Architecture of Moslems. عمارة المسلمون - مقدمة هي تلك العمارة...

Architecture of Moslems

- مقدمة المسلمون عمارةالعربي  • والمغرب والشام والعراق ومصر العرب بالد في نشأت التي العمارة تلك هي

كإسبانيا المسلمون حكمها التي المناطق إلى باإلضافة االسالم فجر منذ وايران وتركياوالهند

والنهضة • اإلسالمي بالدين كبير بشكل وصفاتها خصائصها تأثرت التي العمارة تلك هيتبعته التي العلمية

في • موجود كان الذي والحضاري المعماري ولإلرث للمناخ تبعا ألخرى منطقة من تختلفاالسالم دخول قبل المنطقة

في • المسلمون واستعملها طورها التي والمعمارية البنائية الخصائص ذات العمارة تللك هيوالكتاتيب والمدارس واالربطة والخلوات والزوايا والمساجد الجوامع مباني تشييد

والبيوت والقصور والحمامات والخانات والحصون والقالع والبيمارستانات والدواوينواالسبلة والحدائق والقناطر العيون ومجاري

•     والجزيرة والعراق الشام في المفتوح الصحن ينتشر المسجد عمارة في المثال سبيل على .   المعماري اإلرث بسبب اليمن وفي البارد للجو تركيا في اختفى بينما العربية

السياسية • الظروف بتغير Y وأيضا الزمن عبر والوظيفة الشكل في المسلمون عمارة تطورت  للسكان والثقافية واالقتصادية

• Architecture of Moslems includes a wide range of styles from dawnof Islam to present day, influencing the design and buildings and structures in Islamic culture

• architectural types include the masjid, the palace and the fort

• vocabulary of moslem architecture is derived from these types and used for buildings of lesser importance such as public baths, fountains and domestic architecture.

- مقدمة المسلمون عمارة

المسلمون عمارة• , القباب، المآذن، المنائر وتشمل والمساجد الجوامع مباني عناصر

. , الميضئة ،الرواق المحراب الصحن،وتشمل • العامة والمباني والبيوت القصور بمباني عناصروالدكاك • والغرف والمجالس كااليوانات وظيفية فراغية عناصر

واألسوار والسراديب• ) المشربيات ) والرواشين والطيق كالنوافذ الفتحات لتغطية عناصرالموتور ) • المملوكي، المخموس، كالعقود البواب لفتحات عناصر

واألندلسي(واالقبية • كالقباب السقف عناصروالحفر • والنقش والكابولي كالمقرنص زخرفية عناصروالجالء • والبادكير كالملقف مناخية عناصروالجائز • كالجسر إنشائية عناصر

• recognizable Moselm architectural style emerged after the prophet’s time inspired by Islam and addition of localized adaptations of Persian, Byzantine, and Visigoths styles

• The Dome of the Rock (Qubbat al-Sakhrah) (691) is one of the most important buildings in all of Moslem architecture, marked by a strong Byzantine influence

• mosaic against a gold background, and a central plan with a great epigraphic frieze

• It featured interior vaulted spaces, a circular dome, and the use of stylized repeating decorative arabesque patterns

- مقدمة المسلمون عمارة

• motifs of Islamic architecture have always been ordered repetition, radiating structures, and rhythmic, metric patterns In this respect,fractal geometry has been a key utility especially for mosques and palaces.

• Other significant features employed as motifs include columns, piers and arches, organized and interwoven with alternating sequences of niches and colonnettes

• The role of domes in Islamic architecture has been considerable and its usage spans centuries, first appearing in 691 in Dome of the Rock, and recurring even up until the 17th century with the Taj Mahal.

• As late as the 19th century, Islamic domes had been incorporated into Western architecture

- مقدمة المسلمون عمارة

والخلفاء النبوة عصر عمارة•الراشدون Prophet mosque and his house, and extensions

• Alfustat by Amr bin Alas ( عنه الله rectangle, 29 mby 17 m, palm (رضيtree trunks, stones and mud bricks, covered by a roof of wood and palm leaves. four columns used to point out qibla. no adornments, no minarets

• Minarets added by ( عنه الله سفيان رضي بن معاوية )in 679 and double its size• In 711 a concave prayer niche was added • In 827, it had seven new aisles built, parallel to qibla wall, Each aisle

had an arcade of columns, with the last column in each row attached to the wall by means of a wooden architrave carved with a frieze

• In 9th century, a new area was added by المأمون العباسي الخليفةincreasing dimensions to 120m x 112m

الدولة في العمارةاألموية

• Umayyad Empire (661-750), in the Umayyad era many new elements were included to Moslem architecture: Minarates, Arabisque, Mosaic, Luxury palaces

