwgeFVICaTIRbwkSarbs;clnaenH. enAExkumÖ³ qñaM1997 b:ul Bt )anerobcMmha
snñi)atmYy EdlmanGñkcUlrYmRbmaN4rynak; EdlPaKeRcInKWCaembBa¢akar
kgT½B. eKalbMNgénmhasnñi)atenH KWkarBiPakSaGMBIkarepÞrGMNacBIemdwknaM
cas;²eTA[GñkCMnan;fμI. karepÞrGMNacnwgRtÚveFVIeLIgtamry³kare)aHeqñat.
153
ebkçCncMnYn10rUb)anQreQμaHsRmab;kare)aHeqñatepÞrGMNacenH EdlrYmman
sUsaerOn/ emocsan/ xwm gun/jan/ ehOn nig xn. emocsan EdlCaembBa¢akar
sñiT§nwg b:ul Bt TTYl)ansMeLgKaMRTeRcInCageK. eTaHCay:agenHkþI san )an
seRmccitþminRbkYtRbECgCamYy saerOn EdlCaGtItembBa¢akarrbs;Kat; nig
Edl)ancUlbeRmIbdivtþn_munKat;. emdwknaMCan;x<s; ExμrRkhm)anBiPakSaKña nig
)anseRmcfa sU saerOn KWCaemdwknaMCMnan;fμIrbs;clnaExμrRkhm. b:uEnþ tam:uk
cg;[ xwm gun ¬b¤smmitþ42¦ EdlCaembBa¢akarsñiT§nwgKat;eFVICaemdwknaMvij.
bnÞab;BIkare)aHeqñatenAkñúgmhasnñi)atrYcmk b:ul Bt )anbegáItKN³kmμa
FikarmYy EdlmansmaCik10nak;. KN³kmμaFikarenaHmaneQμaHfa {KN³
kmμaFikar19} EdldwknaMeday sU saerOn Edl)ankøayeTACaGKÁembBa¢akar
kgT½BenAtMbn;Gnøg;Evg. TIbBa¢akarrbs; saerOn manTItaMgenAXMuRBHRbLay
RsukRtBaMgR)asaT. saerOn nig xwm gun mincuHsRmúgnwgKñaeT. saerOn man
bMNgcg;RbmUlpþúMGMNac edaykm©at;emT½BxøaMg²EdlsñiT§nwg tam:uk. emT½Bl,I²
154
rbs; tam:uk ¬dUcCa xwm gun/ Lúg eTm nig ywm pan;Na¦ nwgRtÚv)andkhUtsiT§ikgT½B
nigRtÚv)anEtgtaMg[kan;kargarrdæ)alCMnYsvij.
tam:uk )anRbqaMgeTAnwgKMnitpþÜcepþImenH. tam:uk yl;eXIjfakic©karTaMgGs;
enHKWCayuT§sa®sþrbs; b:ul Bt kñúgkarRbmUlpþúMGMNacenAGnøg;Evg.247 enAeBl
kmøaMgrbs; b:ul Bt RtÚv)anbBa¢ÚneTAkñúgRbeTseTAeFVIkartamtMbn;q¶ay² kmøaMg
rbs; tam:uk PaKeRcInQreCIgenAEk,rtMbn;Gnøg;Evg. sßanPaBEbbenHGnuBaØat[
tam:uk GacraraMgdMeNIrkarrbs;KN³kmμaFikar19 nigbnþRKb;RKgGMNacenA
Gnøg;Evg. bnÞab;BImhasnñi)atenAExkumÖ³enaHmk tam:uk )ancab;epþImeFVIkarcrca
saCafμICamYyraCrdæaPi)altamry³KNbkSh‘Vúnsiunbiuc. enAkñúgkarcrcaenH
tam:uk )anyl;RBmCaeKalkarN_fa b:ul Bt nwgminmansMeLgGVITaMgGs; enAkñúg
kic©crcasm,Tanneya)ayCamYyraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa.
kkarsmøab; sun esn
enAéf¶TI9 Exmifuna qñaM1997 sun esn EdlCaCnbdivtþn_d¾yUrqñaMmYyrUb
rbs; b:ul Bt RtÚv)ansmøab;y:agéRBépS.248 CagenHeTAeTot smaCikRKÜsar
cMnYn10nak;eTot EdlrYmmany:un y:at ¬RbBn§rbs; sun esn nigCardæm®nþIRksYg
vb,Fm’ Gb;rM nigsikSaCati¦ kUnRsIBIrnak; ecARbúsGayu5qñaMmñak; GñkebIkrfynþ
mñak; nignIrsarmñak;RtÚv)ansmøab;TaMgGs;. karsmøab; sun esn KWCaRBwtþikarN_
cugeRkaymYyénéf¶cugeRkayén clnaExμrRkhmenAGnøg;Evg.
enAyb;énkarsmøab;sun esnKW b:ulBt)ansuM[mankarRbCMumYyCamYysun
esn. b:uEnþ sun esn )anbdiesFkarRbCMuenaH.y:un y:at )anR)ab;eTAnIrsarfa
vayb;eRCAeBk ehIysMuBnüareBlRbCuMeTARBwkénéf¶bnÞab;vij.249 b:ul Bt )an
bBa¢a[emT½Brbs;Kat; sU saerOn smøab; sun esn nigRbBn§ EdlkMBugsñak;enAkñúg
pÞHEdl tam:uk sg;[enAEk,reBIytarYn. saerOn )andwknaMkmøaMgRbmaNBI20
eTA30nak;eTApÞH sun esn enAevlaem:agRbEhl11yb;. kgT½B)anERskehA
155
sun esn nigRbBn§[ecjmkxageRkApÞH ehIy)an)aj;smøab;GñkTaMgBIr.250
saerOn )anGnuvtþelIsBIbBa¢arbs; bu:l Bt eday)ansmøab;sac;jatirbs; sun
esn ecalTaMgGs;.251 mankareCOCak;fakUnRsITaMgBIrrbs; sun esn RtÚv)an
rMelaPmunnwgsmøab;. Li rin GtItkgT½BenAkñúgkgBl912 )aneXIjsaksB
rbs;®sþITaMgBIr EdlRtÚv)anTukecalGaRkatkayenAelIpÞaMgfμ edayenAxøÜnmanEt
exakñúgb:ueNÑaH.252 GaRkk;CagenHeTAeTotkgT½B)anebIkLankinBIelIsaksB
TaMgenaH EdlbNþal[saksBeRbHllad¾k,al nig)ak;édeCIgCabMENk.
saksBrbs; sun esn nigsaksBRkúmRKÜsarTaMgGs; RtÚv)anykeTA
bUCaCamYyKña enATItaMgmYy Edlbc©úb,nñkøayeTACavtþRsHQUk. RbCaCn
rab;rynak;Edlrs;enAEk,renaH )anmkemIlkarbUCasBenH. bnÞab;BIbUCarYc q¥wg
nigepHRtÚv)ankb;enAEk,renaH. kEnøgbUCasBenAminq¶ayb:unμanBIectiyrbs;
tam:uk eT. edaysarEtminmansBaØasmÁal;c,as;las;kEnøgbUCaenHGacRtÚv
)ansmÁal;tamry³dMbUkdItUc²BIrbIenATIenH.253
bnÞab;BITTYl)andMNwgGMBIkarsøab;rbs; sun esn tam:uk )aneFVIkarsnñidæanfa
b:ul Bt manbMNgcg;smøab;Kat;enAkñúgkareFVIbnSúT§kmμrYm. tam:uk xwgnwg b:ul Bt
nig sU saerOn y:agxøaMg nig)anekaHRbCMuCabnÞan;mYyCamYyembBa¢akarkgT½B enA
pÞHrbs;Kat;Ek,rmat;Twk. tam:uk )anR)ab;eTAemT½BTaMgGs;fa b:ul Bt nig sU
saerOn manbMNgcg;smøab;Kat; nigcg;eFVICaesþcenAGnøg;Evg. tam:uk )anR)ab;
emT½Brbs;Kat;[eRtómxøÜneFVIs®gÁamCamYy b:ul Bt.
kkarRbyuT§rvag b:ul Bt nig tam:uk
karsøab;rbs; sun esn )anbgá[mankarb:HTgiÁcKñacMnYn5éf¶enAGnøg;Evg.
enAcenøaHBIéf¶TI10eTAéf¶TI14Exmifuna qñaM1997kgT½BEdlesμaHRtg;nwg tam:uk
)anb:HTgÁicKñaCamYykgT½BEdlesμaHRtg;nwg b:ul Bt.
enAyb;éf¶TI9 Exmifuna tam:uk )anbBa¢a[RbmUlpþúMkmøaMgTaMgGs;rbs;Kat;
edIm,IvaydeNþImyksaksBrbs; sun esn nigRkúmRKÜsar EdleRkaymkrUbft
156
rbs;saksBTaMgenaHRtÚv)aneRbIR)as;sRmab;eFVIkareXasna. enAéf¶TI10
Exmifuna RbEhlem:ag7RBwk tam:uk nigkgkmøaMgrbs;Kat;)anpSBVpSaykarsmøab;
sun esnCasaFarN³ edIm,IRbmUlkarKaMRTBIkgT½B nigRbCaCn.tam:uk )anRbkas
R)ab;RbCaCnfa sun esn nigRkúmRKÜsarTaMgGs;RtÚv)ansmøab;. CamYynwg
rUbftsaksBrbs; sun esn CaP½sþútag tam:uk )anGMBavnavdl;RbCaCn[cUlrYm
CamYyKat; edIm,IeFVIkarts‘URbqaMgnwg b:ul Bt.
ta m:uk )anbBa¢a[kgBl980 nigkgBl912 cab;xøÜn b:ul Bt nigbkç
BYk.254 Lúg eTm/ san; Kg;/ ywm pan;Na/ ywm EBm nig mu:n RtÚv)ancat;taMg[
TTYlxusRtÚvkñúgkardwknaMkmøaMgrbs; tam:uk RbyuT§CamYynwgkmøaMgrbs; b:ul Bt
EdlrYmmankgBl801rbs; sU saerOn nigkgBl920 rbs; emoc san.
tam:uk k¾)ansMuCMnYyBI jwk b‘unéq ¬EdlCaembBa¢akarkgT½Brbs;h‘Vúnsiunbiuc¦ Edl
)andwkCBa¢ÚneRKÓgsBVavuFtam]T§mÖaKcRkBITItaMgeyaFaenAGUrsμac;mk[kmøaMg
rbs; tam:uk enAGnøg;Evg. kgT½B15nak;RtÚv)ancat;taMg[karBarXøaMgkNþal
EdlCaXøaMgpÁt;pÁg;smÖar³sMxan;²rbs;tMbn;Gnøg;Evg. kargarrbs;kgT½BTaMgGs;
enH KWRtÚvbþÚrpþac;karBarkuM[XøaMgenH Føak;eTAkñúgédrbs;kgkmøaMgrbs; b:ul Bt.
eqøIytbeTAnwgkareXasnarbs; tam:uk KW b:ul Bt )anvayRbhar tam:uk tam
viTüú. b:ul Bt )anecaTRbkan;kgkmøaMgrbs; tam:uk fa k,t;Cati. exov sMpn k¾)an
cUlrYmenAkñúgCemøaHenaHEdr. enAéf¶TI11 Exmifuna exov sMpn )anGanesckþI
Rbkasrbs; b:ul Bt tamviTüúeday)anecaTRbkan; sun esn fa)ank,t;nwgclna
nigCaPñak;garesuIbkarsm¶at;rbs;{rdæaPi)alGay:gyYn}enATIRkúgPñMeBj.
enAkñúgGMLúgeBlénCemøaH RbCaCnminRtÚv)anGnuBaØat[edIr ehIredayesrI
enAeBlyb;eT. pøÚvRtÚv)anbiTenAem:ag5b¤6l¶ac. RbCaCn)aneXIj kgT½B
cl½teTAmkenAGnøg;EvgenAerogral;l¶ac EdleFVI[RbCaCnmankarP½yxøac.
karRbyuT§KñaenH KWCakarvayRbhary:agdMNMeTAelITsSn³rbs;RbCaCn. enA
kñúgn½ymYy PaBtantwgEtgEtekItmanrvagRkúmepSg²Kña. b:uEnþ karRbyuT§KñaCa
cMhEbbenH )anbBa¢ak;GMBIkarxVHsamKÁIPaBenAkñúgclnaExμrRkhm nig)anbMpøaj
157
esckIþTukcitþrbs;RbCaCn eTAelIemdwknaMrbs;xøÜn. y:k; hm EdlCakmμkrenA
eragcRkGareQIrbs; tam:uk )anbgðajGMBIGarmμN_rbs;Kat; bnÞab;BI)andwgGMBI
karsmøab; sun esn.
enAeBlEdlxJMúeXIjemdwknaMExμrRkhmRbyuT§Kñaeday ebIkcMhEbb
enH xJMú)an)at;bg;kareCOCak;TaMgGs;eTAelIBYkKat;. xJMúmindwgfaetIxJMú
GacbnþeFVIkarnigrs;enACamYyKat;)anedayrebobNaenaHeT.
xJMúyl;eXIjfa meFüa)ayEtmYyKt; EdlGacTTYl)ansuPmgÁl
nigsuvtßiPaBKWkarcuHcUlCamYyrdæaPi)al. karRbyuT§ kar)aj; nig
karsmøab;KñabgáEtPaBtantwgEtb:ueNÑaH. eCOCak;fa CIvitEbbenH
KWKμanGnaKteT. eyIgrs;enAkñúgGgÁPaB nigkgxus²Kña Edlkg
nImYy²manemdwknaMmñak;. b:uEnþ emdwknaMrbs;eyIgmincuHsRmúgnwgKña
enaHeT. dUecñH eyIgminGacrs;enACamYyKñaedaysnþiPaB)aneT.
erogral;qñaM eyIgts‘U CamYynwgs®gÁam nigbBaðaCab;Canic©. eyIg
RbyuT§CamYyrdæaPi)al nigTTYlbBa¢a[dutpÞHrbs;xøÜnÉgecal.
b:uEnþ GVIEdleyIgcg;)an KWkarvilRtLb;eTAPUmirbs;eyIgvij. eyIg
mankarFujRTan;nwgs®gÁamxøaMgNas;. edaysarEtktþaTaMgGs;enH
ehIy )anCaxJM úyl;eXIjfa suPmgÁlGacseRmc)anluHRtaEt
eyIgcuHcUlCamYyrdæaPi)al.255
bnÞab;BIRbyuT§KñaGs;ry³eBl5éf¶ b:ul Bt)anbBa¢a[sUsaerOn/ emocsan
nigembBa¢akarEdlesμaHRtg;nwgxøÜndéTeTotTmøak;GavuF ehIycrcaCamYy tam:uk.
b:ul Bt manbMNgbBa©úHbBa©Úl tam:uk [bBa©b;karRbyuT§Kña edaysarEt b:ul Bt
yl;eXIjfa ebIenAbnþRbyuT§teTAeTot {sRtÚvnwgTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_kan;Et
eRcIn}. CagenHeTAeTot manehtuplCak;EsþgkñúgkarbBa©b;s®gÁamenH. eTaHbI
Ca b:ul Bt TTYl)anPkþIPaBBIemT½Brbs;xøÜnk¾eday k¾ b:ul Bt BMumanFnFanesdækic©
158
RKb;RKan;kñúgkarbnþkarRbyuT§teTAeTot)aneT.srubmkedaysar tam:uk RKb;RKg
elIdegðImesdækic©TaMgGs;enAtMbn;Gnøg;Evg b:ul Bt man»kastictYcNas;kñúgkar
TTYl)anC½yCmñHBIkarRbyuT§enH.
tam:uk )ancab;xøÜnsUsaerOn nigRbBn§/ emocsan nigkUnRbús emocsar:avuF/
RBmTaMgembBa¢akarkgT½BmYycMnYneTotdUcCaXn/ gYn/ Esn/ nig exmra EdlsuT§Et
CaGñkesμaHRtg;nwg b:ul Bt. GñkTaMgenHRtÚv)anXMuXaMg enAkñúgRTúgEdkEdlman
km<s;RbEhlmYyEm:RtknøH.256smaCikRKÜsar déTeTotrbs;saerOn nigsan
RtÚv)anXMuxøÜnenAkñúgpÞH.257 BIrExeRkaymk sU saerOn nigRbBn§ nigemoc san
RtÚv)ankat;eTasRbharCIvit. GñkTaMgbIRtÚv)ankb;TaMgrs;enAkñúgreNþAsaksB
rYm.258
159
CMBUk13
karcab;xøÜn nigkarkat;eTas b:ul Bt
kkarcab;xøÜn b:ul Bt
b:ul Bt/ exov sMpn/ nYn Ca/ CYn eCOn/ can; yUr:an;/ eTB XunNal; RBmTaMg
TIRbwkSa nigGñkenAeRkambgÁab;mYycMnYn)anrt;eKcBIkgkmøaMgrbs; tam:uk eTAlak;
xøÜnenAkñúgrUgPñMmYyenAXMuGUrsVay RsukRtBaMgR)asaT. kgT½BmYycMnYnEdl)an
rt;ePosxøÜn nigtamkarBar b:ul Bt KWCaGtItkgT½Brbs; tam:uk. edaysarEt
Gs;sgÇwm kgT½BTaMgenaHcab;epþImrt;ecal b:ul Bt mþgmñak;². eRkaymk kgT½B
rbs; tam:uk )anrkeXIjkEnøglak;xøÜnrbs; b:ul Bt. kgT½Bmñak;rbs; tam:uk Edl
)ancUleTAkñúgrUgPñMedIm,Icab; b:ul Bt )aneXIj exov sMpn kMBugcm¥inGahar[ b:ul
Bt. enAeBlEdlkgT½BrUbenaHedIrsMedAeTArkGñkTaMgBIr b:ul Bt nig exov sMpn
)anP¢g;kaMePøIgxøIdak; b:uEnþmin)an)aj;eT.259 exov sMpn bRmúgnwg)aj;smøab;
xøÜnÉg b:uEnþRtÚv)andnøgrbs;Kat; EdlCaembBa¢akarrbs; tam:uk Xat;Tan;.
eBlcUleTAdl;kñúgrUgPñM kgT½B)anniyayeTAkan; b:ul Bt edaysmþIsuPaB
rabsarfa {eyIg sMuGeBa¢IjG‘¿RtLb;eTAvij. ta cg;CYbG‘¿.} enATIbBa©b; b:ul Bt
RtÚv)ancab;xøÜnenAéf¶TI19 Exmifuna qñaM1997. kgT½B )anEsg b:ul Bt enAelI
GRgwg.260GñkdéTeTotedIr edayeCIgRtLb;mkvij. exov sMpn nig nYn Ca
)anyMenAeBledIrtampøÚvRtLb;mkvij edaysarEtGñkTaMgBIrxøac tam:uk smøab;
ecal. kgT½B)anXuMXaMgemdwknaMCan;x<s;TaMgenaHenAXøaMgkNþal. eRkaymk
b:ul Bt nigembBa¢akarkgT½BmYycMnYnRtÚv)anbBa¢ÚneTAXMuXaMgenAEk,rRckRBMEdn
CaMsaguaMsBVéf¶. exov sMpn/ nYn Ca/ can; yUr:an;/ CYn eCOn/ nigemdwknaMepSgeTot
RtÚv)anedaHElg. edayKμankEnøgRtÚveTA b¤eKcxøÜn)anemdwknaMTaMgenH)anbnþ
rs;enACamYy tam:uk rhUtdl;smahrNkmμenAqñaM1998.
161
ttulakarRbCaCn ³ karkat;eTas b:ul Bt
enAéf¶TI25 Exkkáda b:ul Bt RtÚv)annaMykmkkat;eTas enAcMeBaHmux
{tulakarRbCaCn}.261 embBaa¢karkgT½BCan;x<s; nigemdwknaMsuIvilcMnYnbYnnak;
EdlesμaHRtg;nwg tam:uk RtÚv)aneRCIserIs[eFVICaGgÁCMnuMCRmH EdlrYmman exov
enA ¬tMNag[RbCaCn¦/ xwm gun ¬tMNag[kgkmøaMgRbdab; GavuF¦/ m:k; ebn nig eTB
XunNal; ¬tMNag[bBaØvnþ¦.262 RbCaCnenAGnøg;EvgRbEhlCabYnryeTAR)aM
rynak; RtÚv)andwk[mkemIlkarkat;eTasemdwknaMEdlxøÜnFøab;eKarBbUCaGs;
ry³eBlCaeRcInqñaMknøgmk. GñkcUlrYmminRtÚv)anGnuBaØat[ykGavuFtam
xøÜneT. GñkcUlrYmPaKeRcIn KWCa®sþI kumar nigkgT½BRbEhlmYyrynak;Edlesøók
Bak;ÉksNæanBN’ébtgEdlCaCMnYyrbs;cin. enHKWCaelIkTImYyEdlGñk
cUlrYmPaKeRcIn)aneXIjmux b:ul Bt edaypÞal; bnÞab;BI)ancUlbeRmIbdivtþn_Exμr
RkhmGs;CitbITsvtSr_.
karkat;eTas)ancab;epþImCamYynwgsñÚrTHéd nigkarERskbnÞrBaküesøak
{Ceya¡ lT§iRbCaFibetyüd¾GENþtRtEsteLIgehIy¡ Ceya¡ Ceya¡ Ceya¡
braC½y¡ BYkk,t; b:ul Bt braC½y¡ braC½y¡ braC½y¡}. GñkcUlrYmPaKeRcIneFVI
tamGVIEdlxøÜnRtÚv)anR)ab;[eFVI. GñkcUlrYmTaMgenaHyl;dwgtictYc b¤esÞIrEtmin
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162
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164
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166
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168
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169
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171
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eTAGs;ry³eBlCaeRcIns)þah_. hVú‘nsiunbiuc TamTar[dk b:ul Bt ecjBIkñúg
RkbxNÐénkarcrca. RkúmGñkcrcaExμrRkhm)anyl;RBmcMeBaHkarTamTar
enaH. tam:uk )anTamTarsiT§isVy½tsRmab;tMbn;Gnøg;Evg EdlRbhak;RbEhleTA
nwgGVI EdlRkúmExμrRkhmenAéb:lin nigm:aéLTTYl)anEdr. CamYynwglkçxNÐ
TaMgGs;enH ExμrRkhmenAGnøg;Evgnwgyl;RBmrMlayrdæaPi)albeNþaHGasnñ
rbs;xøÜn nigeKarBtamc,ab;rdæFmμnuBaØ.
pÞúyeTAvij b:ul Bt RbqaMgdac;xatcMeBaHEpnkareFVIsmahrNkmμ nig
BüayamraraMgkarcrcaenH. eRkABIkarkarBarxøÜnÉg b:ul Bt hak;dUcCa eCOCak;fa
karxitxMRbwgERbgkñúgkarcrcasnþiPaBCamYyrdæaPi)alnwgminpþl;CadMeNaHRsay
EpøpáaenaHeT. enAkñúgTsSn³rbs; b:ul Bt meFüa)ayeTAmuxEtmYyKt;KWkarbnþkar
ts‘UrhUtdl;ExμrRkhmdeNIþm)anRbeTsTaMgmUlmkvij.
karcrcaxagelI)anbraC½y edaysarEtkarRbyuT§Kñary³eBl5éf¶ rvag
kgT½Brbs; b:ul Bt nig tam:uk.kic©RbCMubnÞab;RtÚv)aneRKageFVIenAéf¶TI10 Exmifuna
b:uEnþRtÚv)anlubecaleTAvij edaysarEtCemøaHépÞkñúgenAkñúgCYrExμrRkhm.
tam:uk )ansMuCMnYyBI jwk b‘unéq edIm,IpþÜlrMlM b:ul Bt nigsþaeLIgvijnUvGVIEdl
tam:uk ehAfaEpnkarsRmab;karcrcasnþiPaB nigkarpSHpSaCati. jwk b‘unéq )an
yl;RBm ehIy)andwkCBa¢ÚneRKÓgsBVavuF tam]T§mÖaKcRkBIbnÞaykgT½BenA
GUrsμac; mk[kmøaMgrbs; tam:uk.280 tam:uk )anBenøÓnkarcrcabnÞab;BI b:ul Bt
nigemT½BCMnitrbs;Kat;RtÚv)ancab;xøÜn. kic©RBmeRBógCamYyhVú‘nsiunbuiceRKagnwg
seRmcenAéf¶TI4 Exkkáda qñaM1997.
kgT½Brbs; tam:uk yl;RBmcuHcUlCamYykgT½BrdæaPi)al nigeKarBc,ab;rdæ
FmμnuBaØrbs;km<úCa nigrcnasm<½n§RKb;RKgrdæ)alrbs;rdæaPi)al. Cakartbsñg
tam:uk )anesñIsMukarelIkElgeTasBIRBHmhakSRt dUcKñaeTAnwgkarelIkElg
172
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neratþm rNb¤T§i yl;RBm.281
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kmøaMgEdlesμaHRtg;nwgsemþcRkúmRBH neratþm rNb¤T§i EdlCanaykrdæm®nþITImYy
nigkmøaMgEdlesμaHRtg; nwgsemþc h‘un Esn EdlCanaykrdæm®nþITIBIr.282 enA
éf¶TI5-6 Exkkáda karRbyuT§Kña)anpÞúHeLIgenATIRkúgPñMeBj. enATIbMputsemþc
RkúmRBH neratþm rNb¤T§i RtÚv)anTmøak;ecjBIGMNac. m®nþIrdæaPi)alCan;x<s;
nigsmaCiksPaCaeRcInrbs;hVú‘nsiunbiuc )anrt;ePosxøÜneTAbreTs. m®nþI nig
emT½Brbs;hVú ‘nsuinbuicCaeRcIn RtÚv)ansmøab;edayKμankarCMnu MCRmH. kmøaMg
braC½yrbs;hVú‘nsiunbuic)anrt;eKcxøÜn nigRbmUlpþúMkgT½BeLIgvijenAtamRBMEdn
éf. ]tþmesnIy_ jwk b‘unéq )anrt;eTAGnøg;Evg nigesñIsuMCMnYyBI tam:uk.
RBwtþikarN_Exkkáda qañM1997 )aneFVI[ tam:uk eCOCak;fakmøaMgesssl;
rbs;ExμrRkhmminGaceFVIkarCamYyrdæaPi)alrbs;semþc h‘un Esn )aneToteT
ehIykarbnþkarts‘URbdab;GavuF KWCaCeRmIsEtmYyKt;. embBa¢akarkgT½Brbs;
tam:uk mYycMnYn)anxkcitþcMeBaHkaryl;eXIjEbbenH nig)ancab;epþImkarcrca
edIm,IsnþiPaBCaelIkTIbI nigCaelIkcugeRkay.
eTaHbICakarcrcaCamYyhVú‘nsiunbiuc RtÚvbraC½yedaysarEtRBwtþikarN_ Ex
kkáda qñaM1997y:agNak¾eday k¾ tam:uk )ancab;epþImkic©xitxMRbwgERbg
cugeRkaymYy tamry³karEsVgrkkarKaMRTBIGnþrCatieday)anGeBa¢IjGñk
sarB½t’manGaemrikaMgmYyRkúm mkCYbsmÖasry³eBlbIem:agCamYyKat;/ exov
sMpn/ nYn Ca nig can; yUr:an; enAÉpÞHrbs;Kat;Ek,rmat;bwg.
kñúgnamCaGFiraCs®gÁamenAtMbn;Gnøg;Evg tam:uk )anerobcMGVI²TaMgGs; Edl
Tak;TgeTAnwgkarsmÖasenaH. jwk b‘unéq k¾manvtþmanenAkñúgGMLúgeBlsmÖas
enaHEdr.283 enAeBlRtÚv)anecaTsYrfa etIclnarbs;Kat;Gacbnþkarrs;ran
manCIvitedayKμanCMnYybreTsedayrebobNa tam:uk eqøIyfa ³
173
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eyIgnwgsøab;. tamBiteTAetIeyIgGaceFVIGVI)aneTot? eyIgKμan
CeRmIsenaHeT.284
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dUecñHehIy )anCaeyIgenAEtGacrs;ranmanCIvitrhUtdl;sBVéf¶enH
eTaHbICaeyIgminmanCMnYyBIbreTsk¾eday. eyIgGacbnþ)an
edaysarEteyIgmankarKaMRTBIRbCaksikr nigRbCaCnkm<úCaTUeTA.
nYn Ca k¾)anrMB£kGMBIvKÁsikSaneya)ayEdlxøÜnFøab;)anbeRgónkmμaPi)al
enAkñúgrbbExμrRkhm.
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munnwgeTA sUmpþaMepJIbu:eNÑH KWeFVIem:c esñIrdæaPi)alGaemrikCYyCMruj
nigCYyeFVIem:c[RbeTskm<úCamansnþiPaB ehIymanrdæaPi)alCati
mYy EdlmanRKb;PaKIcUlrYmedayesIμPaBKμanpøÚvNaedIreRkABIenH
eT.285
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embBa¢akarkgBl980mYyRkúm EdldwknaMeday ywm pan;Na/ ywm san/
ywm Bwm/ nYn eRCÓn nig lI sun )anbnþkarcrcacugeRkayedaysm¶at;. CMnYs[
karcrcaCamYyhVú‘nsiunbiuc embBa¢akarTaMgenaH)ancrcaCamYy semþc h‘un Esn
edaymin[dMNwgdl; tam:uk. EpñkmYyénkareCOTukcitþeTAelIkgkmøaMgrbs;semþc
174
naykrdæm®nþI h‘un Esn edaysarEtembBa¢akarkgBlExμrRkhmTaMgenaH Føab;
manbTBiesaFeFVIkarCamYykmøaMgrbs;semþc h‘un Esn. enAkñúgGMLúgeq<aHeTA
karerobcMkare)aHeqñatqñaM1993 ywm pan;Na nigkmøaMgrbs;xøÜn Føab;eFVIkarCit
sñiT§CamYym®nþIrdæaPi)alrbs;GtItrdækm<úCa. emT½BExμrRkhmTaMgenH )anbegáIt
TMnak;TMngl¥CamYyrdæaPi)al EdlTMnak;TMngenH)anCYysRmÜldl;karpþÜcepþImkar
crcasaCafμI edIm,IeFVIsmahrNkmμkgkmøaMgExμrRkhmTaMgGs;enAGnøg;Evg.
pan;Na k¾CabuKÁlmYyrUbEdlman\T§iBlenAkñúgCYrExμrRkhm. Kat;TTYl)an
karKaMRTesÞIrEtTaMgRsugBIkmøaMgenAkñúgkgBl980. enAeBlerobpþac;xøÜncUlrYm
CamYyraCrdæaPi)al Kat;)anGHGagfa Kat;GacRbmUl)any:agtic60PaKryén
kmøaMgkgT½B nigRbCaCnenAGnøg;Evg.286 GñkEdlcUlrYmCamYyKat;déTeTot
rYmman ywm Bwm nig Ek Bk EdlCaGtItembBa¢akarkgBl417 nigembBa¢akar
kgT½BmYycMnYneTot. GñkTaMgGs;)anCYbCuMKñaenApÞHrbs; ywm Bwm edIm,IBiPakSa
GMBIEpnkarlm¥itcugeRkay edIm,Idak;sMeNIeTAraCrdæaPi)alrbs;semþc hu‘n
Esn.
ywm pan;Na )andwknaMRkúmcrcaeTAcUlrYmRbCMuenATIRkúgPñMeBj. enAkñúgeBl
RbCMu semþcnaykrdæm®nþI h‘un Esn )anmanRbsasn_fa ³
xJMú xøÜnÉgk¾CaGtItkmμaPi)alExμrRkhmEdr b:uEnþ xJMú)ancUlCamYyrdæa
Pi)almunGñkTaMgGs;Kña. xJM úminEmnCaGñkbegáIts®gÁameT. ywm
pan;Na Égk¾minmanlT§PaBbegáIts®gÁamEdr. BYkeK [emdwknaMCan;
x<s;ExμrRkhm] CaGñkbegáIts®gÁam ehIy)anTmøak;vamkelIeyIg.
eyIgCaGñkrgeRKaHedaysarEtBYkeK. dUecñH xJMúsUmsMNUmBrsUm
Qb;vayKña niggakmkeFVIkarCamYyKña edIm,IkarpSHpSaCati nig
karbRgÜbbRgÜmCati.287
embBa¢akarkgT½BExμrRkhmmankarrMePIbCamYynwgckçúvis½yrbs;semþc
175
naykrdæm®nþI h‘un Esn ehIy)anesñIsMulkçxNÐbIcMNuc CafñÚrnwgkarpþac;xøÜn ³ ¬1¦
siT§ikñúgrs;enACaRbCaCnsamBaØ ¬2¦ siT§ikñúgkarkan;kab;kmμsiT§iÉkCn nigsiT§ikñúg
karRKb;RKgkic©karrdæ)alenAkñúgtMbn; nig ¬3¦ siT§ikñúgkarTTYl)antYnaTIkñúgCYrrdæa
Pi)alenAkñúgtMbn;EdlxøÜnFøab;RKb;RKg.semþc hu‘n Esn )anyl;RBmtamsMeNI
TaMgGs;enH.
eRkaykarcrcaCamYysemþc h‘un Esn ywm pan;Na nigshkarIrbs;xøÜn
)anerobcMEpnkarpþac;xøÜnecjBI tam:uk enAéf¶TI27 ExmIna qñaM1998. pan;Na
)anbBa¢ÚnRkúmmYy[eTAerobcMEpnkarenHCamYy enA sM GPi)alrgextþesomrab
enAéf¶TI13 ExmIna. edIm,IFanakarTukcitþBIrdæaPi)aleTAelIkic©RBmeRBógenH
pan;Na )anbBa¢ÚnRbBn§ nigkUnrbs;xøÜn[eTArs;enAextþesomrab eRkamkar
RKb;RKgrbs;rdæaPi)almuneBlpþac;xøÜn. b:uEnþ Epnkarpþac;xøÜnenHRtÚv)anEbkFøay
eTAdl; tam:uk Edl)anerobcMkmøaMgrbs;xøÜn edIm,Ivayb®gáabRkúmGñkpþac;xøÜn.
karRbyuT§rvagRkúmpþac;xøÜn nigkmøaMgesμaHRtg;nwg tam:uk )anpÞúHeLIgenAéf¶TI
24 ExmIna bIéf¶munkarGnuvtþEpnkarpþac;xøÜn. rdæaPi)al)anpþl;eRKÓgsBaVvuFdl;
kgT½BExμrRkhmpþac;xøÜn b:uEnþ rdæaPi)almin)anbBa¢ÚnkmøaMgrbs;xøÜneTAGnøg;EvgeT.
kgkmøaMgrdæaPi)alcUleTARtwmtMbn;éRBs¥akEtb:ueNÑaH. kgT½BenAkñúgkgBl
980 )anvaycUlTIRbCuMCnGnøg;Evg edIm,Ipþl;»kas[RbCaCndéTeTot Gac
cUlrYmenAkñúgkarpþac;xøÜn)an. RbCaCnCaeRcIn)anrt;ePosxøÜneTAtMbn;GUrébtab;.
kgBlrbs; pan;Na TTYl)ankarKaMRTBIkgBl417rbs; Ek Bk nigkgBl801
EdlembBa¢akarkgBl sU saerOn RtÚv)an tam:uk smøab;kalBIb:unμanExmun.
kgBl912 KWCakgBlEdl ta m:uk eCOTukcitþ. kgBlenHdwknaMedayKN³
kgBlcMnYnbIrUb EdlrYmman ehg/ san; Kg; nig Tuy b‘uner:t.
enAeBlEdlsñÚrkaMePøIg)anpÞúHeLIg RbCaCnPaKeRcInenAkñúgtMbn;enaH )annaM
Kñart;eKcxøÜn. dUcEdlRbCaCnmYyrUb)anBN’na RbCaCnenAeBlenaHhak;dUcCa
{RtIkMBugBulTwk}. edaysarEtkarcrcaRtÚv)aneFVIeLIgedaysm¶at; RbCaCn
PaKeRcInmin)andwgGMBIEpnkarpþac;xøÜnenaHeT. eRkaymk RbCaCn)andwgGMBI
176
Epnkarpþac;xøÜnenHtamry³karniyayt²KñaBIPUmimYyeTAPUmimYyeTot Edlcab;
epþImBIRkúmRKÜsarkgT½Bpþac;xøÜn.
RbCaCnPaKeRcInmindwgfaKYrrt;eTANa b¤cuHcUlCamYyPaKINaenaHeT.288
RbCaCnnaMKñart;eTATisedABIrepSgKñaGaRs½yeTAnwgTItaMgEdlxø Ünrs;enA.
RbCaCnmYycMnYn)anrt;eLIgelIPñMdgErk eTAkan;CMrMPUNyenAkñúgTwkdIéfCamYy
tam:uk ehIymYycMnYneTot rt;eTAGUrébtab; enAXMuERsNUy ¬RbEhl50KILÚEm:Rt
BIRsukGnøg;Evg¦ CamYykmøaMgpþac;xøÜn EdldwknaMedayembBa¢akarenAkñúgkgBl
980. dMu QunnI EdlCaembBa¢akarkgT½BmYyrUbeTotenAkñúgkgBl980 nig
EdlkMBugeFVIkarenARsukesÞag extþkMBg;FM )andwknaMkgT½Brbs;xøÜn mkcuHcUl
CamYyRkúmpþac;xøÜnenAGUrébtab;.
RbCaCnsIuvil nigkgT½BRbEhl8Ban;nak;)anrt;eTAGUrébtab; nig)anrs;enA
TIenaH rhUtdl;Exkkáda qñaM1998. eRkaymk RbCaCnmYycMnYn)anvilRtLb;
mkGnøg;Evgvij. b:uEnþ enAeBlRtLb;mkdl;vijRTBüsm,tþirbs;xøÜnCaeRcInRtÚv
177
)ankgT½BExμrRkhmKñaÉg Edlmkdl;munrwbGUsykeTAGs;.
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tam:uk enAkñúg ExmIna qñaM1998 tam:uk )andwknaMkgT½B nigRbCaCnrbs;Kat;rt;
ePosxøÜneTAkan;CMrMPUNyenAkñúgextþsIusaekt RbeTséf ehIyrs;enATIenaHrhUt
dl;ExFñÚ qñaM1998. enATIenaH RbCaCnrs;enAeRkamkar]btßmÖrbs;KN³kmμa
Fikarkak)aTRkhmGnþrCati Edl)anpþl;kEnøgsñak;enA nigmðÚbGahar.289
ta m:uk )annaMemdwknaMCan;x<s;ExμrRkhmTaMgGs;eTACamYyKat;. b:ul Bt/ nYn
Ca/ exov sMpn/ can; yUr:an;/ eTB XunNal;/ m:k; ebn/ eBC bu‘ner:t/ Giun suPaB nig
ekar b‘unehg )aneFVIdMeNIrqøgeTAdIéfCamYy tam:uk. tam:uk k¾)anyk]bkrN_
pSayviTüú nigRkúmviTüúeTACamYyxøÜn EdlGacGnuBaØat[ tam:uk vayRbharRkúmpþac;
xøÜnfaCa{Cnk,t;Cati}. tam:uk sc©afanwgsmøab; Cnpþac;xøÜnTaMgGs;enaHecal.
eTaHbICa tam:uk sc©afanwgts‘URbqaMgraCrdæaPi)alrhUtdl;TIbBa©b;k¾eday
k¾kmμaPi)al EdlKat;eCOTukcitþPaKeRcIn min)anemIleXIjesckþIsgÇwmGVITaMg
Gs;. kmμaPi)alrbs; tam:uk )anesñI[Kat;Qb;sRmak nigGnuBaØat[xøÜneTA
crcaCamYyraCrdæaPi)al. tam:uk )anyl;RBmehIy)anepÞrkarTTYlxusRtÚvEpñk
neya)ayeTA[ exov sMpn nigkarTTYlxusRtÚvEpñkeyaFaeTA[embBa¢akarCMnit
rbs;Kat; xwm gun.
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gun )anGHGagfaxøÜnRKb;RKgkgT½BCag5Ban;nak; nigRbCaCnCag1mWun5Ban;nak;
k¾eday. enAéf¶TI2 Exemsa kgT½Brbs; tam:uk vaydeNþImkan;kab;)anGnøg;Evg
vij b:uEnþminyUrb:unμankgT½Brbs; tam:uk RtÚv)anbeNþjecjBIGnøg;Evgvij eday
kgkmøaMgrYmrvagkgT½BExμrRkhmpþac;xøÜn nigkgeyaFBlexmrPUminÞ. enABak;
kNþalExemsa kgT½BExμrRkhmpþac;xøÜn nigkgeyaFBlexmrPUminÞ vaykan;kab;
)anXMuRsHQUkEdlCamUldæaneyaFasMxan;mYyeTotrbs; tam:uk. kgT½Brbs;
178
tam:uk )andkfyeTAPñM200 Edlmancm¶ayRbmaN20KILÚEm:RtxageCIgTIrYm
RsukGnøg;Evg.
CagenHeTAeTot kgT½Brbs; tam:uk mYycMnYnEdlbdiesFmincuHcUlCamYy
raCrdæaPi)altamry³KNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa)ancuHcUlCamYykmøaMgrbs; jwk
b‘unéq enAEk,rRckRBMEdnGUrsμac;. enAeBlenaHehIyEdl b:ul Bt )ansøab;.
eTaHbICakarsøab;rbs; b:ul Bt enAmanPaBRseBcRsBilkþI b:ul Bt TMngCasøab;
edaysarCMgWKaMgebHdUgkñúgGMLúgeBlEdlkgkmøaMgExμrRkhmdkfyBIGnøg;Evg.
xN³eBlEdlkgeyaFBlexmrPUminÞ kan;EtvaycUlmkmuxGñkemIlEf b:ul Bt
minGacpÁt;pÁg;xül;GuksIuEhSn nigfñaM RKb;RKan;[ b:ul Bt. b:ul Bt )ansøab;enA
elIERKedkrbs;Kat; enAéf¶TI15 Exemsa qñaM1998 edaymanRbBn§v½yekμg
nigkUnRsIenAEk,rxøÜn. BIréf¶eRkaymksaksBrbs; b:ul Bt RtÚv)andutCamYy
nwgsMbkkg;Lan.
kmøaMgrbs; tam:uk kan;EtcuHexSayeTA enAeBlEdlxøÜncaj;karRbyuT§ enAkñúg
smrPUmiPñM200 enAéf¶TI4 Ex]sPa. CalT§plkgT½Brbs; tam:uk )anpøas;eTA
k,alGenSag EdlCaTIbBa¢akarrbs; b:ul Bt.
enAeBlEdlsßankarN_kan;EttantwgeLIg RbCaCnEdlenAeRkamkarRKb;
RKgrbs; tam:uk )anqøgEdneTAextþsIusaekt RbeTséf taMgBIéf¶TI1 Ex]sPa.
RbCaCn)anykrfynþdwkTMnij reTHeKa eTacRkyan Rtak;T½rcUkdI nigrfynþtUc
eFVICameFüa)ayeTAkan;RbeTséf. RbCaCn)anyk]bkrN_ pÞH)ay semøók
bMBak; niges,ógGahar y:ageRcIntamEtGacykeTAtamxøÜn)an.
ccugbBa©b;énclnaExμrRkhm
kic©crcaCasm¶at;rvagrdæaPi)al nigkgT½BExμrRkhmEdlenAesssl; RtÚv
)aneFVIeLIg enAelIR)asaTRBHvihar nigenATIRkúg)agkk. RbFanRkúmcrcarbs;
tam:uk rYmman xwm gun/ nYn enA nig eTB XunNal;.ywm pan;Na nig ywm Bwm rYmTaMg
embBa¢akarkgeyaFBlexmrPUminÞmYycMnYneTot EdlrYmTaMgÉk]tþm eTo )aj;
179
rdæm®nþIRksYgkarBarCati nignay]tþmesnIy_ mas suPa tMNag[PaKIraCrdæa
Pi)al.290 karcrcaenHTTYlbraC½yCaeRcInelIkeRcInsa edaysarkmøaMgrbs;
tam:uk TamTarsV½yPaBelItMbn;Gnøg;Evg CafñÚrnwgkarcuHcUl. karTamTarenHRtÚv
)anPaKIraCrdæaPi)alRcanecal.
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EtcuHexSayeTA nig)an)at;bg;sμartIts‘U. kgT½BCaeRcIn)anrt;cUlCamYy
raCrdæaPi)altamry³KNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa nigKNbkShVú‘nsiunbiuc. kgT½B
mYycMnYneTotEdlmincg;cUlCamYyraCrdæaPi)al)anrt;eTA éb:lin nig m:aéL.
emdwknaMCan;x<s;mYycMnYndUcCa can; yUr:an;/ CYn eCOn/ Giun suPaB/ ekar b‘unehg
nig m:k; ebn )ancuHcUlCamYyraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCaenA Exmifuna. GñkTaMgGs;enaH
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196
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197
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198
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TTYlrgTukçevTnaEbbenHCafñÚrnwgkarlHbg;knøgmkeT.327
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203
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204
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kareCOCak;EdlfaminmanGñksMuTan ¬ehIykarsegát)anbBa¢ak;y:agdUecñHEmn¦
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205
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mü:ageTot karekIneLIgénkarcab;GarmμN_eTAelIRbvtþisa®sþrbs;tMbn;enH
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206
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208
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209
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210
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eXANas;. RbCaCnmYycMnYnRtÚv)ankgT½BevotNamcab;xøÜn nigRtÚv)anbBa¢ÚneTA
XMuXaMg enAkñúgKukkñúgXuMTwkvil. etOk )ancUlbeRmIenAkñúgGgÁPaBrbs; taefn.
Cak;Esþg ExμrRkhm)aneFVI[Kat;køayeTACaCnrgeRKaH eday)aneFVI[evotNam
sgS½yfa Kat;CaPñak;garesuIbkarN_rbs;ExμrRkhm. edaysarEtBMumanCeRmIs
etOk RtÚvEtcUlrYmCamYyExμrRkhm BIeRBaHenAeBlenaH kgT½BevotNam)an
smøab;mnusSCaeRcIn EdlRtÚv)anecaTRbkan;faCaPñak;garesuIbkarN_rbs;Exμr
Rkhm.344
211
RRBMEdnEdlmanEtenAelIRkdas
kñúgnamCaCnCatiéfmYyrUb mIn müam EdlkalenaHmanGayu14qñaM min
cg;cUlrYmCamYy kgeyaFBlexmrPUminÞrbs;km<úCaenaHeT. b:uEnþ enAqñaM1963
enaH mIn KμanCeRmIsenaHeT.
mIn ekItenAPUmiNULÚhan EdlCaPUmitUcmYyenAkñúgTwkdIéf. mIn rs;enATIenaH
dUckumardéTenATICnbTkñúgRbeTséfEdr. mIn CYyeFVIERscmáar «Bukmþay nig
kargardéTeTot. CYnkal mIn eFVIdMeNIrCamYy«Bukmþayqøgkat;RBMEdneTARbeTs
km<úCa edIm,ITijrbs;rbrepSg².
dUcRbCaCnepSgeTotenAkñúgPUmiEdr «Bukmþayrbs; mIn EdlecHniyayEt
PasaExμrRbkbrbreFVIERscmáar. «Bukmþayrbs;Kat;TMngCapøas;TIBItMbn;x<g;rab
énRbeTséftaMgBImuneBlmIn ekItem:øH. b:uEnþ mIn minEdlsYrnaM«Bukmþayrbs;xøÜn
faetIBYkKat;mkBINa ehIyCYbKñaedayrebobNaenaHeT. RbEhlCa mIn Kitfa
B½t’manTaMgGs;enHminsUvmansar³sMxan;eTenAeBlenaH. kalBIenAv½ykumar
eRkambBa¢arbs;rdæaPi)aléfnaeBlenaH mIn nigRkúmRKÜsar)anpøas;TIlMenABIPUmi
NULÚhan eTAPUmiNunCUraC EdlCaPUmimYyenAEk,rRBMEdnkm<úCa.
m®nþIrdæaPi)aléftRmÚv[RkúmRKÜsarrbs; mIn pøas;TIlMenAkúñgeKalbMNg
edIm,IGPirkSéRBeQI. RkúmRKÜsarrbs; mIn manCeRmIsBIr ³ pøas;TIlMenAeTArs;enA
Ek,rTIrYmextþsIusaekt b¤eTAenAPaKxagt,Úg. RkúmRKÜsarrbs; mIn )anseRmccitþ
eTAenAPaKxagt,Úg BIeRBaHdIenAPaKxagelIextþ sIusaekt CatMbn;s¶ÜthYtEhg
nigdIBMusUvmanCICati. PUmiNunCUraCenH GnuBaØat[ mIn nigRkúmRKÜsarGaceFVI
dMeNIrqøgkat;RBMEdneTAkan;Gnøg;Evg edIm,ITijrbs;rbrepSg²)an.
dMeNIrqøgRBMEdnd¾samBaØ edIm,IeTATijsmÖar³enH )anpøas;bþÚrCIvitrbs; mIn
y:agxøaMg. m®nþIeyaFakm<úCa)anRbkasR)ab;RbCaCnTaMgGs;enAGnøg;Evgfa
RKb;RkúmRKÜsarTaMgGs;RtÚvEtsμ½RKcitþbBa¢ÚnkUnRbúsv½yCMTg;rbs;xøÜn mñak;[
cUlbeRmIkgT½B. mIn )anR)ab;«Bukmþayrbs;xøÜnfa Kat;xøacs®gÁamNas;. b:uEnþ
mþayrbs; mIn )anbBa©úHbBa©Úl mIn fa karcUlbeRmIkgT½B RKan;EtmYyry³eBlxøI
212
Etb:ueNÑaH ehIyR)ak;ExkgT½BnwgGacCYysRmalbnÞúkRKÜsar)an.
mIn dwgc,as;faxøÜnminmanCeRmIseRcIneT ehIyxøÜnk¾minmanlixitKtiyutþGVI
EdlGacbBa¢ak;faxøÜnCaCnCatiéf)anEdr. eTaHebICa mIn mank¾eday k¾GarmμN_
)anR)ab; mIn faminGacniyayGVI)aneT. enAeBlenaH eTaHbICashKmn_Exμr
nigéf mancMNucRtÜtsIuKñaGs;CaeRcInCMnan; tamry³karerobGaBah_BiBah_qøg
sasn_ nigTMnak;TMngqøgEdnk¾eday k¾bBaðasBa¢atiKWCaRbFanbTresIbmYy.
dUcEdl mIn )anelIkeLIg{RbsinebIxJMú R)ab;BYkeKfa xJMúCaCnCatiéf BYkeKnwg
smøab;xJMú.}
edaysarEtkarrs;enAcMTIkEnøg nigeBlevlaminsmRsb mIn RtÚv)anekNÐ
[cUlbeRmIkñúgkgT½Bkm<úCa. CMrMkgT½BtUcenHmankgT½BRbEhlCa100nak;enA
kñúgGgÁPaB. eKalbMNgsMxan;rbs;GgÁPaB enAedImTsvtSr_ qñaM1960 epþat
sMxan;eTAelIkarEfrkSasniþsuxenAkñúgtMbn; EdlCaTItaMgqøgkat;rbs;Rkúmecarbøn;
RkúmkumμúynIsþ nigRkúmRbdab;GavuFepSg².345
{{Pñak;garesuIbkarN_sm¶at;}
xJMúrs;enAkñúgPUmi nig)aneronsURtrhUtdl;qñaM1972. xJMú)anFMdwgkþIlμmGac
nwgcUlbeRmIkgT½BExμrRkhm)an b:uEnþ xJMúeFIVkarenAkñúgkgcl½tshkrN_rhUtdl;
qñaM1977 eTIb)ankøayCakgT½B. enAqñaM1979 xJM ú)anQb;eFVICakgT½B
ehIy)anRtLb;mkrs;enAkñúgPUmivij kñúgnamCakmøaMgbRmúg. xJMú)anerobkarenA
qñaM1984 nigmankUn. b:uEnþ enAqñaM1987 RbCaCnenAkñúgPUmi)anecaTRbkan;xJMúfa
CaPñak;garrbs; b:ul Bt. edaysarerOgenH xJM úmankarP½yxøacy:agxøaMg.