بن الملك عبد األموي الخليفة ، األقصى المسجد بجوار الصخرة قبةم691مروان

بن الملك عبد األموي الخليفة ، األقصى المسجد بجوار الصخرة قبةم691مروان

• Ummayid Palaces in Jordan and Syria served as living quarters, reception halls, and baths for rulers and were decorated to promote an image of royal luxury

• building remnant of a larger complex that included a castle, a royal retreat. frescoes on ceilings inside, which depict hunting,, an accurate representation of the zodiac

عبدالملك بن الوليد خليفة عهد األموية العمارة الشرقية األردن بصحراء عمرة م 711قصر

األموية الدولة في العمارة

• Religious and civic architecture were developed under the Umayyads, the "Arab plan", with court andcovered prayer hall, truly became a functional type with the construction of the Umayyad Mosque, (completed in 715 by caliph Al-Walid )

) األموي  ) المسجد أمية بني جامع

األموية الدولة في العمارة

• Great Mosque of Kairouan in tunis built in 670 AD considered as the ancestor of all mosques in maghreb and most significant examples of early great mosques

• constituted of a massive square minaret, a large courtyard surrounded by porticos and a huge hypostyle prayer hall covered on its axis by two cupolas

بالقيروان نافع بن عقبة جامع

Hypostyle prayer hall of the Great Mosque of Kairouan, in Tunisia

بالقيروان نافع بن عقبة لجامع أفقي مسقط

باألندلس األمويين عمارة• Ceiling in Alhambra, Interior of

Masjid in Cordoba, Sintra Castle, Portugal, Mosque at Córdoba 785 AD noted for its striking interior arches, the magnificent Alhambra palace of Granada with its open and breezy interior spaces adorned in red, blue, gold

• walls decorated with foliage motifs, and arabesque design work, with walls covered in glazed tile

باسبانيا الحمراء قصر

باسبانيا قرطبة مسجد

After Moslem entered Spain in 711 AD the horseshoe arch form was adopted from visigoth architecture with accentuated curvature

باسبانيا قرطبة مسجد باسبانيا مدخل قرطبة مسجد محراب

باسبانيا الحمراء مسجد لقبة داخلي منظور

• Abbasid dynasty (750- 1258) moved capital to Baghdad, and then to Samarra.

• The Great Mosque of Samarra,Iraq built in 847 AD, combined the hypostyle architecture of rows of columns supporting a flat base above which a huge spiraling minaret was constructed.

Minaret at the Great Mosque of Samarra

الدولة في العمارةالعباسية

• Other major mosques built in the Abbasid Dynasty include the Mosque of Ibn Tulun in Cairo 876 AD

• The mosque is constructed around a courtyard, with one covered hall on each of the four sides, the largest being on the side of the qibla

• The original mosque had its ablution fountain in the area between the inner and outer walls

العمارة الدولة في

العباسية

طولون  بن أحمد مسجد مئذنة

الدولة في العمارةالعباسية

الفاطمية العمارة• Bab al-Futuh gate built by Fatimid vazirBadr al-

Jamali• the Fatimids followed Tulunid techniques and

used similar materials, but also developed those of their own.

• In Cairo al-Azhar mosque founded along with the city (969–973), which, together with its adjacent institution of higher learning al-Azhar University

• Mosque of al-Hakim be Amr Allah (996–1013) • monumental gates for Cairo's city walls

commissioned by the powerful Fatimid emir Badr al-Jamali(1073–1094).

الفاطمية العمارة

األزهر  الجامع

الفاطمية العمارة

الله بأمر الحاكم مسجد

الفاطمية العمارة

الفتوح وباب القاهرة سور

األيوبية العمارة• الجبل -built by Saladin (1171 قلعة

1193) as part of fortiifcations of cairo. looking much like castles built in Syria

• pieces of the giza pyramids, ruined mosques, and other salvaged stone were used in its construction. It includes two walled enclosures with the military tothe northeast and the residential quarters to the southwest.

العمارةالمملوكية

الرفاعي مسجد

برقوق السلطان قبة

• two periods1250 to 1382 and is known as the Bahri Mamluk period because the dominant Mamluks were based on Roda island in the Nile delta.