xJMúmanEtmñak;Ég ehIyBüayambgðajBIPaBs¥ats¥Mrbs;xJMú b:uEnþ RbCaCnenAkñúg
PUmienAEtmineCOxJMú. xJMúKitfa RbsinebIxJMúbnþrs;enAkñúgPUmiteTAeTot xJMúmuxCasøab;min
xan. dUecñH xJM ú)anseRmccitþcakecjBIRbBn§ kUn nigsac;jati eFVIdMeNIreTA
RBMEdnéf nigcuHcUlCamYy tam:uk enAqñaM1987. enAeBlenaH xJMúmankUn4nak;
b:uEnþ xJMúKμanCeRmIsGVIeRkAGMBIkarcakecjenaHeT. xJMúminEdl)anCYbCMuRKÜsarrbs;xJMú
213
vijeT rhUtdl;karpþac;xøÜncuHcUlCamYyraCrdæaPi)al.346
CCncEmøkEdlRbEhlmux
xJMúminEdl)anCYbsac;jatirbs;xJMú enAextþrtnKirI taMgBIxJMúmanGayu12qñaM
em:øH. xJMúeCOfa \LÚvenH xJMúmanGayu55qñaMehIy. xJMúminGaccaMmuxsac;jatirbs;
xJMú)aneT enAeBlxJMúCYbKat;kñúgqñaM2010. b:uEnþ sac;jatirbs;xJMú)andutRCÚkmYy
k,al edIm,ITTYlsVaKmn_karvilRtLb;mkvijrbs;xJM ú. BYkKat;EfmTaMg)an[
fvikaxJM úmYycMnYnsRmab;CaCMnUnénkarvilRtLb;mkvijrbs;xJM úeTotpg. eday
sarxJMúminGaccaM)anfaGñkNaCaGñkNa eyIg)anniyayGMBIerOgra:vBIkumarPaB
rbs;eyIg edIm,ICYy[xJM únwkeXIjfa Kat;RtÚvCaGVInwgxJM ú. xJM ú)ansuMeTassac;
jaticas;TuMrbs;xJM ú EdlxJM úminGaccMNaMmuxrbsKat;)an. b:uEnþ BYkKat;yl;fa
xJM úecjBIpÞHtaMgBIenAtUcemø:H. mþayrbs;xJM ú)anCYyxJM ú[caMBIBU mIg nigCIdUnCIta
rbs;xJM ú. xJM ú)ancMNayeBlBIrbIéf¶ sñak;enApÞHrbs;BYkKat;mñak;². enAeBl
)an CYbmuxBYkKat; xJMúminGacTb;TwkEPñk)an. xJMúmanGarmμN_GaeLaHGal½ypg nig
GaNitxøÜnÉgpg. xJMúTTYlrgkarQWcab;Gs;CaeRcInqñaM edayminTTYl)anPaBkk;
ekþABI«Bukmþay.347
sþayeRkay
RkeLkemIleTAeRkayvij nUvGVIEdl)anekIteLIgenAeBlenaH xJMúKitfa xJMúedIr
tamGgÁkar. eRkaymk xJMú)anKitdl;karpSHpSa nig)andwgfaGVIEdl)anekIteLIg
knøgmkKWminRtwmRtÚv. TImYy va)anbMpøajRbeTsCatirbs;xJMú ehIyTIBIr va)an
bMpøajxøÜnxJMúpÞal;. CalT§pl xJMú)ankøayCaCnBikar nigeFVIERscmáar. enHKWCakar
yl;eXIjrbs;xJMú. enAeBleyIgdwknaMeyIgKitfa CaTegVIRtwmRtÚv. b:uEnþbnÞab;BI
smahrNkmμ xJMú)anKitGMBIerOgenHmþgeTot. xJMúmankaresaksþayy:agxøaMg.
mnusSmYycMnYn)anRbRBwtþGMeBIminl¥ b:uEnþ BYkeKGacEkxøÜn)an ¬BYkeKGackøay
CamnusSfμI¦. b:uEnþ sRmab;CnBikardUcCarUb xJMúBMumanGIVenAesssl;eToteT. GVI
214
EdlxJMú)aneFVIknøgmk KWedIm,IkarBarRbeTsCatirbs;xJMú b:uEnþ\LÚvxJMú)anPJak;xøÜnfa
xJMúKWCaCnrgeRKaH.348
eeLIgPñMmYyry cuHPñMmYyry
Bakücas;mYy)aneBalfa edIm,IeFVIdMeNIreTAdl;RbeTséf mnusSmñak;
RtÚv{eLIgPñMmYyry cuHPñMmYyry}. Cak;Esþg kareFVIdMeNIrBIPñMdgErk eTAkan;
RbeTséfbgðajfa Bakücas;mYyXøaenHBitCaRtwmRtÚvEmn BIeRBaHeyIgRtÚveFVI
dMeNIreLIgcuH²CaeRcIndg. kareFVIdMeNIrRtÚvcMNayeBlRbEhlmYyEx ehIy
vamankarlM)akxøaMgNas;. enAeBleyIgcab;epþImeFVIdMeNIreTARbeTséf eyIg
manKñaEdlCa®sþIcMnYndb;nak;. b:uEnþ enAeBleyIgeTAdl;eKaledAenAsl;Et
bInak;b:ueNÑaH. enAeBleyIgcab;epþImeFVIdMeNIrRkúmrbs;eyIgman®sþIv½ycMNas;
nigekμg. enAtampøÚvsmaCikRkúmmYycMnYn cab;epþImQW nigcg;Qb;sRmak.
GñkEdlGacbnþdMeNIreTAmux)anecHEtbnþdMeNIreTAmuxeTot. mundMbUg
eyIghUb)ayCMuKña. eRkaymk eyIgeRbIqñaMgEtmYy ehIyhUbGIVEdleyIg
Gacrk)an. vaKWCaeBlevla EdllM)akevTnamYy. smaCikRKÜsarcab;epþIm
e)aHbg;Kñaecal. eyIgminmanGVIenAesssl;sRmab;hUbeT. RbsinebIbþIQWEt
RbBn§enAGacedIr)an RbBn§nwge)aHbg;ecalbþI ehIybnþdMeNIrrbs;xøÜn. RbsinebI
RbBn§QWedkenAelIkenÞlbþInwgbnþdMeNIreTAmux. RbCaCnecHEtnaMKñaERskfa
{yYnCitmkdl;ehIy¡} dUecñH eyIgRbwgedIreTAmux edaysarEtB¤sUrsMeLg
RKab;kaMePøIg enABIeRkayeyIg. RbBn§ b¤bþI GacRtÚv)anTukecalenAEk,redImeQI.
sUm,IEtkumartUc²k¾RtÚvmþaye)aHbg;ecalEdr. TarkEdleTIbnwgekIt)anBIrbIéf¶
RtÚv)ane)aHbg;ecal ehIyERskyMy:agB¤enAkñúgGRgwg.349
karts‘U
GgÁ ekItenAPUmikb XMubwgck kñúgextþrtnKirI. Kat;KWCaCnCatiTMBYn. enAqñaM
1977 GgÁ RtÚv)ancat;taMg[eTAeFVIkarenAeBTütMbn;. Bwm EdlCaRbFaneBTü
215
tMbn; RtÚv)anehAeTATIRkúgPñMeBj ehIy)at;xøÜntaMgBIeBlenaHmk. enAkñúgmnÞIr
eBTü GgÁ )an)aj;fñaMkm©at;mUs. )ayRtÚv)andaMlayCamYy dMLÚg b¤edImeck.
GaharTaMgenaHminRKb;RKan;eT. GgÁ eFVIkarenAkñúgmnÞIreBTü)anRbEhlmYyqñaM.
bnÞab;mk kgT½BevotNam)ancUlmkdl;. GñkCMgWCaeRcIn)ansøab;Caerogral;
éf¶. GgÁ bB©úaHsaksBGñkCMgWCaerogral;éf¶. GgÁ Føab;)andwgGMBIkarcab;xøÜn
RbCaCnEtminFøab;)aneXIjkarsmøab;mnusSenAnwgkEnøgeT. enAeBlkgT½B
evotNamcUlmkdl; GgÁ )anrt;eKceTATenøessanCamYybuKÁlikeBTü nigeyaFa
déTeTot. GñkTaMgenaH)anqøgTenøeTARbeTsLav. GñkTaMgenaHhUbEtdMLÚg
edaysarEtBMumanGgártamxøÜn. GgÁ )aneXIjhVÚgdMrICaeRcIn. RbCaCnnaMKña
dutePøIg edIm,IkMu[dMrIcUlmk. GgÁ rs;enAkñúgéRBRbEhlmYyqñaM. edaysar
Etkarrs;enAkñúgéRBlM)akevTnaxøaMgeBk ®sþImñak;)ansmøab;kUnrbs;xøÜnBIrnak;
edayeFVI[kUnTaMgBIrfb;degðImsøab;.350
mminmanBiFIbuNüsB
enAqñaM1979 xJMú)aneFVIdMeNIreTAdl;CMrMCnePosxøÜnenAelITwkdIéf. minyUr
b:unμan sk;rbs;xJMú cab;epþImRCúH. xJMúeCOCak;fa sk;xJMúRCúHGs;edaysar xJMúQWnig
TTYlrgkarlM)akCaeRcInenAtampøÚv. enAkñúgCMrM buKÁlikCnCati)araMgminGnuBaØat[
eyIghUbeRcIneT.BIdMbUgeK[eyIghUbEtRtIpøaFUCamYyxøaj; nig)ay. edaysar
EtXøanxøaMgeBkGVIk¾q¶aj;Edr. eyIgGacrkGaharbEnßm)anenAmnÞIreBTü. RKb;Kña
manCMgWrakCaTm¶n;. mnusSRbúsRsI)an benÞabg;enAmuxKñaedayKμankarxμas
eGon. tamBiteTA karbriePaKGaharTaMgenaH GacCYybeBa©jCatiBulecjBI
kñúgragkaymnusS. mYyExeRkaymk eyIgElgekItCMgWrakrUseTotehIy.
eyIgcab;epþImeLIgTm¶n;. RbsinebIeyIgRkeLkemIleTAGtItkalvij mnusS
rab;rynak;)ansøab;Caerogral;éf¶enACMrMRsHEkv. buKÁlikGnþrCatiEdlbeRmI
karenATIenaH)anyM edaysarEteXIjmnusSCaeRcIn)ansøab;CabnþbnÞab;.
Rtak;T½rEdleRbIsRmab;CIkreNþAkb;saksB minGacCIkTan;cMnYnmnusSEdlsøab;
216
kñúgmYyéf¶)aneT. eyIgmin)anR)arB§BiFIbuNüsBGVIeT. enAeBlmanmnusSsøab;
eyIgCIkreNþA ehIyeRbIreTHdwksaksBykmkTmøak;cUlkñúgreNþA.351
217
Gvsankfa
karpSHpSaKWCadMeNIrCabuKÁl nigk¾Ca)atuPUtsmUhPaBmYyEdr. CakarBit
RbsinebIeyIgTTYlsÁal;fa karpSHpSaGacseRmc)an luHRtaEtkic©karenHecj
BIebHdUg nigKMnitrbs;buKÁlmñak;² eyIgnwgdwgfa vaKWCasμartIrbs;buKÁlehIyKW
minEmnqnÞ³rYmenaHeT EdlCaKnwøHénsgÁmeRkayCemøaHmYykñúgkarCmñH)annUv
GtItkalrbs;xøÜn. enAeBlEdl KitGMBIerOgenH nwkeXIjdl;TMnak;TMngrvag
Tenøsab nigTenøemKgÁ.
Tenøsab nigTenøemKgÁ manlkçN³BiessxusBIeK enARtg;dMeNIréncrnþExS
Twkrbs;TenøTaMgBIr. TenøTaMgBIrRbsBVKñaenAxagmuxRBHbrmraCvaMgenAkñúgraCFanI
PñMeBj. enAeBlEdlTenøTaMgBIrRbsBVKña Tenøsabmin)an)at;bg;lkçN³Biess
rbs;xøÜnenaHeT. edaysarCMnn;;TwkePøógd¾qab;rh½sBITenøemKgÁ Tenøsab)an
køayeTACaRbBn½§Farasa®sþd¾GcäriymYyEdlRbqaMgeTAnwgTMnajEpndI edaybþÚr
crnþTwkhUrb®Ba©aseTAelI cak;cUleTAkñúgbwgTenøsab EdlCaGagensaTTwksab
d¾FMbMputmYyenAkñúgBiPBelak.
karpSHpSa eRbób)aneTAnwgPaBRbsBVKñaénTenøTaMgBIrdUecñHEdr KWmin)an
bMpøajPaBCabuKÁlrbs;mnusSmñak;²enaHeT. pÞúyeTAvij dUcCaTenøsabPaB
RbsBVKña)ankøayeTACaktþamYy Edlpþl;GMNaceTA[buKÁlenAkñúgTRmg;TaMgLay
EdlminGacBüakrN_)an.
eTaHbICaeyIgsmøwgemIlmksßanPaBrbs;eyIg kñúgnamCabuKÁl b¤CasmUh
PaB karpSHpSamansar³sMxan;sRmab;karrs;enARbkbedaysmPaB nigCIvitEdl
eBjlkçN³. eyIgminGaceKcevHBIRbvtiþsa®sþrbs;eyIg)aneT eTaHCay:ag
enHkIþ k¾eyIgminRtÚvkøayeTACaTaskrénRbvtiþsa®sþenaHEdr. Rbvtiþsa®sþ
manPaBRtÜtsIuKña. CajwkjymnusS)anePøcfa eyIgminRtÚv)andkecjBIRbvtiþ
sa®sþénsm½yExμrRkhmenaHeT enAeBlEdlmnusSCMnan;munrbs;eyIgRtÚv)an
218
dkecjBIRbvtiþsa®sþénsm½yGaNaniKms®gÁam nigPaBclaclsgÁm. eTaHCa
y:agenHkIþ karpSHpSapþl;[eyIgnUvpøÚvmYy EdleyIgGaccUlrYmcMENkenAkñúg
eCaKC½yCasmUhPaBrbs;RbeTskm<úCarbs;eyIg edaymincaM)ac;lHbg;nUvpl
RbeyaCn_rbs;buKÁl. dUcCaTenøsab nigTenøemKgÁ. eyIgmin)an)at;bg;
buKÁlPaBrbs;eyIgeT enAeBlEdleyIgrYbrYmKña. pÞúyeTAvij enAeBlEdl
eyIgTTYlsÁal;KñaeTAvijeTAmk eyIgpþl;GMNaceTA[CIvitpÞal;xøÜneTAvijeTAmk
ehIycUlrYmcMENkeTAdl;RbeTskm<úCaTaMgmUl.
qaMgyu
sßabnikviTüasßansøwkrwt /naykmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
219
rUbPaBRkbmuxBiFIerobkarenAGnøg;EvgkalBIedImTsvtSn_qñaM1990
bnÞab;BIkgT½BevotNamcUlmkkñúgRbeTskm<úCaenAqñaM1979 kgT½BExμr
Rkhm)anrt;ePosxøÜneTAkñúgéRBPñM nigtMbn;RBMEdn. PñM1003 KWCamUldæan
eyaFad¾sMxan;rbs;ExμrRkhm EdlsßitenAelIPMñdgErk tambeNþayRBMEdn
km<úCa-éf nigenAminq¶ayb:unμanBIGnøg;EvgeT. BImUldæaneyaFaPñM1003 Exμr
Rkhm)anerobcMkmøaMgrbs;xøÜneLIgvij nigeRtómsRmab;kartsU‘ry³eBlEvg
mYyRbqaMgnwgkgT½BevotNam nigrbbsaFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa. enATIbMput
ecjBITItaMgenH kgT½BExμrRkhm)anvaydeNþImkan;kab; nigcuHmktaMgTIlMenA
enAGnøg;Evg enAedImqñaM1990 ¬nigTItaMgepSg²eTot¦. ExμrRkhm)anrs;enA
tMbn;kan;kab;enH rhUtdl;mankareFVIsmahrNkmμcUlmkkñúgsgÁmkm<úCaenAcugqñaM
1998.
CIvitenAGnøg;EvgBitCamankarlM)ak nigeRKaHfñak;dUcKñaeTAnwgCIvitenAelIPñM
1003Edr. kñúgnamCatMbn;kan;kab;mYy Gnøg;EvgRtÚv)aneRbIR)as;CaTIcMNuc
cab;epþImd¾sMxan;énRbtibtþikarkgT½B Qøbrbs;ExμrRkhm enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa
nigk¾CaTItaMgEdlrgkarvayRbharjwkjb;BIsMNak; kgT½Brbs;rdæaPi)alkm<úCa
Edr. eTaHbICasßitenAkñúgsßanPaBeRKaHfñak; nigbriyakasminGMeNayply:ag
Nak¾eday RbCaCnenAkñúgtMbn;Gnøg;Evg )anxitxMRbwgERbg enAeBlEdlsßanPaB
GMeNaypledIm,IpSarP¢ab; nigEfrkSaebtikPNÐvb,Fm’d¾sm,ÚrEbbrbs;xøÜn.
bnÞab;BIRtÚv)anTmøak;BIGMNacenAqñaM1979 ExμrRkhmminGacrkSaeKal
neya)aymenaKmn_viC¢ad¾twgruwgrbs;xøÜn)aneToteT CaBiesseKalneya)ay
EdlTak;TgeTAnwgshKmn_ nigCIvitRKÜsar. enAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüBIqñaM
1975 dl;qñaM1979 ExμrRkhm)anhamXat;min[manBiFIerobkartamRbéBNI
Exμr. karerobkarRtÚv)anerobcMedayfñak;dwknaM nigkmμaPi)alExμrRkhm Edl
220
EtgEttRmÚv[mankarerobkarCaRkúm edayminsUvxVl;xVayGMBIRbéBNI b¤PaB
xusKñarbs;buKÁlmñak;²eT. mYyry³eBleRkaymk eKalneya)ay nigkar
Gnuvtþd¾twgruwg EdlRtÚv)anGnuvtþy:agTUlMTUlayeTAelICIvitrs;enAkñúgrbbkm<úCa
RbCaFibetyüRtÚv)anCMnYsedayTMenomTmøab; nigvb,Fm’ EdldUntaExμr)an
GnuvtþkalBIGtItkal. rUbPaBenARkbxagmux EdlbgðajBI®sþImYyrUbenAkñúg
semøókbMBak;erobkar KWCa]TahrN_mYyénninñakarenH. BiFIerobmgÁlkarrbs;
exov ruM KWCanimitþrUbmYy EdlminRtwmEtbgðajGMBICIvitts‘Ub:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþEfm
TaMgbgðajGMBIkarrs;raneLIgvijénRbéBNIExμreTotpg. enAxageqVgéd mIg
rbs;Kat; Ekn nIm )anCYyerobcMBiFImgÁlkarrbs;Kat; EdlrYmTaMgkarerobcM
semøókbMBak;tamEbbRbéBNIExμreTotpg. Ekn nIm nigbþIrbs;Kat; Nub suCati
EdlCaGtItembBa¢karkgBl980 enAGnøg;Evg enAEtcgcaMry³eBlenaH. bþI
RbBn§TaMgBIr)ancUlrYmCamYyExμrRkhmenAedImTsvtSr_qñaM1970 nig)anbnþ
rs;enACamYyclnaenH rhUtdl;kgT½BExμrRkhmesssl;TaMgGs; eFVIsmahrN
kmμcUlrYmCamYyraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCaenAqñaM1998. Ekn nIm )anTTYlmrNPaB
enAqñaM2013. eTaHCay:agenHkþIerOgr:avrbs;Kat; nigrUbftmYysnøwkenH enA
EtCa]bkrN_beRgónd¾mantémøsRmab;kUnecACMnan;eRkay²eTot.
221
CIvRbvtþiGñkniBn§
DDI xaMbUlI
DI xaMbUlI KWCaGñkdwknaMKeRmagsþIBIkarbeRgónRbvtþisa®sþkm<úCaRbCaFib
etyü nigCaGñkniBn§esovePARbvtiþsa®sþkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü ¬1975-
1979¦. elakekItnigFMdwkkþIenAextþRkecH EdlsßitenAPaK|sanénRbeTs
km<úCa.
DI xaMbUlI cab;epþImbMeBjkargarenAmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCataMgBIqñaM2003.
esovePARbvtiþsa®sþkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü EdlRtÚv)ane)aHBum<pSayenAqñaM
2007 RtÚv)anRksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa Gnum½tiCaÉksareyagd¾sMxan;
mYysRmab;sisSmFümsikSaenATUTaMgRbeTs. eBlbc©úb,nñelakKWCanayk
salabeRgónBIGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_ CemøaH nigsiT§imnusSénviTüasßansøwkrwt.
elakTTYl)ansBaØabRtbriBaØabRtEpñkPasaGg;eKøsBIsaklviTüal½y
PUminÞPñMeBj nigbriBaØabRt EpñkBaNiC¢kmμBIsaklviTüal½yCatiRKb;RKg. elak
Føab;)aneTAeFIVkmμsikSaenAsarmnÞIrRbl½yBUCsasn_ nigviTüúsMeLgshrdæ
Gaemrik enArdæFanIv:asuInetan DIsuI shrdæGaemrik. elak)anbBa©b;karsikSafñak;
GnubNÐitEpñkkic©karsakl ehIybc©úb,nñkMBugbBa©b;karsikSafñak;bNÐit enA
saklviTüal½yr:at;há½r shrdæGaemrik.
RKIsþÚhV½r eDorIg
RKIsþÚh½Vr eDorIg )anbeRmIkarenAviTüasßansøwkrwt nigmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa
kñúgnamCaTIRbwkSaEpñkc,ab;nigGb;rM nigCaGñkRsavRCavtaMgBIqñaM2007. kñúg
namCaTIRbwkSaEpñkGb;rM RKIsþÚhV½r )ane)aHBum< ¬CamYyshGñkniBn§ bNÐit Ca pløa¦
esovePAENnaMsRmab;RKÚbeRgón ³ viFIsa®sþbeRgónRbvtiþsa®sþkm<úCaRbCa
Fibetyü ¬1975-1979¦ Edlpþl;viFIsa®sþbeRgónCaeRcIndl;elakRKÚ
222
GñkRKÚenATUTaMgRbeTs edIm,IbeRgónBIGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_. eRkamkar]btßmÖ
KaMRTBImCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa elak)antak;EtgCMBUkmYysþIGMBI]Rkidækmμénkar
CemøósedaybgçM nigRBwtiþkarN_ Edl)anekIteLIgenATYleBaF×éRC. enAéf¶TI7
Exemsa qñaM2014 GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUgénGgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakar
km<úCa )anecjsalRkmkat;eTasCnCab;ecaTenAkñúgsMNMuerOg002dMNak;kal
TImYy eday)anyl;Rsbdak;CMBUkenHCaKeRmagsMNgmYy.
eRkABIbeRmIkargarenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa elak RKIsþÚhV½r k¾)aneFVIkarenAkñúg
vis½yCaeRcIn dUcCa rdæaPi)al eyaFa mnusSFm’ nigkarvinieyaKGnþrCati. elak
sUm]TiÞsesovePAenHCUncMeBaHmþayrbs;elak KWGñkRsI eGneRD eDorIg.
223
cMNgeCIgrUbft
TMB½r7 EpnTItMbn;Gnøg;Evg e)aHBum<pSayedaymankarGnuBaØatBIRksYg
eTscrN_.
TMB½r13 EpnTIRBMEdnkm<úCa-éf plitedayKN³kmμkarkMNt;RBMEdn)araMg
enA\NÐÚcin nigesom eroberogeday GnuesnIy_Ék Kerler ¬kgT½B
eCIgeKakGaNaniKm¦ nig G‘u¿ ¬kgTahan)araMg breTs¦ e)aHBum<pSay
edayRkúmh‘unniBn§EpñkPUmisa®sþ H. Barrere¦ e)aHBum<eLIgvij eday
mankarGnuBaØatBIRksYgeTscrN_.
TMB½r18 EpnTIRBMEdnkm<úCa-éf ¬emIlBIxaglic¦. pliteLIgvijedayman
karGnuBaØatBIRksYgeTscrN_.
TMB½r52 EpnTItMbn;rMedaHrbs;saFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa qñaM1979 ¬bNÑ
sarrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦.
TMB½r53 ExμrRkhmkMBugeFVIdMeNIrqøgcUlRbeTséfenAqñaM1979 bnÞab;BIRtÚv
)anbeNþjecjedaykgT½BevotNam ¬rUbfteday Jack Dunford/
bNÑsarrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦.
TMB½r78 tMbn;kan;kab; nigRbtibtþikareyaFarbs;ExμrRkhmBIqñaM1979 eTA
qñaM1989. ¬rcnaEpnTIeday lI kukqay/ bNÑsarmCÄmNÐlÉk
sarkm<úCa¦. EpnTIenHbgðajGMBItMMbn;kan;kab; nigTIbBa¢akarsMxan;²
rbs;clnaExμrRkhm EdlRtÚv)anerobcMeLIgeTAtamkic©karesdækic©
eyaFa nigneya)ay.BIPñM1001PñM1002nigPñM1003kmøaMgT½B
Qøb Pñak;garesuIbkarN_ nigGñkeFVIviT§sSna RtÚv)anbBa¢Ún[eTAeFVI
RbtibtþikarenATUTaMgRbeTs.
TMB½r81 taragenHyklMnaMtamtaragrcnasm<½n§eyaFa EdleroberogeLIg
edayExμrRkhm edIm,IraykarN_eTA[G‘untak; enAqñaM1991. Exμr
224
RkhmEkøgbnøMeQμaHkgBl nigeQμaHrbs;embBa¢akarkgBl. Gñk
niBn§erobcMtaragenHeLIgvij edayEp¥kelITinñn½yBIbTsmÖasCamYy
GtItkgT½B nigkmμaPi)alExμrRkhmCagbIrynak;. kgBlBIr ¬kg
Bl801 nigkgBl902¦ KWCaGtItkgBlBIsm½yqñaM1975-
1979. kgBlmYycMnYnRtÚv)anbegáIteLIgeRkayqñaM1979
nigmYycMnYneTotRtÚv)anbegáIteLIg eRkaykic©RBmeRBógsnþiPaB
TIRkúg)a:rIsqñaM1991.
TMB½r83 esovePAeronelxrbs;ExμrRkhm sRmab;fñak;TIbYn ¬bNÑsarrbs;
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦ .
TMB½r93 RbCaCnPUmixJMúenATsvtSr_qñaM1980.
TMB½r95 kgdwkCBa¢ÚnExμrRkhmenATsvtSr_qñaM1980.
TMB½r98 esovePAsikSaPasafñak;TIBIrrbs;ExμrRkhm/ bNÑsarmCÄmNÐl
Éksarkm<úCa.
TMB½r115 tMbn;kan;kab;y:agrwgmaM nigRbtibtiþkareyaFarbs;ExμrRkhm BIqñaM
1990 dl;qñaM1998. eroberogeday lI kukqay/ bNÑsarmCÄ
mNÐlÉksarkm<úCa. EpnTIenHbgðajBItMMbn;kan;kab; nigTIbBa¢akar
sMxan;²enAb:unμanqñaMmuneBlclnaExμrRkhmdl;TIbBa©b;. enAeBl
EdlclnaExμrRkhmcab;epþImEbk)ak;samKÁI )at;bg;tMbn; nigTwkdI
EdlFøab;kan;kab; edaysarEtkarcuHcUlCamYyrdæaPi)al b¤kardk
kgT½B kardwknaMrbs;ExμrRkhmcab;epþImRbmUlpþúMenAkñúg nigCMuvijtMbn;
Gnøg;Evg EdlkøayeTACa tMbn;ts‘UcugeRkayénclnaExμrRkhm.
TMB½r116 rUbftTI1 ³ rUbfténkardkT½BevotNamecjBIRbeTskm<úCa/ bNÑsar
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa.
TMB½r116 rUbftTI2 ³ rUbfténBiFIdkT½BevotNamecjBIRbeTskm<úCa. rUbxag
sþaM naykrdæm®nþI h‘un Esn ¬bNÑsarrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦.
TMB½r119 Tg;Catirdækm<úCa.
225
TMB½r120 rUbftxageqVg³ Gn suPaB kan;édkUnRsICamYynwgekμgtUc²déTeTot
enAGnøg;Evg ¬bNÑsarrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦.
TMB½r120 rUbftxagsþaM ³ TahanExμrRkhmBIrrUb ¬bNÑsarrbs;mCÄmNÐl
Éksarkm<úCa¦.
TMB½r120 rUbftxageRkam ³ BiFIerobkarmYyenAGnøg;Evg ¬bNÑsarrbs;
mCÄmNÐlÉksar km<úCa¦.
TMB½r124 rdæaPi)albeNþaHGasnñkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü ¬1994-1998¦
¬bNÑsarrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦.
TMB½r132 viTüal½yGnøg;Evg ³ GKarFMmYyxñgénviTüal½yenH RtÚv)anksageLIg
eday tam:uk ¬rUbfteday RKIsþÚhV½r eDorIg qñaM 2012¦.
TMB½r133 mnÞIreBTüRsukGnøg;Evg ³ {mnÞIreBTü tam:uk}. TItaMgmnÞIreBTüGacemIl
eXIjeTsPaBd¾s¶b;s¶at;énbwgGnøg;Evg ¬bwgrbs; tam:uk¦ nigpÞHrbs;
tam:uk. mnÞIreBTüenHsßitenARbEhlmYy KILÚEm:RtBIviTüal½yGnøg;
Evg. tam:uk )ansagsg;mnÞIreBTüenH enAqñaM1994 CaGMeNay
sRmab;shKmn_Gnøg;Evg. mnÞIreBTüpþl;karBüa)aldl;TahanExμr
Rkhm EdlQreCIgenAkñúgtMbn;. eyageTAtamGñkRKb;RKgmnÞIIreBTü
mnÞIreBTüBImunRtÚv)ansagsg;eLIgBIeQI nigenAminq¶ayb:unμanBImnÞIr
eBTü tam:uk eT. ¬rUbfteday RKIsþÚhV½r eDorIg qñaM2012¦.
TMB½r136 s<anrbs; tam:uk ¬rUbfteday RKIsþÚhV½r eDorIg qñaM2012¦.
TMB½r137 pÞHrbs; tam:uk enAelIPñMdgEvg ¬rUbfteday RKIsþÚhV½r eDorIg
qñaM2012¦.
TMB½r138 rUbeqVgxagelI ³ Can;TIbIénpÞHEk,rmat;bwgrbs; tam:uk ¬rUbft eday
RKIsþÚhV½r eDorIg qñaM2012¦.
TMB½r138 rUbsþaMxagelI ³ erags,ÚvenAelITIval emIlBIpÞHEk,rmat;bwg rbs;
tam:uk. ¬rUbft eday RKIsþÚhV½r eDorIg qñaM2012¦.
TMB½r138 rUbeqVgxageRkam ³ RTúgEdkdak;mnusSrbs; tam:uk. ¬rUbfteday
226
RKIsþÚhV½r eDorIg qñaM2012¦.
TMB½r138 rUbsþaMxageRkam ³ TItaMgRbyuT§ EdlRtÚv)ansg;enAkñúgbrievNpÞHEk,r
mat;bwgrbs; tam:uk ¬rUbfteday RKIsþÚhV½r eDorIg qñaM2012¦.
TMB½r139 brievNéRBeQIxageRkApÞHEk,rmat;bwgrbs; tam:uk CamYynwgrfynþ
rbs;kgviTüúcl½t ¬rUbfteday RKIsþÚhV½r eDorIg qñaM 2012¦.
TMB½r140 rUbxagelI ³ CMrMsayb‘Í ¬RbeTséf¦ kñúgqñaM1987 ¬rUbfteday Jack
Dunford bNÑsarrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦.
TMB½r140 rUbxageRkam ³ pSartUcmYyenACMrMsayb‘Í ¬rUbfteday Jack Dunford
bNÑsarrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦.
TMB½r154 TIkEnøgkb;sB sun esn ³ TItaMgenHsßitenAcMBImuxpÞHmYy Edlman
cm¶ayb:unμanEm:Rtb:ueNÑaHBIpøÚvdI. manedImeQItUcmYyCaTIsmÁal;
ehIyTItaMgenH hak;dUcCabgðajy:agc,as;fa CaTItaMgkb;sB eday
sarBMnUkmYyEdleyIgGacemIleXIjBIpøÚv. b:uEnþminman kEnøgcMNaM
epSgeToteT. ¬rUbfteday RKIsþÚhV½r eDorIg qñaM2012¦
TMB½r160 TItaMgtulakarRbCaCnrbs;ExμrRkhm ¬rUbfteday RKIsþÚhV½r eDorIg
qñaM2012¦.
TMB½r167 karsEmþgsil,³mYyenAGnøg;Evg kñúgqñaM1998 ¬bNÑsarrbs;
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦.
TMB½r168 rUbxageqVg ³ smaCikrbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü hVú ‘nsiunbiuc nig
rNsirSCatirMedaHRbCaBlrdæExμr enAkñúgBiFICb;elogÉkCnmYy
kalBIqñaM1993 ¬bNÑsarrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦.
TMB½r168 rUbxagsþaM ³ eyaFaExμrRkhmCamYykμÜyRsIrbs;Kat;enAkñúgCMrMEdl
RKb;RKgedayExμrRkhm. ¬bNÑsarrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦.
TMB½r177 kEnøgbUCasB b:ul Bt. LanGaceFVIdMeNIrcUleTATItaMgenH)any:ag
RsÜl tampøÚvdImYy Edlmancm¶ayRbmaNmYyKILÚEm:RtknøH BITItaMg
rbs;tulakarRbCaCn. TItaMgenH manpøaksmÁal;rbs;RksYgeTscrN_
227
¬rUbfteday RKIsþÚhV½r eDorIg qñaM2012¦.
TMB½r180 BIFIsmahrNkmμpøÚvkarenAGnøg;Evg EdlR)arB§eLIgenAExkumÖ³
qñaM1989. rUbftenHfteday Xun lI. ¬bNÑsarrbs;mCÄmNÐl
Éksarkm<úCa¦.
TMB½r182 rUbxagelI ³ mas mut GtItRbFankgT½BeCIgTwk kgBl164 rbs;
km<úCaRbCaFibetyü kMBugdwgnaMk,ÜndEgðsB tam:uk. ¬bNÑsarrbs;
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦.
TMB½r182 rUbxageRkam ³ BiFIdEgðsB tam:uk enAGnøg;Evg enAqñaM2006.
¬bNÑsarrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦.
TMB½r183 rUbftectiy tam:uk ¬kEnøgkb;sB¦. ectiyenHmanTItaMgenAkñúg
brievNvtþmYy. enABImuxectiymanRsHTwkmYy EdlCIkeday
édmnusS. ebIeyagtamsgÇdIkarrbs;ecAGFikarvtþ ectiyEdlenA
mçageTot KWCaectiyrbs;RbFansßabtükrrbs; tam:uk EdlRtÚv)an
eCOCak;fa CamnusSEdlsñiT§nwgRKÜsar tam:uk ¬rUbfteday RKIsþÚhV½r
eDorIg qñaM2012¦
TMB½r187 bwgGnøg;Evg fteday EGm suvNÑa enAExemsa qñaM2002.
¬bNÑsarrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦.
TMB½r188 rUbftRkúmRKÜsarGtItExμrRkhm ftenAkñúgCMrMCnePosxøÜnmYy.
¬bNÑsarrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦.
TMB½r189 rUbKUsVamIPriyacMNas;mYyKU ftenAGnøg;Evg. ¬bNÑsarrbs;
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦.
TMB½r191 rUbGtItkgT½BExμrRkhm ftenAGnøg;Evg. ¬bNÑsarrbs;mCÄmNÐl
Éksarkm<úCa¦.
TMB½r192 rUbftRKÜsarGtItExμrRkhmkMBugGgÁúyenAkñúgpÞHxÞmenAkñúgCMrMmYy
enAqñaM1984. ¬bNÑsarrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦.
TMB½r194 erogral;RBwkevlaem:agRbEhl7 RckTVarRBMEdnCaMsaguaM )anebIk
228
ehIyRbCaCnkm<úCanaMKñaeFVIdMeNIreTAkan;pSarmYykñúgTwkdIéfedIm,ITij
\v:an; nigsmar³epSg²ykRtlb;mk pÞHvij. ¬rUbfteday RKIsþÚhV½r
eDorIg qñaM2012¦. RckRBMEdnenHebIkerogral;éf¶BIem:ag7RBwk
dl;em:ag7yb;. eyIgsegáteXIjfa RbCaCnkm<úCa nigGñkrksuI
CaeRcIn)aneFVIdMeNIrecjcUlRckRBMEdnenH edIm,ITijplitplBI
RbeTséf. TIpSarenAEk,rRckRBMEdnenHRtÚv)anbegáIteLIgGs;ry³
eBlCaeRcInqñaMmkehIy RBmTaMg)ankøayCaTItaMgénkaredaHdUrTMnij
tamRckRBMEdnGs;CaeRcInCMnan;.
TMB½r195 elndæanenAxageRkAsalabzmsikSamYyrbs;éf Edlsagsg;
eLIgedIm,IkarBarBIkar)aj;epøagrbs;km<úCa. ¬rUbfteday RKIsþÚhV½r
eDorIg qñaM2012¦. km<úCa nigéf bnþCemøaHnwgKñaGMBIsiT§rbs;km<úCa
kñúgkarRKb;RKgtMbn;R)asaTRBHvihar. CaerOy²CemøaH)anekIt
eLIgenAtambeNþayRBMEdn edaymankar)aj;epøagBIPaKImçageTA
PaKImçag. enAeBlmanCemøaHekIteLIg raCrdæaPi)aléf )ansag
sg;CRmktUc²CaeRcInsRmab;salaenAtamtMbn;CemøaHenaH. ebI
eyagtamRKÚGnuviTüal½yenAsalaenaH enAeBlenaHkUnsisS nig
elakRKÚGñkRKÚ )ancUlrYmhVwkhat;karBarxøÜnBIkarTmøak;RKab;Ebk.
TMB½r199 rUbxagelI ³ Guwm Ecm nigGñkRsukGnøg;Evg cUlrYmBiFIEckesovePA
RbvtþisaRsþkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüenAviTüal½yGnøg;Evg EdlerobcM
edaymCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa enAqñaM2012 fteday ehg suInit.
¬bNÑsarrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦.
TMB½r199 rUbkNþal ³ sisS nigRbCaCnRsukGnøg;Evg cUlrYmBiFIEckesovePA
RbvtþisaRsþkm<úCaRbCaFibetyüenAviTüal½yGnøg;Evg EdlerobcM
edaymCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa enAqñaM2012 fteday ehg suInit.
¬bNÑsarrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦.
TMB½r199 rUbxageRkam ³ elak qaMg yu sßabnikviTüasßansøwkrwt kMBugniyay
229
CamYy Guwm Ecm. enAkñúgBiFIEckesovePARbvtþisaRsþkm<úCaRbCaFib
etyüenAviTüal½yGnøg;Evg EdlerobcMedaymCÄmNÐlÉksar
km<úCa enAqñaM2012 fteday ehg suInit. ¬bNÑsarrbs;
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦.
230
kMNt;smÁal;
1 can; éb EdlCaGñkPUmimñak;enAGnøg;Evg )anniyayfa {RbCaCnEdlrs;enA
Gnøg;Evg manRbPBmkBItMbn;PaKxagelIRbeTséf.} sux vNѳ smÖas
CamYy can; éb enAPUmitaedv XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg kalBIéf¶TI1
Exemsa qñaM2012 ¬cab;BIenHeTAehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy éb}¦.
karGHGagenHRsbKñaeTAnwgkarGHGagrbs;GñkPUmiéf nigRbPBEdl RtÚv)an
e)aHBum<pSayrYcehIy. eyagtambTsmÖasCamYycas;²CnCatiéfmYy
cMnYn RbCaCnPaKeRcInEdlmktaMgTIlMenAenAxagTwkdIéfénRBMEdn KWCa
RbCaCn EdleFVIcMNakRsukmk BIPaKelIén extþsIusaekt RbeTséf.
dUecñH eyIgGacsnñidæan)anfa RbCaCnEdlmktaMgTIlMenAenAtMbn;Gnøg;Evg
GacCaEpñkmYyénlMhUr BIPaKxagt,ÚgénRbCaCnExμr EdlmkBIPaKxagelI
énRbeTséf. dUcEdlelak cn FUlI )anelIkeLIgenAEtmanvtþmanCnCati
Exμrrab;Esnnak; enAPaKxageCIgénPñMdgErk ¬TwkdIéfnaeBlbcú©b,nñ¦.
RbPB ³ cn FUlI/ )araMgenAtamdgTenøemKgÁ ³ RbvtþiGaNaBüa)alenAkñúg
RbeTskm<úCa 1863-1953/ ¬Lanham, MD., e)aHBum< qñaM2002¦.
2 Sara Stephens {]tþrmanC½y ³ extþmYyEdlekIteLIgvij} kaEst PñMeBj
b:usþ× éf¶TI25 Exmifuna qñaM1999. Erin Moriarty {BIrdæRbhareTAkasIuNU ³
tMbn;RBMEdnextþ]tþrmanC½yEdlRtÚv)anbMePøc} kaEstPñMeBjb:usþ×/ éf¶TI6
Exkkáda qñaM2001.
3 sUmGanesovePArbs; David Chandler Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa/ TMB½r
125 ¬Boulder, CO., 2008¦ Edl)anerobrab;GMBIkarRKb;RKgPUmienA
km<úCaenAstvtSr_TI19.
4 David Chandler Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa/ TMB½r40. {silacarwkmYyEdl
minmankalbriecäT)anbgðajfa RBMEdnGaNacRkrbs;RBH)aTC½yvr½μnTI2
231
latsn§wgdl;RbeTscin cm,:a mhasmuRT nigtMbn;CYrPñMRkvaj Edl
RbEhlCaTwkdIsßitenAPaKxaglic.}
5 Penny Edwards, km<úCa ³ karbegáItrdæmYy/ 1860-1945/ TMB½r42
¬Silkworm Books/ eQogém: RbeTséf/ 2007¦. {enAkñúgry³eBlBIr
TsvtSr_dMbUgénkarsßitenAeRkamGaNaBüa)al RBHmhakSRtenAEtbnþ
RKb;RKgTaMgRsugeTAelIrtnaKar k¾dUcCacmáarGaePon ClplksidæanciBa©wm
RCÚk El,gsIusg nigsm,TanepSg²eTot. minEtb:ueNÑaH RBHmhakSRt
KWCam©as;kmμsiT§ielITwkdITaMgGs; enAkñúgRBHraCaNacRkTaMgmUl.}
6 John Tully, )araMgenAtamdgTenøemKgÁ ³ RbvtþiGaNaBüa)alenARbeTs
km<úCa 1863-1953/ TMB½r39.7 RbPBÉksardUcxagelI.
8 sUmemIl Chandler/ Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa/ TMB½r125-126. {PUmi
EdlBwgEp¥kelIrbrksikmμ nigPUmiEdlenAkñúgéRBmanTItaMgq¶ayBIKña Edl
RtÚvcMNayeBlrab;éf¶munnwgeFIVdMeNIreTAdl; nigsßitenAq¶ayBIkariyal½y
rbs;GaCJaFrEdndI. enAkñúgsßanPaBÉekaEbbenH RbCaCnrs;enAtam
Tmøab; edaykarEckrMElkKñaBImñak;eTAmñak;.}
9 John Atkinson Hobson/ cRkBtþiniym ³ karsikSamYy/ TMB½r313 ¬Ann Arbor
Paperbacks/University of Michigan/ 1965¦/ dkRsg;ecjBIelak Charles
Metcalf EdlCaGñkrdækarmYyrUbrbs;GaNaniKm Gg;eKøsRbcaMenARbeTs
\NÐa.
10 CnCatiesomKWCaBakümYyEdlRtÚv)anehAsMedAeTAelICnCatiéf naeBl
bc©úb,nñ.
11 David Chandler/ Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa/ TMB½r183/ )anelIkeLIgGMBI
mUlehtu Edléfmin)anRbwgERbgkñúgkardak;GaNaniKm ¬b¤beNþj¦
RbCaCnecjBItMbn;enH edayeRCIserIskarRKb;RKgesÞIrEtRKb;Can;fñak;
CamYyCnCatiExμr.
232
12 John Tully, )araMgenAtamdgTenøemKgÁ ³ RbvtþiGaNaBüa)alenARbeTs
km<úCa 1863-1953/ TMB½r11.13 RKIsÞÚhV½r eDorIg smÖasCamYy mIn RbÚy:am éf¶TI16 Exmkra qñaM2014.
14 James C. Scott/sil,³énkarminRtÚv)anRKb;RKg ³ RbvtþiénPaBGnaFibetyü
éntMbn;x<s;rab enAGasIuGaeKñy_/ TMB½r7/ ¬New Haven, CT., 2009¦.
{Gs;ry³eBlCayUrlg;Nas;mkehIy RbCaCnpøas;TIecjcUlkñúgrdæ.
{PaBCardæ} KWmineTotTat; nigGacvilRtLb;eRkay)an.} Ian G. Baird/ kar
rs;enAkñúgsßanPaBGn;fy ³ CnCatiPaKtic nigExSbnÞat;RBMEdnenARbeTs
km<úCa nigGasIuGaeKñy_. {tMbn;énkarts‘U ³ CnCatieRBA nigRBMEdnGnþr
CatirvagRbeTskm<úCanigLav/} TMB½r19nig29 ¬éf¶TI14-15 Exmina
qñaM2008¦ )anBiPakSaGMBImUlehtu EdlPUmiCnCatieRBA nigCnCatikaEv:t
enARsukesom):ag qøgRBMEdnBIRbeTskm<úCaeTAkan;RbeTsLav enAqñaM
1906/ 1909 nig 1912 edaysarEtkardMeLIgBn§darenAkñúgRbeTs
km<úCax<s;Cag ebIeRbóbeFobeTAnwgRbeTsLav.
15 John Tully/ )araMgenAtamdgTenøemKgÁ ³ RbvtþiGaNaBüa)alenARbeTs
km<úCa 1863-1953/ TMB½r168.16 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy b:uk etOk enAPUmikNþaleRkam XMuGnøg;Evg éf¶TI22
Exemsa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {smÖasCamYy b:uk etOk}¦.
17 James C. Scott/ sil,³énkarminRtÚv)anRKb;RKg ³ RbvtþiénPaBGna
FibetyüéntMbn;x<s;rabenAGasIuGaeKñy_/ TMB½r8. {enAeBleyIgTTYl
sÁal;nUvlT§PaBEdlfa mnusSeXareXATaMgenaH minEmnRKan;EtenATIenaH
kñúgnamCatMbn;esssl;mYyenaHeT b:uEnþ RbEhlCa)aneFVIkareRCIserIs
TItaMgenaH karrs;enAtamEbbRbBlvb,kmμ nigrcnasm<½n§sgÁmy:agl¥
edIm,IrkSa)annUvsV½yPaBrbs;xøÜnenaHbTdæan erOgr:avRbkbedayGarüFm’
énkarvivtþsgÁm nigdYlrlMTaMgRsug.}
18 David Chandler, Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa/ TMB½r178. {tamBiteTAenA
233
TsvtSr_qñaM1890 )araMg)aneFVIkarRbmUlpþúMGMNacTaMgGs; enA\NÐÚcin
rhUtdl;)aneFVIkarEtgtaMgGKÁeTsaPi)alRbcaMtMbn;\NÐÚcin elak Paul
Doumer ¬1897-1902¦.}
19 sUmemIl David Chandler, Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa/ TMB½r181. {karpøas;
bþÚrkñúgry³eBlEvg EdlGacemIleXIjedayRsÜlBITsSn³rbs;eyIg
minGacRtÚv)anyl;dwgPøam²enAtamRsukenaHeT. GñkrdækarCnCati)araMg
)anrkeXIjTmøab;RKb;RKgEbbcas;CaeRcIn dUcCakarBwgEp¥kelIemdwknaM
GMeBIhigSa lT§iCMenOniym nigGMeBIBukrlYy EdlenAEtbnþekItmanBImYy
qñaMeTAmYyqñaM. kariyal½yrbs;rdæenAEtRtÚv)anlk;dUrbBa¢IBn§RtÚv)anEkøg
bnøM karRbmUlTinñplRsUv enAEtmin)antamkarkMNt;. RbCaCnenAEteCO
eTAelIRKÚGabFμb; nigmnþGaKmGUmGam. enAcugqñaM1923 enAextþsÞwgERtg
GtItRBHsgÇmYyGgÁ )anRbmUlGñkKaMRT eday)anGHGagfa xøÜnman
{kEgábBN’masmYy EdlGacniyayPasamnusS)an}. GMeBIqk;bøn;)an
rIkraldal nigmaneRKaHTurÖikS nigCMgWqøgCajwkjab; dUcCaRKúncaj; nig
GasnñeraK. PaBxusKñarvagTIRkúg nigRsuk)anEsþgeLIg kan;Etc,as;
enAedImstvtSr_TI20 Edlhak;dUcCamin)aneFVI[mankarGak;Gn;citþdl;
RbCaCnenAtamRsukeT. eTaHCay:agenHkþIGñkERscmáarRtÚvbg;Bn§ eday
kmøaMgBlkmμ nigRsUvedIm,IkarrIkceRmIn enAPñMeBj nigedIm,Ipþl;R)ak;Exx<s;
dl;m®nþIrdækar)araMg Edlbgá[mankarxwgsm,ar nigCMruj[mankgkmøaMg
éRB RbqaMgeTAnwg)araMg enAedImTsvtSr_qñaM1950 nig)anbegáItclna
kumμúynIsþeRkaymkeTot.}
20 sMbuRtc,ab;BIkugs‘ul)araMgRbcaMextþ]bun eTA[GaCJaFr)araMgenAextþ
sÞwgERtg éf¶TI10 Exvicäika qñaM1908/ bNÑsardæanCatikm<úCa.
21 John Tully, )araMgenAtamdgTenøemKgÁ ³ RbvtþiGaNaBüa)alenARbeTs
km<úCa 1863-1953/ TMB½r67/ qñaM2002/ dkRsgecjBIÉksar
AOM Indochine AF 13 Dosier A30 (22) Cambodge 1874-1875.
234
lixitrbs;elakeTsaPi)al Krantz eTArdæm®nþIGaNaniKm/ ):arIs/ éf¶TI3
Exmifuna qñaM1874.