• second period from 1382 to 1517 is known as the Burji Mamluk period

• Mamluks power through superior military organization 1260 Sultan Baybars halt advance of the Mongols at the battle of 'Ayn Jalut in Palestine. under Sultan Qalaoun and his son Khalil in 1291 captured the cities of Acre, Tyre, Sidon, Beirut and Tripoli ending the Crusader presence in the Levant

• Mamluk architecture reflects the confidence of military success and is most distinctive Islamic building style

• Development Ayyubids style

- حسن السلطان مسجدمصر

- بيبرس الظاهر مسجدمصر

سمات من األبلق الحجر طريقة استخدامالمملوكية العمارة

وإيران • األناضول منطقة حكمواالقرن من والعراق وسوريا

الثالث – القرن عشر الحاديعشر

ايرزيرم، • قونيا، بمدينة مركزسيفاس قيصري،

السلجوقية العمارة

• a four-iwan plan mosque. kiosk plan mosque consisting of a domed space with three open sides and wall containing a mihrab on the qibla side

• simple design and harmonious proportion

السلجوقية العمارة

بتركيا بقونيا المدرسة

• Hagia Sophia influenced moslem architecture after Ottomans captured istanbul from the Byzantines and converted the basilica to a mosque (now a museum), incorporated Byzantine architectural elements

• Hagia Sophia served as a model for many other mosques such as the Suleimania Mosque, and Rüstem Pasha Mosque

• Famous architect Sinan

العثمانية العمارة

المعماري تركيا، إيدرنه، سليم، السلطان مسجدم 1575سنان

interior view of main dome of Selimiye Mosque, Edirne Turkey

الفارسية العمارة

Si-yo-se-pol, Isfahan, Iran

إيران أصفهان الشاه، م 1629مسجد

 Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan

إصفهان ، الله لطف مسجد بمدخل مقرنصم 1618إيران

Shah Mosque interior, Isfahan

Taj Mahal, Agra, India one of the most recognisable buildings in the world

•main characteristic features of Mughal architecture are the bulbous domes, the slender minarets with cupolas at the four corners, large halls, massive vaulted gateways and delicate ornamentation

بالهند المغل عمارة

Badshahi Masjid built in 1674  Lahore , epitomizes beauty and grandeur of Mughal era

Friday Mosque of Herat in Afghanistan

Mosque in Thailand shows influence of Chinese architecture.

عمارة عناصرلمسلمونا Elements of

Moslem Architecture

الحوشالفناء

السالملك

الحرامل

كالملقفالقاعة الدرقاع

ة

الشخشيخة

األعمدةالعقود

المقرنصاتالعرائسالرواشينالمداميك

كابوليالالتختبوش

القباب

المأذن

الصحن

الميضة

اإليوان

المحراب

النافورة

• Finaa: courtyard sometimes surrounded by a Rewaq• Rewaq:domed or roofed arcaded path around a finaa or sahn• Bustan : fruit gardens.• Kantra: row of supportuing columns (arcade/colonnade) • Iwan: carving into mass of a building’s facade associated with main

entrances or prominent building elevations• Roshan/mashrabiyya: wooden bay windows that allows air into the

building and ensure privacy• Malqaf/badkeer/Jela: element that draws air into buiding interiors• Muqarnas: type of corbel that take the form of small pointed niches,

stacked in tiers which project beyond lower tiers, made of brick, stone, or wood, and typically applied to domes, pendentives, cornices, squinches and undersides of arches and vaults

• Sabil: drinking water feature or fountain incorporated in a building facade

• Takhtaboosh: a space annexed to court for male visitors

Glossary فهرس

المسجد عمارة

المسجد عمارة

المسجد عمارة

المسجد عمارة

المسجد عمارة

المسجد - القبابعمارةDomes

- المسجد الصحن عمارةCourtyard

Fountain in the Courtyard of the Mohammed Ali Mosque, Cairo

- المسجد ة ضئالمي عمارة Ablution Kiosk

Egypt, Cairo, Fountain in the Court of the Mosque of Sultan Hassan, 1880

Ablution ة ضئالمي

Minaret المأذن

- المسجد Nicheالمحرابعمارة

Iwan الليوان-اإليوان

Fountain النافورة

Cairo: Citadel :detail of a water fountain in the Mosque of

Mohammed Ali

Fountain in GayAnderson Museum - Cairo

Fountain الفسقية

Arches العقود

Cordoba Mosque

Columns األعمدة

Arches العقود

Parapet crenellation العرائس

squinch المقرنص

Alhambra Palace, Granada,Spain Isfahan Royal Mosque entrance

Squinchesالمقرنصات

األبلغ المداميك حجر

Squinchesالمقرنصات

Cantilever كابوليال) الكردي)

Courtyards & Finaa الفناء

السحيمي Al Suhaymi بيتHouse

السحيمي Al Suhaymi بيتHouse

و الحراملك و السالملكالمدخل

و الدرقاعة و القاعة الشخشيخة

التختبوش المقعد

Interlaced woodenالمشربية screen

Wind Catcherالملقف

Wind Catcher الملقف

Wind Catcher الملقف