22 sMbuRtrbs;elak)aLat;tMbn;v:arIesg EdlCaRbFanb:usþ× epJIeTA[eTsa
Pi)alextþmøÚéRB éf¶TI1 Extula qñaM1908. bNÑsardæanCatikm<úCa
Éksarelx36482 RbGb;elx3727.
23 sMbuRtrbs;elak)aLat;tMbn;v:arIesg EdlCaRbFanb:usþ× epJIeTA[eTsa
Pi)alextþmøÚéRB éf¶TI1 Extula qñaM1908. bNÑsardæan Catikm<úCa
Éksarelx36482 RbGb;elx3727.
24 lixitrbs;elak Salabelle Gñkrdækar)araMgRbcaMextþsÞwgERtg epJIeTA[eTsa
Pi)alCan;x<s;)araMgRbcaMenATIRkúgPñMeBj éf¶TI15 Extula qñaM1908.
bNÑsardæanCatikm<úCa Éksarelx36482 RbGb;elx3727.
25 sMbuRtrbs;elak)aLat;tMbn;v:arIesg EdlCaRbFanb:usþ× epJIeTA[eTsa
Pi)alextþmøÚéRB éf¶TI1 Extula qñaM1908. bNÑsardæanCatikm<úCa
Éksarelx36482 RbGb;elx3727. elak)aLat;tMbn;v:arIesg
)anbBa¢ak;fa {tMbn;v:arIesgminEmnCatMbn;mYy EdlKYr[Tak;TajeT.
sUmesñI[mankarpøas;bþÚrevnsRmab;kgCIvBl. eyIgKYrEtpøas;bþÚrkmøaMg
enAerogral;3Exmþg. RkúmTImYy KWCaRkúmsμ½RKcitþ.}
26 sMbuRtrbs;elak)aLat;tMbn;v:arIesg EdlCaRbFanb:usþ× epJIeTA[eTsa
Pi)alextþmøÚéRB éf¶TI1 Extula qñaM1908. bNÑsardæanCatikm<úCa
Éksarelx36482 RbGb;elx3727. m®nþI)araMgmYyrUb)anBnül;
fa {tamBiteTAkare)assMGatRbCaCnecjBIPUmi mann½yfa RkúmecaredIr
pÞúyeTAnwgplRbeyaCn_rbs;xøÜnBIeRBaHfa PUmiEdlKμanmnusSrs;enA
minGacmanGVIsRmab;qk;bøn;)aneToteT. dUecñH ehtuGVI)anCaRkúmecarbøn;
TaMgenaHe)aHbg;ecalRbPBFnFanrbs;xøÜneTAvij? TegVIenHGacCakar
xVHxatnUvkarKitBIRbeyaCn_rbs;xøÜn nigCaGMeBIeqatl¶g; EdlminGacyl;
)an.}
235
27 sMbuRtBIeTsaPi)alextþmøÚéRBeTAkan;eTsaPi)alextþsÞwgERtg sþIGMBI
{esckþIraykarN_rbs; GaXYn} éf¶TI11 Exvicäika qñaM1908.
28 RKIsÞÚhV½r eDorIg smÖasCamYy kMEs sM extþsIusaekt RbeTséf éf¶TI17
ExkumÖ³ qñaM2014.
29 CMgWGasnñeraK KWCaCMgWrakrUs EdleFVI[ragkayrbs;mnusS)at;bg;
sarFatuTwk EdlbNþalmkBIkar)at;bg;CatiTwkkñúgxøÜny:ageRcIn. )ak;etrI
énCMgWenHrIklUtlas;enAkñúgTwk ehIy)ak;etrIenHGacRtÚv)an cmøgcUlmk
kñúgxøÜnmnusS tamry³karbriePaKTwk b¤briePaKGaharkxVk;. bnÞab;BIbriePaK
Gahar b¤TwkEdlkxVk; GñkCMgWminTan;Føak;xøÜn QWPøam²enaHeT b:uEnþGñkCMgW
nwgcab;epþImrakrUsCamYynwg)ak;etrIGasnñeraKry³eBlBI7eTA12éf¶.
eraKsBaØabzménCMgWGasnñeraK rYmman rakrUs k¥Ütceg¥ar nigkgVHsarFatu
TwkkñúgxøÜn. kgVHsarFatuTwkGacRsal b¤F¶n;F¶rGaRs½yeTAelIbrimaNsar
FatuTwkEdl)an)at;bg;.
30 sUmemIlbTsmÖasCamYy can; éb. {kalBImun enATIenHBMumanTwkeT. RbCa
CnenAtMbn;Gnøg;Evg)anCIkGNþÚgTwksRmab;eRbIR)as; nigBwgEp¥keTAelI
RbLayTwk.}
31 can; éb Føab;rs;enAPUmixñúrQUkRtav éRBrnam nigtaedv. Em:n BiciRtsmÖas
CamYy FIn b‘ín enAPUmitaedv XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI30 Exmifuna
qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy FIn b‘ín}¦. sUmemIlbTsmÖas
CamYy can; éb.
32 v:an;fan; eBAdar:a smÖasCamYy Qit FI enAPUmiRBlan XuMGnøg;Evg Rsuk
Gnøg;Evg éf¶TI23 Exemsa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy
Qit FI}¦.
33 bTsmÖasCamYy can; éb.
34 Lúg danI smÖasCamYyG‘uksux enAPUmiEsøgBN’XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg
éf¶TI8 Exemsa qñaM2012.
236
35 bTsmÖasCamYy can; éb.
36 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy eGam eKOm enAPUmikNþaleRkam XMuGnøg;Evg Rsuk
Gnøg;Evg TMB½rTI9 éf¶TI21 Exemsa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖas
CamYy eGam eKOm}¦. eyagtamRbCaCnenAkñúgtMbn;mñak;{RbCaCnEdl
rs;enAtMbn;enHmunrbbExμrRkhm ¬munqñaM 1975¦)annaMKñadaMedImsVay.}
mankareCOCak;fa edImsVayFM² EdlRbCaCnnaeBlbc©úb,nñ)annaMKñadaM
GacmanRbPBmkBICMnan;enaH.
37 bTsmÖasCamYy Qit FI.
38 sux vNѳ smÖasCamYy mI eqg enAPUmirMeck XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI
21 Ex]sPa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy mI eqg}¦.
39 bTsmÖasCamYy Qit FI.
40 bTsmÖasCamYy can; éb.
41 bTsmÖasCamYy mI eqg.
42 bTsmÖasCamYy can; éb.
43 smÖasCamYy FIn b‘ín.
44 John, Tully, )araMgenAtamdgTenøemKgÁ ³ RbvtþiGaNaBüa)alenARbeTskm<úCa
1863-1953/ TMB½r67/ dkRsg;ecjBIÉksar ANC RSC E03/ Éksar
elx14992 RbGb;elx1246/ eTsaPi)alRbcaMenAextþsÞwgERtg,
Rappo politiques et economiques trimestriels, 1914-1919.
45 bTsmÖasCamYy mI eqg.
46 bTsmÖasCamYy FIn b‘ín.
47 bTsmÖasCamYy Qit FI.
48 RbPBdUcxagelI.
49 EpñkxøHénRbeTsLavk¾RtÚv)anRbKl;[eTAéfEdr.
50 John Tully, )araMgenAtamdgTenøemKgÁ³ RbvtþiGaNaBüa)alenARbeTs
km<úCa 1863-1953/ TMB½r460-461.
237
51 Elizabeth Becker, enAeBlEdls®gÁamrlt;eTA/ TMB½r69-70 ¬1998¦.
John Tully )araMgenAtamdgTenøemKgÁ ³ RbvtþiGaNaBüa)alenARbeTs
km<úCa 1863-1953.52 DI xaMbUlI/ Rbvtþisa®sþkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü ¬1975-1979¦/ TMB½r6/
¬PñMeBj/ 2007¦.
53 Ben Kiernan, etI b:ul Bt eLIgkan;GMNacedayrebobNa ³ GaNaniKmniym
Catiniym niglT§ikumμúynIsþenARbeTskm<úCa/ 1930-1975/ TMB½r86
nigTMB½r258 ¬New Haven, CT.,2004¦)anerobrab;eQμaHExμr\sSr³ Edl
eRkaymk )ankan;kab;muxtMENg enAkñúgbkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCa. ehg sMrin
)ankøayeTACaemdwknaMmYyrUbrbs;rdæaPi)al EdlRbqaMgeTAnwgrbbExμr
Rkhm.
54 DI xaMbUlI/ Rbvtþisa®sþkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü ¬1975-1979¦/ TMB½r6/
¬PñMeBj/ 2007¦.
55 DI xaMbUlI/ Rbvtþisa®sþkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü ¬1975-1979¦/ TMB½r8/
¬PñMeBj/ 2007¦. Ben Kiernan, etI b:ul Bt eLIgkan;GMNaceday
rebobNa ³ GaNaniKmniym Catiniym niglT§ikumμúynIsþenARbeTskm<úCa/
1930-1975/ TMB½r193/ )anBiPakSaGMBI erOgr:avsm¶at;Edl b:ul
Bt )aneLIgkan;GMNac.
56 sUmemIl Taylor Owens & Ben Kiernan, {karTmøak;RKab;EbkelIRbeTs
km<úCa/} The Walrus/ ¬Yale University Press : 2006¦. karTmøak;RKab;Ebk
rbs;shrdæGaemrikmkelIRbeTskm<úCa)ancab;epþImenAqñaM1965. mk
RtwmcugqñaM1970. RKab;EbkRbEhlknøHlanetanRtÚv)anTmøak;mk
elIRbeTskm<úCa.
57 RbPBdUcxalelI/ TMB½r341-344/ 357-368/ BiPakSaGMBIkar
beNþjkgT½B nigRbCaCnsuIvilevotNamecjBIRbeTskm<úCa.
58 DI xaMbUlI/ Rbvtþisa®sþkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü ¬1975-1979¦/ TMB½r11/
238
¬PñMeBj/ 2007¦. Taylor Owen & Ben Kiernan, {karTmøak;RKab;EbkelI
km<úCa/} The Walrus/ ¬Yale University Press : 2006¦. cMnYnRbCaCnEdl
søab;edaysarkarTmøak;RKab;EbkmanRbEhlCag 1Esn 5muWnnak;.
59 Lúg danI smÖasCamYyywm LaehO ePTRbús GtItkgT½BExμrRkhmsmÖas
enAPUmitaedv XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI30 ExmIna qñaM2012
¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy ywm LaehO}¦.
60 karplites,ógGaharenATUTaMgRbeTs )anFøak;cuHy:agxøaMg edaysarkar
Tmøak;RKab;Ebk nigRbtibtþikareyaFa)anbgçMRbCaksikr[rt;ecaldIERs
rbs;xøÜn nigmkRbmUlpþúMKñaenAtamTIRkúg. sUmemIl Eva Mysliwiec, kardak;
TNÐkmμeTAelICnRkIRk ³ PaBÉekarbs;km<úCaenAelIqakGnþrCati/ {rbb
ExμrRkhm/} ¬Oxford/ 1988¦.
61 kmμaPi)alExμrRkhmenAGnøg;Evg )anbegáItGgÁPaBsil,³ EdlCaEpñkmYy
ényuT§sa®sþrbs;ExμrRkhm edIm,ITTYl)ankareCOTukcitþBIRbCaCn nig
edIm,IRbmUlpþúMkmøaMgbEnßmeTotsRmab;clnarbs;xøÜn. bTceRmógbdivtþn_
EdlmanRbCaRbiymYycMnYnenAeBlenaHrYmman {»¡ BU²kgQøb¡} nig
{»¡ nIrsard¾Gg;Gac}.
62 sUmemIl David Priestland Tg;Rkhm ³ RbvtþikumμúynIsþ/ TMB½r489-495/
¬NY, 2009¦.
63 sUmemIl Eva Mysliwiec, kardak;TNÐkmμeTAelICnRkIRk ³ PaBÉekarbs;
km<úCaenAelIqakGnþrCati {rbbExμrRkhm} ¬Oxford/ 1988¦. Elizabeth
Becker, bu)öaNa TMB½r24 ¬PñMeBj eragBum<km<úCaedlI/ 2010¦. {man
siT§iEtmYyKt; KWsiT§ikñúgkareFVIkargar. eRkABIenH KWxusc,ab;TaMgGs;.
GarüFm’ nigsgÁm)an)at;bg;. sala nigbNÑal½yRtÚv)anbiTTVar.
esovePARtÚv)anhamXat;. pSarRtÚv)anlubbM)at; k¾dUcCaePaCnIydæan
hagkaehV nigCMnYjÉkCn. vtþGaramRtÚv)anbiTTVar. sasnaRtÚv)an
hamXat;tamneya)ayrbs;bdivtþn_. r)aM nigt®nþIExμr d¾l,Il,ajRtÚv)an
239
lubbM)at;. sil,kr)anlak;GtþsBaØaNrbs;xøÜn. sib,krTaMgRbús
TaMgRsI EdlFøab;t,ajsURt nigqøak;eRKÓgR)ak; RtÚv)anbBa¢Ún[eTAeFVIkar
tamvalERs.}
64 bnÞab;BITTYl)anC½yCmñHenAéf¶TI17 ExemsaqñaM1975tMbn;35 RtÚv)an
bþÚreQμaHeTACatMbn;106 nigbnÞab;BIqñaM1977 tMbn;enHRtÚv)anbþÚreQμaH
mþgeTotCatMbn;46vij ¬rbs;PUmiPaK]tþrfμI¦.
65 bTsmÖasCamYy Qit FI.
66 bTsmÖasCamYy ywm LaehO. Lúg danI smÖasCamYy y:un saevOn/
ePTRbús/ GtItkgkumar/ XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI23 Exemsa
qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy y:un saevOn}¦. Lúg danI
smÖas CamYy mUl emn/ ePTRbús/ GñkPUmilMTgcas;/ smÖasenAPUmi
lMTgcas; XMulMTg RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI25 Exmifuna qñaM2012.
67 sUmemIlGtßbTsmÖasrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa.
68 kgT½BCatirMedaHRbCaBlrdæExμr nigrNsirSCatirMedaHRbCaBlrdæExμr
cgRkgeday Stephen R. Heder, RbGb;elx38/ bNÑsarmCÄmNÐl
Éksarkm<úCa. Exμrs KWCakgT½Besssl;rbs;elakesnaRbmux ln;
nl;. edayTTYl)anCMnYyBIRbeTséf nigRbCaCnExμrenAeRkARbeTs
kgT½BenH)anbnþRbyuT§CamYyExμrRkhmenAtambeNþayRBMEdnExμr-éf.
69 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy sIun hYg/ ePTRbús/ GñkPUmi/ smÖasenAPUmi taedv
XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI1 Exemsa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa
{bTsmÖasCamYy hYg}¦.
70 bTsmÖasCamYy b:uk etOk.
71 sUmGanGtßbTsmÖasrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa.
72 sUmGanGtßbTsmÖasrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa.
73 sUmGanGtßbTsmÖasrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa.
74 bTsmÖasCamYy ywm LaehO.
240
75 {LBiXatPñMRTg;)at}. sUmGanr)aykarN_valBiXat EdlRtÚv)an
cgRkgeLIgenAqñaM1998 eday epg BgSr:asIu/ bNÑsarmCÄmNÐl
Éksarkm<úCa. r)aykarN_enHminTan;RtÚv)ane)aHBum<enAeLIyeT.
76 r)aykarN_sþIGMBITItaMgreNþAsaksBExμrRkhm eroberogeday epg
BgSr:asIu. sRmab;B½t’manlMGit sUmemIleKhTMB½rrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksar
km<úCa http://www.d.dccam.org/Projects/Maps/List_of_Burial_Site_Most_
Updated.pdf ¬dkRsg;enAéf¶TI13 Exvicäka qñaM2013¦.
77 GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa ¬G>v>t>k>¦/ sMNMuerOg001/ kaMg
ehákG‘av ehA Duc/ {salRkm}/ kfax½NÐTI62/ sMNMuerOgelx ³ 001-
18-07-2007/ G>v>t>k>/ GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg/ éf¶TI26 Exkkáda
qñaM2010.
78 Ben Kiernan/ rbb b:ul Bt ³ BUCsasn_ GMNac nigGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_
enAkm<úCaeRkamrbbExμrRkhm/ 1975-1979/ TMB½r 357-58 ¬New
Haven, CT., 2008¦. DI xaMbUlI/ karbeRgónRbvtþisa®sþkm<úCaRbCa
Fibetyü/ TMB½r59-60/ ¬PñMeBj/ 2007¦.
79 Ben Kiernan, rbb b:ul Bt ³ BUCsasn_ GMNac nigGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_
enAkm<úCaenAeRkamrbbExμrRkhm/ 1975-1979/ TMB½r373.80 David Chandler, Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa/ TMB½r272.81 Ben Kiernan, rbb b:ul Bt ³ BUCsasn_ GMNac nigGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_
enAkm<úCaenAeRkamrbbExμrRkhm/ 1975-1979/ TMB½r375.82 David Chandler, Rbvtþisa®sþRbeTskm<úCa/ TMB½r272.83 GgÁCMnMuCRmHvisamBaØkñúgtulakarkm<úCa ¬G>v>t>k>¦/ sMNMuerOg001/ kaMg
ehákG‘av ehA Duc/ {salRkm}/ kfaxNÐTI79/ sMNMuerOgelx ³ 001-
18-07-2007/ G>v>t>k>/ GgÁCMnMuCRmHsaladMbUg/ éf¶TI26 Exkkáda
qñaM2010. sUmemIl Merle L. Pribbenow II enAkñúg esovePArbs;elak
EdlmancMNgeCIgfa {erOgr:avrbs;]tþmesnIy_R)aMrUb ³ karQøanBan
241
rbs;evotNammkelIRbeTskm<úCa/} Tinñanub,vtiþRbvtþisa®sþeyaFa/
70³2/ Exemsa qñaM2006.
84 Pribbenow II, {erOgr:avrbs;]tþmesnIy_R)aMrUb ³ karQøanBanrbs;
evotNammkelIRbeTskm<úCa/} 70³2.
85 sux vNѳ smÖasCamYy j:y tWn/ ePTRbús/ GtItbuKÁlikeBTütMbn;105/
smÖasenAPUmiTMnb;fμI XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI3 Exemsa qñaM
2012.
86 kgT½BExμrRkhm nigRbCaCnmYycMnYn)anqøgTenøenAPUmiRBHrMkil EdlenA
cugénRsukfaLabriv:at; extþsÞwgERtg eTAkan;RsukEqb extþRBHvihar.
87 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy em:A eQOn/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BenAkñúgkgBl
920/ smÖasenARsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI18 Exemsa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa
{bTsmÖasCamYy eQOn}¦.
88 v:an;fan; eBAdar:a smÖasCamYy saMg faj;/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BenAkñúg
kgBl280/ smÖasenAPUmilMTgfμI XMulMTg RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI26
Exmifuna qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy saMg faj;}¦.
89 bTsmÖasCamYy eQOn.
90 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy ywm pan;Na/ ePTRbús/ bc©úb,nñCaGPi)alRsuk
Gnøg;Evg nigCaGtItnIrsarenAkñúgtMbn;101/ smÖasenAsalaRsuk
Gnøg;Evg ExkumÖ³ qñaM2012. smÖaselIkTIBIr enAExmIna qñaM2012.
¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy ywm pan;Na}¦.
91 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy KwmNn/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½B/ smÖasPUmiGUrGERg
XuMRtBaMgtav enARsuk Gnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI27 ExmIna qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa
{bTsmÖasCamYy Nn}¦.
92 DI xaMbUlI smÖasCamYy eLg epg/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BenAkñúgkgBl
801/ smÖasenAPUmifñl;bMEbk XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI21
Exemsa qñaM2012.
242
93 DI xaMbUlI smÖasCamYy Ém sarin bc©úb,nñCaRbFanRkúmRbwkSa Rsuk
RtBaMgR)asaT enARsukRtBaMgR)asaT extþ]tþrmanC½y nigCaGtIt
smaCiktMbn;RkcH ¬505¦ éf¶TI23 Exviciäka qñaM2013.
94 RbPBdUcxagelI.
95 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy can; sag/ ePTRsI/ GtItnIrsartMbn;43/ smÖas
enAPUmifñl;bMEbk XuMGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI21 Exemsa qñaM2012
¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy sag}¦.
96 bTsmÖasCamYy y:un saevOn.
97 m:m suvNÑ smÖasCamYy m:m erOm/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgcl½t/ smÖasenA
PUmifñl;TTwg XuMGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI21 Ex]sPa qñaM2012.
98 bTsmÖasCamYy y:un saevOn.
99 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy sM s‘an/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BExμrRkhm/ smÖas
enAPUmitaedr XuMRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI30 ExmIna qñaM2012
¬ehAkat;fa {bTsamÖas CamYy sM s‘an}¦.
100 RbPBdUcxagelI.
101 bTsmÖasCamYy ywm LaehO.
102 bTsmÖasCamYy FIn b‘ín.
103 sux vNѳ smÖasCamYy RBH y:g;/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BExμrRkhmenAtMbn;
106/ smÖasenAPUmitaedr XuMRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI30 Exemsa
qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy RBH y:g;}¦.
104 bTsmÖasCamYy ywm LaehO.
105 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy tUc munI/ ePTRbús/ GñkPUmi/ smÖasenAPUmitaedv XMu
RtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI8 Exemsa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa
{bTsmÖasCamYy tUc munI}¦. nigbTsmÖasCamYy sIun hYg.
106 bTsmÖasCamYy sIun hYg.
107 Epnkark-5 KWCaEpnkarsnþisuxCati EdlRtÚv)anbegáIteLIg edIm,IBRgwg
243
karkarBarRbeTskm<úCa BIkarlukluy nigkarvayRbharBIsMNak;Exμr
Rkhm. EpnkarenHRtÚv)anGnuvtþBIqñaM1984dl;qñaM1988nigmaneRcIn
dMNak;kal. dMNak;kalTImYy KWkarkab;qáaréRB EdlmanTMhMrab;ry
KILÚEm:RtenAtambeNþayRBMEdnExμr-éf. EpnkarenHk¾rYmmankarCIk
Rtg;es nigkarsagsg;rbgb£sSI CamYynwgbnøalYsenAtambeNþay
RBMEdn. RKab;mInRbqaMgmnusSrab;lanRKab;RtÚv)andak;enAtamRBMEdn.
EpnkarenHmaneKalbMNg biTRBMEdnCamYynwgRbeTséf edIm,IbiTpøÚv
kuM[kmøaMgExμrRkhm nigkmøaMgRbqaMgepSgeTot GaceRCótcUl)an. enA
kñúgEpnkark-5 RbCaCnkm<úCarab;Esnnak;enATUTaMgRbeTs RtÚv)antRmÚv
[sμ½RKcitþ edIm,IeKalbMNgrYmenAkñúgkarkarBarRbeTsCati. RbCaCn
CaeRcIn)ansøab;edaysarkarGt;Xøan karGs;kmøaMg RKab;mIn nigCMgW.
RbCaCnmYycMnYnFMekItCMgWRKúncaj; edaysarEtlkçxNÐrs;enAminl¥
nigkarrs;enAEk,rtMbn;éRB. ebIeyagtamGñkRsavRCav Margaret Slocomb
GkSr{k} KWCaBüBa¢n³ExμrdMbUg Edlmann½yfa {karBar} ehIyelx {5}
sMedAeTAelIyuT§sa®sþkarBarTI5rbs;evotNam.
108 ebIeyageTAtamTItaMgPUmisa®sþ mMubI b¤TenøreBA manTItaMgenAtambeNþay
RBMEdnrvagRsukCaMkSanþ extþRBHvihar nigRsukfaLabriv:at; extþsÞwgERtg.
109 sUmemIl Tom Fawthrop nig Helen Jarvis/ eKcevHBIbTRbl½yBUCsasn_?
yutþiFm’ EdlBi)akseRmc)an nigtulakarkat;eTas emdwknaMExμrRkhm/
TMB½r52-66/ ¬TIRkúgLúg ³ Pluto Press/ 2004¦.
110 v:an;fan; eBAdar:a smÖasCamYy Ém eGOn/ ePTRbús/ GtItnIrsartMbn;/
smÖasenAPUmikNþaleRkam XuMGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI22 Exemsa
qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy Ém eGOn}¦.
111 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy s v:un/ ePTRbús/ GtItGñkebIkbrbRmúgenAkñúg
kgBl920/ smÖasenAPUmiTYlsala XMuRtBaMgRbIy_ RsukGnøg;Evg/
éf¶TI24 Ex]sPa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖas CamYy s v:un}¦.
244
RbBn§rbs;embBa¢akarkgT½BTTYlxusRtÚvelI®sþI nigkumarenAkñúgGgÁPaB
rbs;xøÜn. kUn²rbs;emdwknaM nigkgT½BExμrRkhmRtÚv)anRbmUldak;mYy
kEnøg eRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs; yayvIn EdlCaRbBn§rbs; emocsan nigCa
b¥ÚnRsIrbs; »m Gan. nI/ r:un nig eFOn CasmaCikenAkñúgGgÁPaBEfTaMkUnekμg
EdlRKb;RKgeday yayvIn.
112 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy eFob efn ePTRbús GtItkgT½BenAkñúgkgBl920
smÖasenAPUmiTYlR)asaT XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI4 Exemsa
qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy efn}¦.
113 extþcMnYn7rbs;éf EdlmanRBMRbTl;Cab;PaKxageCIg nigPaKxaglicén
RbeTskm<úCa rYmman ]b‘unraCafanI suIsaekt suri®nÞ burIruaM RsHEkv can;burI
nig Rtat.
114 enAeBlExμrRkhmrt;eTARBMEdnéf mnÞIrk-18maneQμaHfamnÞIr87 Edl
eRkaymk RtÚv)anbþÚreQμaHeTACamnÞIr131 EdltamTItaMgenAkEnøgmYy
EdlmaneQμaHfaGUrsYsþI. mnÞIrenHRtÚv)anbþÚrTItaMg eTAkñúgdIéf nigRtÚv)an
bþÚreQμaHeTACamnÞIrk-18 enAcugqñaM1984 enAeBlEdlkgT½BevotNam
)aneFVIRbtibtþikare)assm¥atTItaMgExμrRkhmenAtamRBMEdn. b:ul Bt
)aneRCIserIsbBaØvnþCaeRcIn[eFVIkarenAkñúgmnÞIrenH. mnÞIrk-18man
GgÁPaBcMnYn6 KW : GgÁPaB21 ¬eyaFakarRbyuT§ nigesuIbkarN_sm¶at;¦;
GgÁPaB31 ¬sßitiRbCaCn¦; GgÁPaB41 ¬sgÁmkic© nigsuxumalPaB¦;
GgÁPaB51 ¬esdækic© BaNiC¢kmμ nigksikmμ¦; GgÁPaB61 ¬Gb;rM nigpSBV
pSay¦ nigGgÁPaB 71 ¬TMnak;TMngkarbreTs¦. Lúg danI nig DI xaMbUlI
smÖasCamYy Cin Kwmfun/ bc©úb,nñCanaykrdæ)alRsukRtBaMgR)asaT/
smÖasenARsukRtBaMgR)asaT extþ]tþrmanC½y éf¶TI22 Exvicäika qñaM
2013.
115 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy sM Pin/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BkgBl164 nig
GtItGñkRKb;RKgXøaMgtam:ukenAeCIgPñM/ smÖasenAPUmieCIgPñM XMuRtBaMgRbIy_
245
RsukGnøg;Evg ExkumÖ³ qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy sM
Pin}¦.
116 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy CuM CYg/ ePTRbús/ GtItRbFanmnÞIrtMbn;106/
smÖasenAPUmiekaHfμI XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI18 Exemsa
qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy CYg}¦.
117 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy Guwm Ecm/ ePTRsI/ GtItRbFanKN³RsukRBHenRt
RBH/ smÖasenAPUmiGUrGERg XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI6 Exemsa
qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy Guwm Ecm}¦. Gwum Ecm/ rcwm Tun
¬ehA PI PYn b¤ ecom¦ nig Cwm KWCaemdwknaMrdæ)alenAelIPñM1003.
GñkTaMgbITTYlemIlkarxusRtÚvelIRbCaCn nigRKÜsarkgT½B. Guwm Ecm nig
Cav r:an; ¬yayr:an;¦ TTYlxusRtÚveTAelI®sþIenAelIPñM1003 enAkñúg
TsvtSr_qñaM1980 nigrhUtdl;eBlExμrRkhmcuHBIelIPñMdgErkmkGnøg;
EvgenAqñaM1990. Guwm Ecm )aneFVICMerOnRbCaCnenAelIPñM1003
edIm,IpÁt;pÁg; Ggár Gahar nigsmÖarepSg²eTot.
118 DI xaMbUlI smÖasCamYy biul sar:at;/ ePTRsI/ GtItbuKÁlikeBTü/ smÖas
enAPUmiyagxageCIg XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI19 Ex]sPa qñaM
2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYybiulsar:at;}¦.PUmiTaMgenaHrYmman
PUmi980/ 50/ 785/ 60/ 616/ 80/ 912/ 92/ 12 nigPUmi18.
PUmiEdlRtÚv)andak;eQμaH tamemPUmirYmman PUmiyayEcm PUmiyayr:an;
PUmitaeFob nigPUmiGENþgmut.
119 m:msuvNÑ smÖasCamYyGwumXut/ ePTRsI/ GtItkmμkreragm:asIun kinRsUv/
smÖasenAPUmiRBlan XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI23 Exemsa qñaM
2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYyXut}¦. bTsmÖasCamYy eFOn.
120 DI xaMbUlI smÖasCamYy Ekv P½Rk/ ePTRsI/ GtItGñkbeRmIkarEpñk ksikmμ/
smÖasenARsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI18 Ex]sPa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa
{bTsmÖasCamYy P½Rk}¦. Lúg danI smÖasCamYy ys; pat;/ ePTRbús/
246
GtItkgT½BenAkñúgkgBl117/ smÖasenAPUmi RtBaMgtav XMuRtBaMgtav
RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI28 ExmIna qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy
pat;}¦.
121 enAkñúgcMeNamCMrMCnePosxøÜnCag50CMrMcMnYn20sßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKg
rbs;ExμrRkhm. CMrMExμrRkhmcMnYn 5 ¬CMrMbwgebg b¤xøúgv:a/ xavdin/ NgRBÚ/
GUrRseLA nig tab;RBwk¦ RtÚv)anbBa©ÚleTAkñúgCMrMelx8 enAqñaM1985.CMrM
rbs;ExμrRkhmEdlRtÚv)ansÁal; PaKeRcIncab;BIqñaM1985mk rYmman
Gnøg;Evg kñúgdIExμr/ bUér: kñúg extþRtat/ CMrM85 kñúgdIExμr/ cugbuk nig hYyeCIg
kñúgextþsIusaekt/ NaMyWn kñúgextþ]b‘unraCafanI Cab;RBMEdnextþRBHvihar/
GUrRtav kñúgextþsIusaekt/ PñMm:aéL kñúgdIExμr/ RsHEkv nigCMrMelx8 kñúg
extþRsHEkv/ CMrMelx8xageCIg CMrMelx8xaglic nigCMrM Site K kñúgextþRtat
Cab;RBMEdnextþeBaF×sat;. CMrMCnePosxøÜnrbs;ExμrRkhm EdlenAman
vtþmanrhUtdl;edImTsvtSr_qñaM1990 rYmman CMrMelx8 CMrM Site K
nigCMrMGUrRtav.
122 BIqñaM1979 dl;qñaM1991 enAkñúgGMLúgeBléns®gÁamsuIvil enAkñúg
RbeTskm<úCa CMrMCnePosxøÜnCag50RtÚv)anbegáIteLIgenAkñúgTwkdIéf
enAtambeNþayRBMEdnkm<úCa-éf PaKxaglic Bay½Bü nigPaKxageCIg
énRbeTskm<úCa edIm,Ipþl;CRmkdl;CnePosxøÜnkm<úCa nigCnKμanTIlMenA
rab;Esnnak;. GgÁkarEdl)anpþl;CMnYydl;CMrMCnePosxøÜnTaMgenaHrYmman
GKÁsñgkarGgÁkarshRbCaCatiTTYlbnÞúkCnePosxøÜn (UNHCR) GgÁkar
kak)aTRkhmGnþrCati (ICRC) nigGgÁkarshRbCaCatisRmab;RTRTg;tam
RBMEdn (UNBRO). CagenHeTAeTot manGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al nigGgÁkar
rbs;rdæaPi)alCaeRcInepSgeTot Edl)anpþl;CMnYydl;CMrMCnePosxøÜnTaMg
enaH. GgÁkarTaMgenaHrYmman KN³kmμaFikarGaemriksRmab;CnePosxøÜn
(ARC) sm<½n§GñkpSaysasna nigRKisþsasna (CAMA) kariyal½ykatUlik
sRmab;se®gÁaHbnÞan; nigCYyCnePosxøÜn (COERR) RkúmpSBVpSayRKisþ
247
sasna (COR) esvakatUliksRmab;karCYyse®gÁaH (CRS) GgÁkarCnBikar
GnþrCati dn bUsáÚ (HI) KN³kmμaFikarGnþrCatisRmab;karCYyse®gÁaH (IRC)
esvaRBHeys‘UsRmab;CnePosxøÜn (JRS) KN³kmμaFikarCYyse®gÁaH
Cb:unsUtU (JSRC) RkúmRKÚeBTüKμanRBMEdn (MSF) GgÁkar CONCERN GgÁkar
CnePosxøÜnGnþrCati (RI) esvaBiPBelakRKisþsasnaR)aMBIréf¶ (SAWS)
GgÁkar sIu):ar TIPñak;garshrdæGaemriksRmab;karGPivDÆn_GnþrCati (USAID)
nigGgÁkarebskkmμyuvCn (YWAM). GgÁkarTaMgGs;enHpþl;CMnYyCaeRcIn
RbePT EdlrYmmankarGb;rM esvaEfTaMsuxPaB esvaCYsCulCMrM nig
Twks¥at. CMrMCnePosxøÜn xavGuIdag KWCaCMrMCnePosxøÜnEtmYyKt; Edl
TTYlxusRtÚvkñúgkarbBa¢ÚnCnePosxøÜneTAkan;RbeTsTIbI. CMrMCnePosxøÜn
mYycMnYnRtÚv)anbMpøaj edaykarvayRbharrbs;kgT½BevotNamBIqñaM
1982 eTAqñaM1984. CMrMmYycMnYnRtÚv)anbiTtaMgBIqñaM1985 nigRtÚv
)anbBa©ÚleTAkñúgCMrMEdleTIbRtÚv)anbegáItfμI. CMrMmYycMnYnepSgeTot enA
bnþskmμPaBrhUtdl;mankic©RBmeRBógsnþiPaBRkúg):arIsqñaM1991.
CMrMmYycMnYntUc)anbnþKaMRTCnePos xøÜndl;qñaM1999. CMrMPUNy RtÚv)an
biTenAedImqñaM1999 enAeBlEdlkgT½B nigRbCaCn EdlsßitenAeRkam
karRKb;RKgrbs; ta m:uk eFVIsmahrNkmμcUlCamYyraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa.
123 m:m suvNÑ smÖasCamYy jwb em:A/ ePTRsI/ GtItGñkbeRmIkarenAkñúg
kgcl½t/ smÖasenAPUmiyagxageCIg XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI19
Ex]sPa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy em:A}¦.
124 m:m suvNÑ smÖasCamYy gin xn/ ePTRsI/ GtItGñkbeRmIkarenAkñúg
kgcl½t/smÖasenAPUmiGPivDÆXMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI19Exemsa
qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy xn}¦.
125 Margaret Slocomb, ¬Exmifuna qñaM2001¦> {El,gk-5 ³ karkarBarCati nig
karksagCati enAeRkamrbbsaFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa/} 32³2/ TMB½r
196. DI xaMbUlI smÖasCamYy Qin vn enAPUmisVayeck XMuføat Rsuk
248
Gnøg;Evg extþ]tþrmanC½y/ éf¶TI25 Exmifuna qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bT
smÖasCamYy vn}¦. Qin vn niyayfa kgT½BevotNamvaykan;kab;
)anPñM1001 enAéf¶TI27 ExFñÚ qñaM1984 bIéf¶bnÞab;BIkUnRsIc,grbs;Kat;
cab;kMeNItenAéf¶TI24 ExFñÚ qñaM1984. Kat;)anrt;eTARbeTséf CamYy
RbCaCnnigkgT½BdéTeTot eTaHbICasuxPaBrbs;Kat;enAexSayk¾eday.
126 mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCasmÖasCamYy gat gYn éf¶TI10 Ex]sPa qñaM
2012. r)aykarN_rbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCasþIGMBIkarsem<aF
Baküesøakrbs;KeRmagsþIBIkarbeRgónRbvtþisa®sþkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü.
127 Stephen Heder, {km<úCaBIExtulaqñaM1979 dl;ExsIhaqñaM1980/ karts‘U
rbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü/ tMbn;CnbTkm<úCa/ nigesrIka/} GtßbTRsavRCav
EdlminTan;)ane)aHBum</ Exvicäika qñaM1980 ¬bNÑsarmCÄmNÐlÉksar
km<úCa¦. cenøaHBIqñaM1979 dl;qñaM1989 cMnYnkgT½BExμrRkhmRtÚv)an
eFVIkar):an;sμancenøaHBI2muWnnak; eTA6muWnnak;. Margaret Slocomb enAkñúg
GtßbTrbs;elakRsI {El,gk-5 ³ karkarBarCati nigkarksagCati enA
eRkamrbbsaFarNrdæRbCamanitkm<úCa/} Tinanub,vtþisþIBIkarsikSaGasIu
GaeKñy_/32³2/ TMB½rTI195/)anelIkeLIgfa bnÞab;BIqñaM1979kgT½BExμr
RkhmmancMnYnBI3muWneTA4muWnnak;. Michael Leifer/ enAkñúgGtßbTrbs;
elak {km<úCaenAkñúgqñaM1979 ³ ecjBIrdUvR)aMgeTArdUvR)aMg/} Asian
Survey/ 20³1/ TMB½rTI35/ )an):an; RbmaNfa enAqñaM1979 ExμrRkhm
mankgT½BcMnYn4muWnnak;. kar):an;RbmaNrbs;Kat;)anFøak;mkenARtwm
Cag3muWnnak; enAqñaM1980 enAkñúgGtßbTrbs;elak {km<úCaenAkñúgqñaM
1980 ³ neya)ayERcHsuIEdk/} Asian Survey/ 21³1/ TMB½r94.
Timothy Carney/ enAkñúgGtßbTrbs;elak {km<úCaenAkñúgqñaM1981 ³ PaB
Cab;KaMgd¾puyRsÜy/} Asian Survey/ 22³1/ TMB½r80/ )an):an;sμanfaenA
qñaM1981 ExμrRkhmmankgT½BcMnYnBI 3muWneTA4muWnnak;. Elizabeth Becker/
enAkñúgGtßbTrbs;elakRsI{km<úCaenAkñúgqñaM1983 ³ enAq¶ayBIsnþiPaB/}
249
Asian Survey/ 24³1/ TMB½r41/ )an):an;sμanfa enAqñaM1983 ExμrRkhm
mankgT½BcMnYn5muWnnak;. Michael Eiland/ enAkñúgGtßbTrbs;elak {km<úCa
enAkñúgqñaM1985 ³ BIPaBCab;KaMgeTAPaBminR)akdRbCa/} Asian Survey/
26³1/ TMB½r121/ )an):an;sμanfa enAqñaM1985ExμrRkhmmankgT½BcMnYn
4muWnnak;. Nayan Chanda/ enAkñúgGtßbTrbs;elka {km<úCaenAkñúgqñaM
1987 ³semþcRBH neratþmsIhnu enAkNþalqak/} Asian Survey/ 28³1/
TMB½r106/ )an):an;sμanfa enAqñaM1987 kgT½BExμrRkhmmancMnYn2muWn
8Ban; nak;.
128 ebIeyagtameKhTMB½rpøÚvkarrbs;GaCJaFrbeNþaHGasnñrbs;GgÁkarsh
RbCaCatiRbcaMenAkm<úCa ¬G‘untak;¦ http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/
missions/past/untac.htm enAcenøaHqñaM1992 dl;qñaM1993 CnePosxøÜn
nigCnKμanTIlMenARbmaN365>000nak; )aneFVImatuPUminivtþn_BICMrMCn
ePosxøÜncMnYn9 enAkñúgRbeTséfmkkm<úCavij. CMrMTaMgenaHrYmman CMrMsux
san CMrM Site K CMrMbUér: CMrMelx8 CMrMxavGuIdag CMrM)anfat CMrMelx2
CMrM Site B nigCMrMGUrRtav. kareFVImatuPUminivtþn_enH KWCaeCaKC½ymYy
rbs;ebskkmμG‘untak;enAkm<úCa. sUmemIl Benny Widyono/ karraMenAkñúg
Rsemal ³ semþcRBH neratþm sIhnu ExμrRkhm nigGgÁkarshRbCaCati
enAkm<úCa/ TMB½r112/ ¬Rowman & Littlefield Publisher, Inc., Plymoth,
cRkPBGg;eKøs/ qñaM2008¦. sRmab;B½t’manlm¥itsþIGMBIcMnYnCnePos
xøÜn nigCnKμanTIlMenAkm<úCacenøaHTsvtSr_qñaM1980 dl;TsvtSr_qñaM
1990sUmemIl Judith Banister nig Paige Johnson/ enAkñúgGtßbT {bnÞab;BI
subinGaRkk; ³ cMnYnRbCaCnenAkm<úCa/} enAkñúgesovePArbs; Ben Kiernan
¬1993¦/ {GMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_ nigRbCaFibetyüenAkm<úCa ³ Exμr
Rkhm GgÁkarshRbCaCati nigshKmn_GnþrCati/} ¬New Haven: Yale
University Press/ karsikSaGMBItMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_¦/ TMB½rTI 110-116.
129 RbPBdUcxagelIÉksarRsavRCavrbs;elak Stephen Heder.
250
130 enAcenøaHqñaM1975 dl;qñaM1979 ExμrRkhmmankgBlRbEhl22
kgBl. eTaHCay:agenHkþI manEtkgBlRbmaN17kgBlEtb:ueNÑaH
EdldMeNIrkarenAeBlkgT½BevotNamvaycUlRbeTskm<úCa enAcugExFñÚ
qñaM1979. kgBlrbs;ExμrRkhm EdlenAdMeNIrkarcenøaHBIqñaM1975
dl;qñaM1979 rYmman kgBl703/801/290/170/108/310/
920/ 164/ 502/ 450/ 520/ 280/ 335/ 603/ 207/
117/ nig 173. tYelxmin)anrab;bBa© ÚlkgBlepSgeTotenAkñúg
PUmiPaKTaMg7enaHeT.
131 DI xaMbUlI smÖasCamYysav:at/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BenAkñúgkgBl801/
smÖasenARsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI21 Exemsa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bT
smÖasCamYy sav:at}¦.
132 v:an;fan; eBAdar:a smÖasCamYy fU ln;/ ePTRbús/ GtItnIrsar rbs;
RbFantMbn; nigCaGtItkgT½BenAPUmiPaK]tþr/ smÖasenAPUmiGUrKKIrkNþal
XMulMTg RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI27 Exmifuna qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bT
smÖasCamYy ln;}¦. enAEx]sPa qñaM1980 esOn RtÚv)an)aj;smøab;
enAkñúgmnÞIrrbs;Kat; enAPñM808.GñkEdl)aj;smøab; esOn KWCakUnTahan
rbs;Kat; Edl)anecaTRbkan; esOn fa )ansmøab;kgT½BenAeRkambgÁab;
rbs;xøÜnGs;CaeRcInnak; enAqñaM1978.
133 v:an;fan; eBAdar:a smÖasCamYy Duc sarit/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BExμrRkhm/
smÖasenAPUmiyagxagt,Úg XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI20 Ex]sPa
qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy sarit}¦.
134 bTsmÖasCamYy biul sar:at;.
135 Lúg danI smÖasCamYyXI Fa ehA éL/ ePTRbús/ GtItbuKÁlikeBTü/ smÖas
enAPUmiGPivDÆn_ XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI20 Exemsa qñaM2012
¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy Fa}¦.
136 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy Ék supl enAPUmiéRCxageCIg XMuGnøg;rab Rsuk
251
valEvg extþeBaF×sat; éf¶TI23 Ex]sPa qñaM2011 ¬ehAkat;fa
{bTsmÖasCamYy supl}¦.
137 esovePAsikSafñak;TI4 rbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü e)aHBum<enAqñaM 1995
TMB½rTI28 ¬bNÑsarrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦.
138 DI xaMbUlI smÖasCamYy mIu mKÁ enAsalaextþéb:lin éf¶TI22 ExkumÖ³
qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy mKÁ}¦. mIu mKÁ bc©úb,nñ
CaGPi)alrgextþéb:lin nigCaGtItTIRbwkSapÞal;xøÜnrbs; b:ul Bt.
139 Michael Leifer ¬Exmkra qñaM1981¦ {km<úCaenAkñúgqñaM1980 ³ neya)ay
ERcHsuIEdk/} Asian Survey/ 21³1/ TMB½r94.
140 bTsmÖasCamYy mIu mKÁ.
141 esovePAsikSafñak;TI4 rbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü e)aHBum<enAqñaM1995
TMB½r28 ¬bNÑsarrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦.
142 DI xaMbUlI smÖasCamYy RBM yIm/ smaCikRkúmRbwkSaRsukRtBaMgR)asaT/
smÖasenAextþ]tþrmanC½y nigCaCMnYykarelxatMbn;101 éf¶TI24
Exvicäika qñaM2013.
143 sux vNѳ smÖasCamYy ):an ):at; enAPUmiTYlsVay XMuRtBaMgtav Rsuk
Gnøg;Evg extþ]tþrmanC½y éf¶TI2 Exemsa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa
{bTsmÖasCamYy ):at;}¦.
144 sux vNѳ smÖasCamYy mas eGn enAPUmiyagt,Úg XMuGnøg;Evg Rsuk
Gnøg;Evg extþ]tþrmanC½y éf¶TI20 Ex]sPa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa
{bTsmÖasCamYy eGn}¦.
145 Lúg danI nig DI xaMbUlI smÖasCamYy CMu Cati/ GtItGPi)alRsuk
RtBaMgR)asaT/ enARsukRtBaMgR)asaT extþ]tþrmanC½y éf¶TI25 Exvicäika
qñaM2013.
146 bTsmÖasCamYy can; éb.
147 bTsmÖasCamYy sM Pin.
252
148 sUmemIl Eva Mysliwiec, {kardak;TNÐkmμeTAelIGñkRk ³ PaBÉeka
rbs;km<úCaenAelIqakGnþrCati enAkñúgry³kalénrbbExμrRkhm. Michael
Vickery, {km<úCa ³ sßitineya)ay} TMB½r34-35 ¬PñMeBj/ 2007¦.
149 Lúg danI smÖasCamYyLac éf/ ePTRsI/ GtItbeRmIkarenAkñúgGgÁPaB kumar/
smÖasenAPUmifñl;TTwg XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI21 Ex]sPa
qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy Lac éf}¦.
150 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy Guin Pin/ ePTRbús/ GtItsmaCikRsukC½yEsn kñúg
rbbExμrRkhm ¬1975-1979¦ nigbc©úb,nñCasmaCikRkúmRbwkSaXuMp¥av
RsukRtBaMgR)asaT/ éf¶TI24 Exmifuna qñaM2012/ ehAkat;fa ¬bT
smÖasCamYy Pin¦.
151 sux vNѳ smÖasCamYy éb/ ePTRsI/ GñkPUmi/ smÖasenARsukGnøg;Evg/
éf¶TI1 Exemsa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy éb}¦.
152 bTsmÖasCamYy Guin Pin.
153 esovePAsikSafñak;TI4rbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü/ e)aHBum<enAqñaM1995/
TMB½r38 ¬bNÑsarrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦.
154 bTsmÖasCamYy biul sar:at;.
155 RbPBdUcxagelI.
156 éRBs¥ak KWCaéRBRkas;EdlmanTItaMgenARBMEdnRsukGnøg;Evg nigenA
XMuERsNUy RsukvarinÞ extþesomrab. éRBs¥ak KWCaTItaMgRbyuT§
d¾sMxan;mYyrvagkgT½BExμrRkhm nigkgT½BevotNam.
157 v:an;fan; eBAdar:a smÖasCamYy suwm ln/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgcl½t/ smÖas
enAPUmifñl;bMEbk XuMGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI21 Exemsa qñaM2012
¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy ln}¦.
158 bTsmÖasCamYy sav:at.
159 esovePA {eronGkSr}sRmab;sisSfñak;TI2/ km<úCaRbCaFibetyü/ e)aHBum<
qñaM1987/ TMB½r21-22.
253
160 RbPBdUcxagelI/ TMB½rTI17.
161 sux vNѳ smÖasCamYy esa Nn/ ePTRsI/ GtItbuKÁlikeBTü/ smÖas
enAPUmiGUrGERg XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI28 ExmIna qñaM2012
¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy Nn}¦.
162 bTsmÖasCamYy Nn.
163 bTsmÖasCamYy Nn.
164 bTsmÖasCamYy PR½k.
165 sux vNѳ smÖasCamYy KYn KIm/ ePTRsI/ GtItkgkumar/ smÖasenAPUmi
GPivDÆn_ XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI20 Exemsa qñaM2012.
166 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy can; enOn/ ePTRsI/ GtItkgtm,aj/ smÖasenA
PUmiTYlRbsaT XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI8 Exemsa qñaM2012.
167 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy hab; ehn/ ePTRsI/ GtItkgtm,aj/ smÖasenA
PUmiRsHQUk XMuRtBaMgRbIy× RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI29 ExmIna qñaM2012
¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy ehn}¦.
168 bTsmÖasCamYy ehn.
169 Gacarü KWCabuKÁlmYyrUbEdldwknaMBiFIenAkñúgBiFIbuNütamEbbRBHBuT§
sasna b¤mgÁlkar. eyagtamvcnanuRkmPasaExμrrbs;semþc RBHsgÇ
raC CYn Nat {Gacarü} sMedAelIGñkEdlCaTIeKarBEdlRbRBwtþGMeBIl¥
GñkeFVIRbeyaCn_dl;sisS nigGñkbeRgóncMeNHdwgdl;eK.
170 BiFIbgVilBBil KWCaBiFImYyenAkñúgBiFImgÁlkarExμr EdlmanRbPBecjBI
erOgeRBgniTanExμr. ePøIgeTonEdlRtÚv )anrMuCamYysøwkeBaF× RtÚv)anbgVil
CuMvijkUnkemøaHRkmuM. EpSgecjBIePøIgeTonenHRtÚv)aneCOCak;fa nwgnaM
mknUvsirIsYsþIC½ymgÁldl;KUsVamIPriyaeTIberobkarfμI.
171 elak siun sIusamut KWCaGñkceRmógd¾manRbCaRbiymñak;enAkñúgTsvtSr_qñaM
1960. ceRmógrbs;elakenAEtmanRbCaRbiyPaBrhUtdl;sBVéf¶.
elakRtÚv)anRbCaCnTUeTAcat;TukfaCaGFiraCsMeLgmasrbs;km<úCa.
254
elak siun sIusamut RtÚv)ansmøab;enAkñúgrbbExμrRkhm.
172 DI xaMbUlI smÖasCamYy Nub suCati/ ePTRbús/ GtItRbFankgvresnatUc/
smÖasenAPUmiGPivDÆn_ XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI20 Exemsa
qñaM2012/ ehAkat;fa ¬bTsmÖasCamYy suCati¦.
173 bTsmÖasCamYy Nub suCati.
174 eTaHbICakalbriecäTénkarcab;epþIm nigkarbBa©b;CemøaH enAEtCakalbriecäT
EdlbnþCaRbFanbTénkarBiPakSaKña k¾eday k¾eyIgGackMNt;ykqñaM
1977 CaqñaMénkarebIkkarvayRbharhigSaedaycMhrvagkm<úCaRbCa
Fibetyü nigevotNamehIyExtula qñaM1991 KWCakalbriecäTbBa©b;
s®gÁam edayRKb;PaKITaMgGs;)anyl;RBmcuHhtßelxaeTAelIkic©RBm
eRBógsnþiPaBTIRkúg):arIs.
175 Lau Teik Soon, ¬Exmifuna qñaM1982¦ {Gas‘an nigbBaðakm<úCa/}Asian Survey/
22³6/ TMB½r549. enAéf¶TI23 Extula qñaM1980 mhasnñi)atGgÁkar
shRbCaCati)ane)aHeqñatelIesckþIseRmcsþIBIkardkkmøaMgbreTsTaMg
Gs;ecjBIkm<úCa. RbeTsCasmaCikGgÁkarshRbCaCaticMnYn97 )an
e)aHeqñatKaMRTesckþIseRmcenH/ 23RbeTse)aHeqñatRbqaMg/ nig22
RbeTse)aHeqñatGnub,vaT.
176 Nayan Chanda ¬Exmkra qñaM1988¦/ {km<úCaenAkñúgqñaM1987 ³ semþcRBH
neratþm sIhnu enAkNþalqak/} Asian Survey/ 28³1/ TMB½r107.
177 Khatharya Um, ¬Exmkra qñaM1989¦/ {km<úCaenAkñúgqñaM1988 ³ pøÚvekag
Edleq<aHeTAdMeNaHRsay/} Asian Survey/ 29³1/ TMB½r77.
178 Merle L. Pribbenow II, {erOgr:avrbs;]tþmesnIy_R)aMrUb ³ karQøanBan
rbs;evotNammkelIRbeTskm<úCa/} Tinanub,vtiþRbvtþieyaFa/ 70³2/
Exemsa qñaM2006 )an):an;sμanfa kgT½BevotNamRbEhl3muWnnak;
EdlrYmTaMg ]tþmesnIy_ Kwm TYn pg RtÚv)ansmøab;enAcenøaHBIqñaM1977
dl;qñaM1989. eL xavePov EdlCaembBa¢akarrgkgT½BevotNam RbcaM
255
enARbeTskm<úCa )anpþl;kar):an;sμanx<s;CagenH edayKat;)anGHGagfa
kgT½BevotNamEdlsøab; mancMnYnRbmaN5muWn5Ban;nak;.
179 Khatharya Um, ¬Exmkra qñaM1989¦ {km<úCaenAkñúgqñaM1988³ pøÚvekag
eq<aHeTAdMeNaHRsay/} Asian Survey/ 29³1/ TMB½r79.
180 v:an;fan; eBAdar:a smÖasCamYy ehg evoc/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BExμrRkhm
kñúgkgBl920/smÖasenAPUmiGPivDÆn_ XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI19
Exemsa qñaM2012.
181 v:an;fan; eBAdar:a smÖasCamYy Duc sarit/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BExμrRkhm/
smÖasenAPUmiyagxagt,Úg XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI20 Ex]sPa
qñaM2012.
182 bTsmÖasCamYy can; sag.
183 Nicolas Regaud ¬1992¦ {Le Cambodge dans la Tourmente: Le Troisieme
Conflit Indochinois, 1978-1991,} L’Harmattan, RbeTs)araMg. bkERbCa
PasaExμreday eTB em:gXan.
184 enAéf¶TI29 Exemsa qñaM1989 rdæsPaCatirbs;saFarNrdæRbCamanit
km<úCa )aneFVIviesaFnkmμrdæFmμnuj nig)anbþÚreQμaHeTACa{rdækm<úCa} Edl
enAEtbnþRKb;RKgrcnasm<½n§rdæTaMgGs; rhUtdl;ExkBaØa qñaM1993 enA
eBlEdlrdæFmμnuBaØfμIRtÚv)anRbkas ehIyRbeTskm<úCa)ankøayeTACa
RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa.
185 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy R)ak; EBk/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BenARsuksVayelI/
smÖasenAPUmikNþalelI XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI18 Ex]sPa
qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy R)ak; EBk}¦.
186 sux vNѳ smÖasCamYy kuy FYn/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BenAkñúgkgBl
801/smÖasenAPUmifñl;EkgXMup¥av RsukRtBaMgR)asT/ éf¶TI23 Ex]sPa
qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy FYn}¦.
187 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy eCob ev:n/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BenAR)asaT
256
RBHvihar/ smÖasenAPUmiTwkCMu XMuRtBaMgRbIy× RsukGnøg;Evg kalBIéf¶TI22
Ex]sPa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {smÖasCamYy ev:n}¦. smÖasCamYy
sav:at.
188 Tg;Catiénrbbrdækm<úCa/ eRbIR)as;eRkamkarGnuBaØat CC BY-SA 3.0 via
Wikimedia Commons-http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ cUlemIlenA
éf¶TI29 ExFñÚ qñaM2014.
189 bTsmÖasCamYy Pin.
190 bTsmÖasCamYy Xut.
191 Éksarrbs;ExμrRkhmerobrab;GMBIrcnasm<½n§RKb;RKgRsukGnøg;Evg
cuHéf¶TI28 ExFñÚ qñaM1996 ¬bNÑsarrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa/
Éksarelx D24084¦.
192 bBa¢IenHRtÚv)andkRsg;ecjBIÉksar D24084 bNÑsarrbs;mCÄmNÐl
Éksarkm<úCa. bBa¢IenHRtÚv)anbegáIteLIgedayExμrRkhm enAéf¶TI28
ExFñÚ qñaM1996. ÉksarenHmancMnYn18TMB½r ¬sÞÜnBIrTMB½r¦ Edlerobrab;
lm¥itGMBIsßitienARsukGnøg;Evg. sßitienHrYmman cMnYnpÞH RKÜsar burs ®sþI
yuvCn yuvnarI ®sþIemm:ay burseBaHm:ay CIdUn CIta CnBikar kumara
nigkumarI.
193 v:an;fan; eBAdar:a smÖasCamYy QYn Qn; enAPUmiGPivDÆn_ XMuGnøg;Evg
RsukGnøg;Evg extþ]tþrmanC½y éf¶TI20 Exemsa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa
{bTsmÖasCamYy Qn;}¦. QYn Qn; Camitþmñak;rbs; em:A. GñkTaMgBIr
rs;enACamYy tam:uk nigCanIrsar GgÁrkS nigGñkebIkLanrbs; tam:uk.
em:A Føab;)anerobrab;R)ab; Qn; GMBICIvitrbs;Kat; enAeBlrs;enACamYy
tam:uk.
194 v:an;fan; eBAdar:a smÖasCamYy ehg evoc enAPUmiGPivDÆn_ XMuGnøg;Evg Rsuk
Gnøg;Evg extþ]tþrmanC½y éf¶TI19 Exemsa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa
{bTsmÖasCamYy ehg evoc}¦.
257
195 bTsmÖasCamYy ehg evoc nigbTsmÖasCamYy QYn Qn;.
196 bTsmÖasCamYy QYn Qn;.
197 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy Kwm Nn/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BExμrRkhm/ smÖas
enAPUmiGUrGERg XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI27 ExmIna qñaM2012.
198 sux vNѳ smÖasCamYy Kwm lI/ ePTRsI/ GtItGñkPUmienAtMbn;4/ smÖasenA
PUmiTYlR)asaT XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI4 Exemsa qñaM2012/
¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy lI}¦.
199 bTsmÖasCamYy Kwm lI.
200 sUmemIl Ben Kiernan/ rbb b:ul Bt ³ BUCsasn_ GMNac nigGMeBIRbl½yBUC
sasn_enAkm<úCa enAkñúgrbbExμrRkhm/ 1975-79. Elizabeth Becker,
enAeBlEdls®gÁamrlt;eTA ³ km<úCa nigbdivtþn_ExμrRkhm/ TMB½r177-
178 nigTMB½r299-300.
201 Ben Kiernan/ rbb b:ul Bt ³ BUCsasn_ GMNac nigGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_
enAkm<úCaenAkñúgrbbExμrRkhm/ TMB½r1975-179 nig TMB½r298-
300.202 m:m suvNÑ smÖasCamYy edob lI/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgcl½t/ smÖasenA
PUmiEsøgBN’ XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI6 Exemsa qñaM2012
¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy lI}¦.
203 v:an;fan; eBAdar:a smÖasCamYy TYn Qin ehA CYn r:ug/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½B
ExμrRkhmenAextþkMBg;qñaMg/ smÖasenAPUmikNþaleRkam XMuGnøg;Evg Rsuk
Gnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI22 Exemsa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy
Qin}¦ nigsmÖasCamYy »m eKOm.
204 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy Kwm Nn/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BExμrRkhm/ enAPUmi
GUrGERg XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI27 ExmIna qñaM2012.
205 v:an;fan; eBAdar:a smÖasCamYy Ém eGOn/ ePTRbús/ GtItnIrsartMbn;/
smÖasenAPUmikNþaleRkam XuMGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI22 Exemsa
258
qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy eGOn}¦.
206 sux vNѳ smÖasCamYy Kwm lI GtItRbCaCnenAtMbn;4/ smÖasenAPUmiTYl
R)asaTXMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI4 Exemsa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;
fa {bTsmÖasCamYy lI}¦.
207 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy eRBók h‘aj/ ePTRsI/ kUnRsIrbs; tam:uk/ smÖas
enAPUmiTwkCMu XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI23 Ex]sPa qñaM2012
¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy h‘aj}¦.
208 bTsmÖasCamYy kYn Kwm.
209 bTsmÖasCamYy Giun Pin.
210 Em:n BiciRt smÖasCamYy Fin b‘ín/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgcl½t/ smÖas
enAPUmitaedv XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI30 ExmIna qñaM2012
¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy b‘ín}¦.
211 esovePAsikSarbs;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü sRmab;fñak;TI4 e)aHBum< enAqñaM
1995 TMB½rTI25. ¬bNÑsarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦
212 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy em:A eQOn/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BenAkñúgkgBl
920/ smÖasenAPUmiekaHfμI XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI18 Exemsa
qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy eQOn}¦. Lúg danI smÖas
CamYy sM Pin/ ePTRbús/ GtItRbFanPsþúParkgBl164/ smÖasenA
PUmieCIgPñM XMuRtBaMgRbIy_ RsukGnøg;Evg ExsIha qñaM2011 nigExkumÖ³
qñaM2012.
213 Em:n BiciRt smÖasCamYy Ln jwb/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BenAkñúgkgBl
801/ smÖasenAPUmiRtBaMgtav XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI29
ExmIna qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy jwb}¦. sux vNѳ
smÖasCamYy RBH y:g;/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BenAtMbn;106/ smÖas
enAPUmtaedv XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI30 ExmIna qñaM2012.
214 bTsmÖasCamYy Giun Pin.
259
215 m:m suvNÑ smÖasCamYy pg; Kwmqn/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BExμrRkhm/
smÖasenAPUmikNþaleRkam XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI22 Exemsa
qñaM2012.
216 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy Ehm man/ ePTRbús/ GtItnIrsarRsukfμeKal/
smÖasenAPUmiRtBaMgtav XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI29 ExmIna
qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy man}¦.
217 bTsmÖasCamYy Ehm man.
218 bTsmÖasCamYy y:k; hM.
219 bTsmÖasCamYy Ln jwb.
220 bTsmÖasCamYy Ecm.
221 bTsmÖasCamYy Kwm Nn.
222 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy CIv can;/ ePTRbús/ GtItnIrsarrbs; vn ev:t/
smÖasenAPUmiEsøgBN’ XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI6 Exemsa
qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy CIv can;}¦.
223 bTsmÖasCamYy CMu CYg.
224 KNbkSRbCaCnbdivtþn_km<úCa )anbþÚreQμaHeTACaKNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa
enAkñúgsmaCvisamBaØenAéf¶TI18 Extula qñaM1991. KNbkSRbCaCn
km<úCa)ane)aHbg;ecallT§im:akSeLnInniym nigRbkan;yklT§iRbCaFib
etyüesrIBhubkS.
225 Khatharya Um, ¬Exmkra qñaM1995¦/ {km<úCaenAkñúgqñaM1994 ³ qñaM
Gnþrkal/} Asian Survey/ 35³1/ TMB½rTI81.
226 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy jwb ha ¬kμÜyRbúsrbs; b:ul Bt¦ enAPUmiTYlsVay
XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg extþ]tþrmanC½y/ éf¶TI3 Exemsa qñaM2012
¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy ha}¦. jwb ha KWCakUnRbúsrbs; saLút
jwb EdlRtÚvCab¥ÚnRbúsbegáIt rbs; b:ul Bt. saLút jwb søab;enA
pÞHenAextþkMBg;FMenAExkumÖ³ qñaM2010 kñúgGayu84qñaM. jwb ha )an
260
beRmIkarCakgT½Brbs;rdækm<úCa enAqñaM1989. ha )ancUlrYmCamYy
ExμrRkhmenAm:aéL kñúgqñaM 1991. bc©úb,nñ ha CaemXMuRtBaMgtav.
227 bTsmÖasCamYy CIv can;.
228 bTsmÖasCamYy ywm pan;Na.
229 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy mwb mMu/ RsI/ GtItkgkumar/ smÖasenAPUmiTYlsVay
XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI2 Exemsa qñaM2012.
230 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy G‘uM PaB/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BenAPUmiPaKkNþal/
smÖasenAPUmiTYlsVay XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI2 Exemsa
qñaM2012.
231 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy Xn mn/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgkumar/ smÖasenA
PUmifñl;TTwg XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI20 Ex]sPa qñaM 2012.
232 bTsmÖasCamYy Ca qan.
233 bTsmÖasCamYy em:A eQOn.
234 c,ab;sþIGMBI{kardak;ExμrRkhm[enAeRkAc,ab;} EdlmancMnYn10 maRta
RtÚv)anrdæsPaCatikm<úCaGnum½ti enAkñúgkic©RbCMueBjGgÁelIkTIBIrnItikal
TImYy enAéf¶TI7 Exkkáda qñaM1994 nigRtÚv)ancuHhtßelxaedayRbFan
rdæsPasþITI LÚy sIumeQog. c,ab;enHcUl CaFrmanenAéf¶TI15 Exkkáda
qñaM1994 bnÞab;BIkarRbkas[eRbIedayRbmuxrdæsþITI semþc Ca sIum.
c,ab;enH)ankMNt;fa manEtemdwknaMExμrRkhm nigkgT½Brbs;xøÜnEtb:ueNÑaH
Edlxusc,ab; b:uEnþ minEmnsMedAdl;RbCaCn nigsmaCikRKÜsarrbs;
kgT½BenaHeT. c,ab;enH)anTukeBlevlacMnYn6Ex [kmøaMgExμrRkhm
cuHcaj;raCrdæaPi)al EdlenAkñúgGMLúgeBlenH nwgminRtÚv)annaMykmk
kat;eTasenaHeT. eTaHCay:agNakþI c,ab;enHminTTYlykkarcuHcaj;
rbs;emdwknaMExμrRkhmenaHeT.
235 sRmab;B½t’manbEnßmGMBIkarviPaKsIuCeRmAeTAelIcenøaHRbehag nigPaB
Rsbc,ab;énc,ab;enHsUmGanr)aykarN_ épÞkñúgsegçbsRmab;mCÄmNÐl
261
Éksarkm<úCa sresreday Jan van der Grinten/ {c,ab;sþIGMBIkardak;rbb
km<úCa RbCaFibetyü[enAeRkAc,ab;/} éf¶TI30 Ex sIha qñaM2000.
236 rNsirSCatirMedaHRbCaBlrdæExμrRtÚv)anRbkasCapøÚvkarenAéf¶TI9 Extula
qñaM1979. eyagtamrcnasm<½n§dwknaMrbs;rNsirSCatirMedaHRbCaBl
rdæExμr EdlRtÚv)aneroberogeLIgenAExmifuna qñaM1983 KN³kmμaFikar
Rbtibtþirbs;rNsirSrYmman ³semþcsWnsan ¬RbFan nigCaGKÁembBa¢akar
kgT½B¦/ sak; suT§saxn ¬GnuRbFan TImYy¦/ edon EDl ¬GnuRbFanTIBIr
nigCaRbtiPUTTYlbnÞúkkic©kareyaFa¦/ hIug KuNfun ¬RbtiPUTTYlbnÞúkkic©kar
esdækic© hirBaØvtßú nigkarGPivDƦ/ Gwum QUedt ¬RbtiPUTTYlbnÞúkkic©kar
épÞkñúg¦/ RBM ev:t ¬RbtiPUTTYlbnÞúkkic©karvb,Fm’ sgÁm nigsasna¦/ nag
Cinhan ¬GKÁelxaFikar¦/ bYn say ¬GKÁelxaFikarrgTTYlbnÞúkkic©kar
rdæ)al nighirBaØvtßú¦/ nig Gab;Dul hÁab;haV Banemt ¬GnuRbtiPUTTYlbnÞúk
kic©karbreTs¦. enAeRkamKN³kmμaFikarRbtibtþimanRkúmRbwkSaBIr.
¬1¦RkúmRbwkSabBaØaCnrYmman³ Qam v:am/ sIum v:a/ h‘uy knßúl/ ng KImnI/
lIm RKI/ fun GYk/ cay fUl nig sUxaM xUy. ¬2¦Rkúm RbwkSaeyaFarYmman ³
sak; suT§saxn/ fac er:g/ GwumQUedt/ G‘a CUr eKIm em:g/ fU efIub/ RBM ev:t/ Ekv
CYn/ lIv en/ Ekt er:t/ Ca Qut/ nig lYg sIuNak;. ¬RbPB ³ kgT½BCati
rMedaHRbCaBlrdæExμr nigrNsirSCati rMedaHRbCaBlrdæExμreroberogeday
Stephen Heder/ RbGb;elx38/ bNÑsarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦.
eyagtamÉksarxagelIrNsirSCatirMedaHRbCaBlrdæExμr manRbPBecj
mkBIRkúmExμrs EdlCakmøaMgesssl;BIrbbsaFarNrdæExμr ¬ln; nl;¦
Edl)an RbyuT§CamYyExμrRkhmkñúgGMLúgqñaM1975-1979 edayTTYl
)ankarKaMRTBIRbeTséf. enAkñúgry³kalénrbbExμrRkhmExμrs )aneFVI
Rbtibtiþkar enAtMbn;epSgKñaedayminmankarÉkPaBKña nigeRkameQμaH
epSgKña. ExμrsrYmman5RkúmsMxan; ³ ¬1¦clnarkSa sMbuk dwknaMeday Gwum
QUedtmanTItaMgenAelIPñMdgErk. ¬2¦clna kuksdwknaMeday Ekv vibul.
262
¬3¦clnaXøaMgemOg dwknaMedayRBM ev:t manTItaMgenAPñMRkvaj.¬4¦clna
ennrUUg dwknaMeday esom sMGu‘un ehA talYt. ¬5¦clnabkSIcaMRkúg dwknaM
eday Ekv CYn manTItaMg enAPñMdgErk.
237 kmøaMgExμrRkhmenAtMbn;éb:linBwgEp¥keTAelIt,Úgmantémø nigéRBeQI Edl
RtÚv)andwkykeTAlk;enARbeTséf. Rkúmh‘unéfCag50 Rkúmh‘un)an
bNþak;Tunrab;landuløarGaemrikkñúgkareFVICMnYjt,ÚgenAéb:lin. ExμrRkhm
enAtMbn;Gnøg;EvgBwgEp¥keTAelIkarCYjdUréRBeQICamYyRbeTséf.
rfynþéfBI50eTA60eRKÓg)ancUlmkdwkeQIecjBIGnøg;Evg TaMgéf¶TaMg
yb;. tam:uk )anlk;eQIrab;EsnEm:RtKUbeTA[éf. eFob KWCaGñkCYy
tam:uk kñúgkarerobcMkarkab;eQI nigdwkeQIeTAlk;[éf. kareFVICMnYjenH
)anBRgwgTMnak;TMngrvag GaCJaFréf nigkmøaMgExμrRkhmenAGnøg;Evg
CaBiessrvag tam:uk nigGaCJaFréf. ExμrRkhmBwgEp¥keTAelITMnak;TMngenH
minRtwmEtedIm,ITTYl)ankarpÁt;pÁg;smÖarb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþEfmTaMg)anCYy
sRmÜl dl;karrt;eKcxøÜnrbs;ExμrRkhmenAeBlEdlmankarRbyuT§CamYy
rdæaPi)almþg². enAkñúgn½yenHCMnYjeQICamYyéf)anBRgwglT§PaBrbs;
ExμrRkhmkñúgkarbnþkarts‘U.
238 bTsmÖasCamYy Kwm Nn.
239 bnÞab;BITTYl)anB½t’manGMBIkarpþac;xøÜnrbs; eGog sarI viTüúExμrRkhm enA
Gnøg;Evg )ancab;epþImvayRbhar eGog sarI nigbkçBYkenAéb:lin. enA
éf¶TI6 ExsIha viTüúrbs; b:ul Bt )anecaTRbkan; eGog sarI faCaPñak;gar
rbs;evotNam Edl)anlak;xø ÜnenAkñúgbkSGs;ry³eBlCaeRcInqñaM.
karpSayB½t’manEdlGaneday exov sMpn )anecaTRbkan; eGog sarI fa
)anlYcluyrbs;bkS nig)anRbkascab;xøÜn nigRbharCIvit eGog sarI nig
bkçBYk EdlrYmTaMg GIu Qan embBa¢akar kgBl415 nig sux PaB embBa¢a
karkgBl450pg. CakareqøIytb enAéf¶ TI7 ExsIha viTüúpSaysMeLg
enAéb:lin EdlGaneday Lúg NUrin EdlCaGñknaMBakürbs; eGog sarI
263
)anecaT Rbkan; b:ul Bt nig nYn Ca faCamnusS{eXareXAbMput nigXatkr
d¾éRBépSbMput.} viTüúéb:lin)anRbkaskat;eTasRbharCIvit b:ul Bt nig
nYn Ca nig)anEbgEckdac;RsLHrvag b:ul Bt nigemdwknaM RBmTaMgRbCaCn
enAéb:lin. enAéf¶TI15 ExsIha eGog sarI )anRbkasGMBIkarbegáIt
KNbkSfμImYy EdlmaneQμaHfa clnasamKÁICatiRbCaFibetyü Edlman
eGog sarI CaRbFan GIu Qan CaGnuRbFan nig LúgNUrin CaGKÁelxaFikar.
KNbkSenHmaneKalbMNgRbqaMgeTAnwgemdwkExμrRkhm nigkgT½BExμr
RkhmenAtMbn;Gnøg;Evg.
240 kgT½BExμrRkhmmYycMnYnenAsMLÚt )anpþac;xøÜncUlCamYyhVú‘nsiunbiuc nigmYy
cMnYneTotcUlCamYyKNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa. karEbgEckenH )anbgá[eTA
CaCemøaHrvagkmøaMgEdlcuHcUlCamYyhVú ‘nsiunbiuc nigkmøaMgEdlcuHcUl
CamYyKNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa. bnÞab;BIRBwtþikarN_ éf¶TI5-6 Exkkáda
qñaM1997 GtItkgT½B nigkmμaPi)alExμrRkhm enAsMLÚt)anrt;cUléRB
saCafμImþgeTot. kgT½B nigkmμaPi)alTaMgGs;enaH)aneFVIsmahrNkmμ
cUlrYmCamYyraCrdæaPi)almþgeTot enAqñaM1998 CamYynwgkgT½BExμr
RkhmenAGnøg;Evg.
241 DI xaMbUlI smÖasCamYy nak; vgS enAR)asaTtamnþ Ex]sPa qñaM 2012.
RBM s‘U KWCa«Bukmarbs; jwk b‘unéq.
242 DI xaMbUlI smÖasCamYy GYg y:g; enATIrYmRsukvalEvg extþeBaF×sat;
éf¶TI11 Exmkra qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy y:g;}¦. GYg
y:g; RtÚv)anEtgtaMgCaGPi)alRsukvalEvg bnÞab;BIsmahrNkmμ.
enAqñaM2011 y:g; )ancUlnivtþn_ nigRtÚv)anEtgtaMgCaRbFanRkúmRbwkSa
RsukvalEvg. Lúg danI smÖasCamYy Ék supl enAPUmiéRCxageCIg XMu
Gnøg;rab RsukvalEvg extþeBaF×sat; éf¶TI23 Ex]sPa qñaM2011. Ék
supl KWCasmaCikRkúmRbwkSaRsukvalEvg. supl KWCaGtItGgÁrkSrbs;
h‘U yn; BIqñaM1970 dl;qñaM1972.
264
243 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy Ekv san enAPUmiRbem:ayXMuRbem:ay RsukvalEvg
extþeBaF×sat; éf¶TI21 Ex]sPa qñaM2011 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy
san}¦.
244 ebIeyagtambTsmÖasCamYy Li rin nigsmÖasCamYy QYn Qun/ b:ul Bt
manbMNgeRbIR)as;kareFVIdMeNIreTAéb:linCaGnÞak;edIm,Ismøab; tam:uk. sU
saerOn )an[dMNwgeTA b:ul Bt fa tam:uk )aneFVI[ sßanPaBenAéb:lin nig
m:aéL kan;EtF¶n;F¶reLIg.
245 bTsmÖasCamYy QYn Qun. DI xaMbUlI smÖasCamYy Li rin enAPUmiGUrKKIr
kNþal XMulMTg RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI27 Exmifuna qñaM2012.
246 vIedGUÉksar®sþIGMBIbTsmÖasCamYy tam:uk/ nYn Ca nig exov sMpn enA
RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI4 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1998. vayGtßbT nigbkERbeRkApøÚvkar
eday Em:n BiciRt ¬bNÑsarmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦. karelIkeLIg
xagelIk¾RtÚv)anbBa¢ak;enAkñúgbTsmÖasCamYy QYn Qn; eday v:an;fan;
eBAdar:a nig bTsmÖasCamYy Gu‘k sux eday Lúg danI.
247 bTsmÖasCamYy jwb ha.
248 karsmøab; sun esn GacekIteLIgenAéf¶TI10 Exmifuna qñaM1997. kar
smøab;enHekIteLIgenABak;kNþalGaRFaRtéf¶TI9 Exmifuna dUecñH skmμPaB
smøab;GacQandl;RBwkéf¶TI10 Exmifuna.
249 sux vNѳ smÖasCamYyQagQin/ ePTRsI/ GtItGñktm,aj/ smÖasenA
PUmiTMnb;fμI XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI12 Exemsa qñaM2012
¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy Qin}¦.
250 v:an;fan; eBAdar:a smÖasCamYy ehg evoc/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½B ExμrRkhm
enAkñúgkgBl920/ smÖasenAPUmiGPivDÆn_ XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg
éf¶TI19 Exemsa qñaM2012.
251 ebIeyagtamsmÖasCamYy ehg evoc/ eqam Es/ nig Gn suPaB/ saerOn
manKMnMu CamYy sun esn taMgBIqñaM1975-1979mkemø:H enAeBlEdl
265
saerOn eFVICaRbFankgBl801 RbcaMenAextþrtnKirI. enAeBlenaH sun
esn )anTTYldMNwgBIkgT½BenAkñúgkgBl801fa saerOn )anRbRBwtþxus
sIlFm’CamYy®sþI. sun esn )anekaHehA saerOn mkPñMeBjedIm,Ieron
sURt b:uEnþ saerOn )anRcanecalkarekaHehAenaHCaeRcIndg. edaysar
Etxwgnwg saerOn sun esn )ancab;xøÜnkUnRbúsrbs; saerOn EdlkMBug
sikSaEpñkTMnak;TMngenAPñMeBj. eRkaymk enAeBlEdlExμrRkhmrt;
ePosxøÜn nigksagkmøaMgrbs;xøÜneLIgvijenAPñM1001 b:ul Bt )anEtg
taMg saerOn [RKb;RKgkgT½BTaMgGs;enAelIPñM1001 b:uEnþ sun esn
)anCMTas;. saerOn mankarGak;Gn;citþnwg sun esn EdlminTTYlsÁal;kar
xitxMRbwgERbgrbs;xøÜnedIm,IbuBVehtuExμrRkhm. pÞúyeTAvij sun esn
elIktemáIgEtb¥ÚnRbúsrbs;xøÜn nI kn nig sun QMu. edaysarEtktþa
TaMgGs;enH saerOn )aneqøót»kasenHsgswkelI sun esn nigRkúm
RKÜsarTaMgmUl.
252 DI xaMbUlI smÖasCamYy Li rin enAPUmiGUrKKIrkNþal XMulMTg RsukGnøg;Evg
extþ]tþrmanC½y éf¶TI27 Exmifuna qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖas
CamYy rin}¦.
253 va:n;fan; eBAdar:a smÖasCamYy y:un hak;/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BRsuk/
smÖasenAPUmiRsHQUk XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI24 Ex]sPa
qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy hak;}¦.
254 bTsmÖasCamYy swum ln.
255 bTsmÖasCamYy y:k; hm.
256 sux vNѳ smÖasCamYy Dwm hM/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BenAkñúgkgBl920/
smÖasenAPUmiRtBaMgtav XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI29 ExmIna
qñaM2012.
257 DI xaMbUlI smÖasCamYy emoc sar:avuF enAXMuRBHRbLay RsukRtBaMg
R)asaT extþ]tþrmanC½y éf¶TI25 Ex]sPa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa
266
{bTsmÖasCamYy sar:avuF}¦.
258 bTsmÖasCamYy Ehm emOn. emoc sar:avuF )anEhkRTúgEdk nig)an
rt;eKcxøÜnCamYybkçBYk. kñúgcMeNamenaHmanmñak;eQμaH elOn Edlbc©úb,nñ
CaRbFanGFikardæannKr)alRsukRtBaMgR)asaT. muneBlrt;eKcxøÜn
sar:avuF RtÚv)anGnuBaØat[ecjmkeRkARTúg edIm,Icm¥inGahar[GñkCab;
XMuXaMgTaMgGs;. éf¶mYy sar:avuF )anb:unb:grt;eKcxøÜn. sar:avuF )an
R)ab;Gñkyamfa Gs;GMbilsRmab;cm¥inGahar nigesñIsMu[GñkyamrUbenaH
CYyykGMbilmk[xøÜn. sar:avuF snüanwgGñkyamfa xøÜnnwgminlYcrt;enaH
eT edaysarEtkEnøgdak;GMbilenaHmancm¶ayEtb:unμanEm:RtBIRTúgEdk
b:ueNÑaH. enAeBlEdlGñkyamrUbenaHecjeTA)at; sar:avuF nigGñkCab;
XMuXaMgdéTeTot)an eRbIkmøaMgTaMgGs;EdlenAesssl; EhkRTúgEdkenaH
ecj. GñkCab;XMuXaMgTaMgGs;enaHmanrUbragsÁmsÁaMg ehIy)anEhk
cRmwgEdkecjBIKñalμmEtGacecjxøÜnrYc. GñkeTasTaMgenaH)anrt;y:ag
elOntamEtGaceFVIeTA)an nigsMedAeTApÞHrbs; sar:avuF. RbBn§rbs;
sar:avuF EdlCakUnRsIrbs;sUsaerOn minGaccMNaMbþIrbs;xøÜnÉg)aneday
sarEt sar:avuF duHsk;EvgdUcmnusSRsI. muxrbs; sar:avuF duHBukmat;CuMCit
ehIysemøókbMBak;rEhk nigkxVk;. edaysarEtP½yxøacnwgkartamcab;xøÜn
sar:avuF )anrt;eKcxøÜneTArs;enARsukkMeNItrbs;«BukenARsukERBkRbsBV
extþRkecH Gs;ry³eBl1qñaM. RbBn§rbs; emoc san eQμaH vIn EdlCa
b¥ÚnRsIrbs; »m Gan EdlCaGtItelxatMbn;41énPUmiPaKkNþal )aneTA
rs;enACamYybgRbúsrbs;xøÜnenARsukkMerog extþ)at;dMbg.
259 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy em:al em:A/ ePTRbús/ smÖasenAPUmi eQITalRCM
XMuføat RsukGnøg;Evg éføTI22 Exmifuna qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖas
CamYy em:A}¦. bTsmÖasCamYy Li rin.
260 v:an;fan; eBAdar:a smÖasCamYy ehg evoc/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BkñúgkgBl
920/ smÖasenAPUmiGPivDÆn_ XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI19 Exemsa
267
qñaM2012.
261 enAeBlkat;eTas b:ul Bt manbBaðasuxPaBCaeRcInrYceTAehIyEdlrYmman
CMgWexSayebHdUg nigelIsQamtaMgBIqñaM1995mkemø:H. enAeBlenaH
EpñkxageqVgénxøÜnrbs; b:ul Bt minGacdMeNIrkar)anCaRbRktIeTehIy
EPñkeqVgrbs;Kat;esÞIrEtggwteTAehIy. b:ul Bt GacedIr)anluHRtaEt
manCMnYyBIkmμaPi)alExμrRkhmekμg².
262 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy ck; Qun/ ePTRsI/ GtItbuKÁlikeBTü/ smÖasenA
PUmiyageCIg XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI19 Ex]sPa qñaM2012
¬ehAfakat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy Qun}¦.
263 Lúg sarin/ {karkat;eTas b:ul Bt enAGnøg;Evg kalBIéf¶TI25 Exkkáda
qñaM1997/} ExSPaBynþÉksareday Lúg sarin/ bNÑsarmCÄmNÐl
Éksarkm<úCa. Lúg sarin KWCaGtItsmaCikrbs;KNbkShVú‘nsiunbiuc nigCa
elxaTIBIrrbs;sßanTUtkm<úCaRbcaMenATIRkúg)agkk.
264 Lúg sarin/ {karkat;eTas b:ul Bt enAGnøg;Evg kalBIéf¶TI25 Exkkáda
qñaM1997/} ExSPaBynþÉksar eday Lúg sarin/ bNÑsarmCÄmNÐl
Éksarkm<úCa.
265 Lúg sarin/ {karkat;eTas b:ul Bt enAGnøg;Evg kalBIéf¶TI25 Exkkáda
qñaM1997/} ExSPaBynþÉksar eday Lúg sarin/ bNÑsarmCÄmNÐl
Éksarkm<úCa.
266 Lúg sarin/ {karkat;eTas b:ul Bt enAGnøg;Evg kalBIéf¶TI25 Exkkáda qñaM
1997/} ExSPaBynþÉksar eday Lúg sarin/ bNÑsarmCÄmNÐl
Éksarkm<úCa.
267 v:an;fan; eBAdar:a smÖasCamYy QYn Qn; enAXMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;
Evg extþ]tþrmanC½y éf¶TI20 Exemsa qñaM2012.
268 ExSvIedGUsþIGMBIbTsmÖasCamYy tam:uk/ nYn Ca nigexov sMpn enARsuk
Gnøg;Evg éf¶TI4 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1998. ExSvIedGUenHRtÚv)anpþl;[eday
268
James Gerrand. GtßbT nigbkERbeRkApøÚvkareday Em:n BiciRt. ¬bNÑsar
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦.
269 bTsmÖasCamYy ywm pan;Na.
270 bTsmÖasCamYy ywm pan;Na.
271 bTsmÖasCamYy ywm pan;Na.
272 v:an;fan; eBAdar:a smÖasCamYy TYn Qin ehA CYn r:ug/ ePTRbús/ GtIt
kgT½BExμrRkhmenAextþkMBg;qñaMg/ smÖasenAPUmikNþaleRkam XMuGnøg;Evg
RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI22 Exemsa qñaM2012.
273 bTsmÖasCamYy Ém eGOn.
274 bTsmÖasCamYy ywm pan;Na.
275 bTsmÖasCamYy ywm pan;Na.
276 DI xaMbUlI smÖasCamYy Nub suCati/ ePTRbús/ GtItRbFankgvresnatUc/
smÖasenA PUmiGPivDÆn_ XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI20 Exemsa
qñaM2012.
277 ta m:uk nig jwk b‘unéq )ancrcaKñaedIm,IbegáItCasm½<n§PaBmuneBlPaB
claclenHbnþic. ExμrRkhmenAtMbn; Gnøg;Evgyl;RBmKaMRTrNsirS
rYbrYmCati EdlpþÜcepþImeLIgedayh‘Vúnsiunbiuc. emdwknaMTaMgBIr )anQandl;
karRBm eRBógKñaenAéf¶TI4 Exkkáda BIeRBaH b:ul Bt RtÚv)ancab;xøÜn ehIy
tam:uk GacRbmUlpþú MGMNacTaMgGs;enAGnøg;Evg)an. sm½<n§PaBenHnwg
pþl;kmøaMgbEnßmdl;KNbkSh‘V únsiunbiuc edIm,ITb;Tl;CamYynwgKNbkS
RbCaCnkm<úCaEdlTTYl)ankmøaMgExμrRkhmCaeRcIn BItMbn;éb:lin nigm:aéL
kalBIqñaMmun. sm<½n§PaBenH)anbgá[manCemøaHRbdab;GavuF enAkñúgCYr
rdæaPi)alcRmúHrvagKNbkSh‘Vúnsiunbiuc nigKNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa enAéf¶
TI5-6 Exkkáda qñaM1997. GñksegátkarN_mYycMnYn)anehACemøaH
enaHfa rdæRbhar.
278 smaCCatirbs;rNsirSr Ybr YmCatiRtÚv)anR)arB§eFV IeLIgenAsal
269
snñisITctumux kñúgraCFanIPñMeBj enAéf¶TI27 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1997.
smaCenHKWCakarRBmeRBógKñarvagKNbkShV‘únsiunbiuc KNbkSCatiExμr
rbs;elak sm rgSúI nigKNbkSRbCaFibetyüesrIniym RBHBuT§sasna
énRkúmrbs;semþc sWn san. sux PaB embBa¢akarkgT½BExμrRkhm
enAm:aéL nig RBM sU‘ embBa¢akarkgT½BExμrRkhm enAfμBYk k¾manvtþmanenAkñúg
smaCenaHEdr. smaCenH )anseRmce)aHeqñateRCIserIsnaykrdæm®nþI
TImYy semþcRkúmRBHneratþm rNb¤Ti§ CaRbFanrNsirS. KNbkSsamKÁI
CatiRbCaFibetyürbs; eGog sarI sßitenAes¶óms¶at;cMeBaHkarGMBavnav
rbs;rNsirS rYbrYmCati.
279 bTsmÖasCamYy Nub suCati. Nub suCati niyayfa ExμrRkhm enAtMbn;
Gnøg;Evg)ancab;xøÜnelak RKIsÞÚhV½r hUvs_ EdlCaCnCatiGg;eKøs nigGñk
bkERbmñak;eQμaH hYn hYt EdlCabuKÁlikrbs;Rkúmpþl;RbwkSaGMBImIn (MAG)
kalBIéf¶TI26 ExmIna qñaM1996. GñkTaMgBIrRtÚv)ansmøab;enATIbBa©b;.
emdwknaMExμrRkhmenAGnøg;Evg )anhamRbCaCnenAkñúgtMbn;min[niyay
GMBIkarcab;xøÜnCnbreTsrUbenHeT.
280 RbPBB½t’mandUcxagelI.
281 RbPBB½t’mandUcxagelI.
282 GñksegátkarN_ nigGñkRsavRCavmYycMnYn)anehARBwtþikarN_éf¶TI5-6
Exkkáda qñaM1997 faCardæRbhar. semþc h‘un Esn )anbdiesFdac;xat
cMeBaHkarelIkeLIgenH. jwk b‘unéq EdlkalBImun)anefáaleTascMeBaHrdæ
RbharenH eRkaymk)anehARBwtþikarN_enHfaCakarb:HTgÁiceyaFaépÞ
kñúgenAkñúgCYrraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa. RbeTsmYycMnYnEdlrYmTaMgshrdæ
Gaemrikpg )aneRCIserIsmineRbIBakü{rdæRbhar}. RBwtþikarN_éf¶TI5-6
Exkkáda )anbgá[mankarb:HTgÁicKñarvagkmøaMgExμrRkhmenAsMLÚt nigkmøaMg
rbs;raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCaenAExsIha mYyExbnÞab;BIRBwtþikarN_enH. Rkúm
emdwknaM bHe)arrYmman nI kn ¬Edl)anpþac;xøÜnmunenHbnþic¦/ eGom pan/
270
mas mut nig sU hug Edlmin)ancUlrYmenAkñúgkarRbyuT§enaHeT. nI kn/
eGog pan nig mas mut RtÚv)ancab;xøÜnedaykmøaMgrbs; GuI Qan enA éb:lin
nigRtÚv)anXMuxø ÜnenAéb:linGs;CaeRcInEx. emdwknaMkarbHe)arTaMgenH
)anyl;RBmcuHcUlCamYyraCrdæaPi)alenAExFñÚ qñaM1997.
283 ExSvIedGUsþIGMBIbTsmÖasCamYy tam:uk/ nYn Ca nig exov sMpn enA
RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI4 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1998. ExSvIedGUenHRtÚv)anpþl;[eday
James Gerrand. GtßbTnigbkERbeRkApøÚvkareday Em:n BiciRt. ¬bNÑsar
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦.
284 ExSvIedGUsþIGMBIbTsmÖasCamYy tam:uk/ nYn Ca nig exov sMpn enARsuk
Gnøg;Evg éf¶TI4 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1998. ExSvIedGUenHRtÚv)anpþl;[eday
James Gerrand. GtßbTnigbkERbeRkApøÚvkareday Em:n BiciRt. ¬bNÑsar
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦.
285 ExSvIedGUsþIGMBIbTsmÖasCamYy tam:uk/ nYn Ca nigexov sMpn enARsuk
Gnøg;Evg éf¶TI4 ExkumÖ³ qñaM1998. ExSvIedGUenHRtÚv)anpþl;[eday
James Gerrand. GtßbTnigbkERbeRkApøÚvkareday Em:n BiciRt. ¬bNÑsar
mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa¦.
286 bTsmÖasCamYy ywm pan;Na.
287 bTsmÖasCamYy ywm pan;Na.
288 bTsmÖasCamYy TYn Qin.
289 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy Kwm Nn/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgT½BExμrRkhm/
smÖasenAPUmiGUrGERg XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI27 ExmIna
qñaM2012.
290 bTsmÖasCamYy ywm pan;Na.
291 srBgS eBA ¬Exmkra-kumÖ³ qñaM1999¦. {km<úCaenAkñúgqñaM1998 ³ cak
ecjBIPaBGs;sgÇwmeTArkkþIsgÇwm?} Asian Survey/ 39³1/ TMB½rTI21.
292 bTsmÖasCamYy TYn Qin.
271
293 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy Ekv P½Rk/ ePTRbús/ GtItGñkbeRmIkarEpñkksikmμ/
smÖasenARsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI18 Ex]sPa qñaM2012.
294 bTsmÖasCamYy sM PIn. enAkñúgesovePArbs; Fawthrop nig Javis/
eKcevHBIbTRbl½yBUCsasn_?yutþiFm’EdlBi)akseRmc)an nigtulakar
kat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm/ TMB½r132/ GñkniBn§TaMgBIr)anelIkeLIgfa
shrdæGaemrik)andak;sm<aFelIRbeTséf [bBaÄb;CMnYy nigkEnøgsñak;
enAdl; tam:uk EdlRtÚv)anGaCJaFréfbgçM[cakecjBIRbeTséf. bnÞab;BI
TTYl)andMNwgsm¶at;enH raCrdæaPi)al km<úCa)anbBa¢ÚnkmøaMgrbs;xøÜneTA
cab; tam:uk. EdlRtÚv)anbBa¢Úntam]T§mÖaKcRkmkXMuXaMgenAraCFanI
PñMeBj ¬TMB½rTI158 CMBUk7 CaPasaExμr¦.
295 va:n;fan; eBAdar:a smÖasCamYy Tuy eFOn/ ePTRbús/ GtItkgkumar/
smÖasenAPUmifñl;bMEbk XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg/ éf¶TI21 Exemsa
qñaM2012.
296 bTsmÖasCamYy Nub suPa.
297 bTsmÖasCamYy FIn b‘ín.
298 sUmemIl David M. Ayres/ karviPaKvinicä ½yeTAelIvibtþimYy ³ karGb;rM
karGPivDÆ nigsßanPaBGb;rMenAkm<úCa/1953-1998TMB½r10 ¬Silkworm
Books : eQogém:/ RbeTséf/ 2000¦. sUmemIlsmÖasCamYy Qit
FI.
299 bTsmÖasCamYy Qit FI. sUmemIlbTsmÖasCamYy ywm pan;Na.
300 bTsmÖasCamYy Qit FI. sUmemIlbTsmÖasCamYy mIu eqg.
301 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy miuc saev:t enAPUmiTwkCMu XMuRtBaMgRbIy_ Rsuk
Gnøg;Evg ¬éf¶TI25 ExkumÖ³ qñaM2012¦. ¬saev:t )anerobrab;R)ab;BI
CIvitrbs;Kat;kñúgnamCaGñkceRmógExμrRkhmenAkñúgTsvtSr_ qñaM1980
EdlceRmógPaKeRcInerobrab;BIkarkarBarRbeTskm<úCa RbqaMgnwgevot
Nam¦.
272
302 sux vNѳ smÖasCamYy erOn Er:m enAPUmifñl;bMEbk XMuGnøg;Evg Rsuk
Gnøg;Evg éf¶TI21 Exemsa qñaM2012.
303 bTsmÖasCamYy ywm pan;Na.
304 bTsmÖasCamYy Ém eGOn.
305 bTsmÖasCamYy kuy FYn.
306 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy mUl enn/ Rbús/ ksikr/ enAPUmiRtBaMgtav
XMuRtBaMgtav RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI28 ExmIna qñaM2012.
307 m:m suvNÑ smÖasCamYy b‘Y can;Na/ RsI/ smaCikRkúmcl½t/ enAPUmi
fñl;EkgXMup¥av RsukRtBaMgR)asaT éf¶TI12 ExkumÖ³ qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa
{bTsmÖasCamYy can;Na}¦.
308 v:an;fan; eBAdar:a smÖasCamYy Lúg lI/ RsI/ Priyarbs;kmμaPi)al
ExμrRkhm/ enAPUmiekaHfμI XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI18 Exemsa
qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy lI}¦.
309 sux vNѳ smÖasCamYy erOn Er:m/ RsI/ GtItkmμaPi)alenAPUmiPaK 106/
enAPUmifñl;bMEbkXMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI21 Exemsa qñaM2012.
310 bTsmÖasCamYy b:uk etOk.
311 bTsmÖasCamYy G‘uk sux.
312 bTsmÖasCamYy kuy FYn.
313 bTsmÖasCamYy b‘Y can;Na.
314 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy CMu CYg enAPUmiekaHfμI XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg
éf¶TI18 Exemsa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy CuM CYg}¦.
315 bTsmÖasCamYy»meKOm.
316 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy mUl enn enAPUmiRtBaMgtav XMuRtBaMgtav
RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI28 ExmIna qñaM2012.
317 bTsmÖasCamYy»m eKOm.
318 pat kusl smÖasCamYy kg sar:ay enAPUmiRBlan XMuGnøg;Evg
273
RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI15 ExkumÖ³ qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖas CamYy
sar:ay}¦.
319 pat kusl smÖasCamYy saMg vI enAPUmikNþalelI XMuGnøg;Evg Rsuk
Gnøg;Evg éf¶TI13 ExkumÖ³ qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖas CamYy vI}¦.
320 Lúg danI smÖasCamYyQUk y:n enAPUmiGPivDÆn_ XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg
éf¶TI20 Exemsa qñaM2012.
321 bTsmÖasCamYy kg sar:ay.
322 bTsmÖasCamYy»m eKOm.
323 pat; kusl smÖasCamYy Gwum Lút enAPUmiRkLaj; XMulMTg Rsuk Gnøg;Evg
enAqñaM2011 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy Lút}¦.
324 v:an;fan; eBAdar:a smÖasCamYy TYn Qin ehA r:ug enAPUmikNþaleRkam
XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg éf¶TI22 Exemsa qñaM2012.
325 Lúg danI smÖasCamYymiucsaev:t enAPUmiTwkCMu XMuRtBaMgRbIy_ RsukGnøg;Evg
éf¶TI25 ExkumÖ³ qñaM2012.
326 bTsmÖasCamYyCuM CYg.
327 bTsmÖasCamYy »m eKOm.
328 sux vNѳ smÖasCamYy erOn Er:m enAPUmifñl;bMEbk XMuGnøg;Evg Rsuk
Gnøg;Evg éf¶TI21 Exemsa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖasCamYy
Er:m}¦. bTsmÖasCamYy kuy FYn. bTsmÖasCamYy ywm pan;Na.
329 bTsmÖasCamYy Lúg lI.
330 bTsmÖasCamYy Gwum Lút.
331 bTsmÖasCamYy erOn Er:m.
332 bTsmÖasCamYy Gwum Lút.
333 bTsmÖasCamYy saMg vI.
334 bTsmÖasCamYy ywm pan;Na.
335 bTsmÖasCamYy kg sar:ay.
274
336 bTsmÖasCamYyGwum Lút. {ekμg²bc©úb,nñcg;Qb;eFIVkargarksikmμ. b:uEnþ
KitfaeyIgminGacQb;RbkbrbrksikmμenH)aneT. edaysarEtmUl
ehtuenHehIy enAEtbnþeFVIERscmáar}. sUmemIl bTsmÖasCamYy Ém
eGOn.
337 sux vNѳ smÖasCamYy G‘ul sar:at; enAPUmifñl;bMEbk XMuGnøg;Evg Rsuk
Gnøg;Evg éf¶TI21 Exemsa qñaM2012 ¬ehAkat;fa {bTsmÖas CamYy
sar:at;}¦.
338 bTsmÖasCamYy »m eKOm.
339 bTsmÖasCamYy FIn b‘ín.
340 bTsmÖasCamYy kg sar:ay.
341 bTsmÖasCamYy kuy FYn nigbTsmÖasCamYy G‘ul sar:at;.
342 bTsmÖasCamYy G‘uk sux.
343 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy Ey:m h‘un enAPUmirMelc XMuGnøg;Evg Rsuk Gnøg;Evg
éf¶TI21 Ex]sPa qñaM2012.
344 bTsmÖasCamYy b:uk etOk.
345 RKIsÞÚhV½r eDorIg smÖasCamYy mIn müam enAPUmimYyrbs;éf enA éf¶TI12
ExkumÖ³ qñaM2014.
346 bTsmÖasCamYy »m eKOm.
347 bTsmÖasCamYy bY‘ can;Na.
348 bTsmÖasCamYy Gwum Lút.
349 bTsmÖasCamYy G‘uk sux.
350 Lúg danI smÖasCamYy etIg GgÁ enAPUmikNþaleRkam XMuGnøg;Evg éf¶TI22
Exemsa qñaM2012.
351 bTsmÖasCamYy G‘uk sux.
275
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