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Articles of Confederation and Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitutionthe United States Constitution
Mr. CalellaMr. Calella
American Studies I/USI(H)American Studies I/USI(H)
Foundation of Foundation of Government in AmericaGovernment in America
Opening Discussion QuestionsOpening Discussion Questions
What is a constitution? Purpose?What is a constitution? Purpose? Why are constitutions written?Why are constitutions written? How should institutions of govHow should institutions of gov’’t be t be
organized?organized? Why has the U.S. Constitution Why has the U.S. Constitution
endured?endured?
Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation Republic & ConfederationRepublic & Confederation 11stst constitution constitution A loose association of states (retained A loose association of states (retained
most their sovereignty); Americansmost their sovereignty); Americans’’ fearfear
Ratification held upRatification held up Passed Nov 1777 (during war)Passed Nov 1777 (during war) National legislature called the CongressNational legislature called the Congress No executive or judicial branchesNo executive or judicial branches Congress had limited powersCongress had limited powers
Issues Facing ConfederationIssues Facing Confederation State ConstitutionsState Constitutions
Each stateEach state Politicians had to be big land ownersPoliticians had to be big land owners Disenfranchised Disenfranchised
SlaverySlavery State constitutions and abolitionState constitutions and abolition
Two Successes under the Art. of Two Successes under the Art. of Confed.Confed.
Weaknesses of the Weaknesses of the ConfederationConfederation
Weak central governmentWeak central government No ability to collect taxesNo ability to collect taxes No executive branch to enforce lawsNo executive branch to enforce laws No judicial branch to interpret lawsNo judicial branch to interpret laws 13 separate states that lacked 13 separate states that lacked
national unity (focus on local issues)national unity (focus on local issues) Inflation from overprinting of $Inflation from overprinting of $ Cannot address foreign affairsCannot address foreign affairs
Early ConflictEarly Conflict Border problemsBorder problems
British remain in British remain in frontier military fortsfrontier military forts
Spanish close the Spanish close the Mississippi RiverMississippi River
Economic problemsEconomic problems Country deep in debt Country deep in debt
from Revolutionary from Revolutionary WarWar
Unfavorable balance Unfavorable balance of tradeof trade
Possibility of inflationPossibility of inflation ShayShay’’s Rebellions Rebellion
Constitutional ConventionConstitutional Convention Philadelphia meeting of Philadelphia meeting of
delegates to discuss delegates to discuss remedies for ailing remedies for ailing Confederation (May 1787)Confederation (May 1787)
George Washington made George Washington made president of conventionpresident of convention
Delegates decided to scrap Delegates decided to scrap Articles and set up an Articles and set up an entirely new governmententirely new government
Washington kept the Washington kept the delegates focused on their delegates focused on their tasktask
ConventionConvention’’s Compromisess Compromises The Virginia PlanThe Virginia Plan The New Jersey PlanThe New Jersey Plan Great CompromiseGreat Compromise 3/5s Compromise3/5s Compromise ““All other personsAll other persons”” Democracy v. Republicism Democracy v. Republicism
RatificationRatification Federalists v. Anti-FederalistsFederalists v. Anti-Federalists Attributes of FederalistsAttributes of Federalists Attributes of Anti-FederalistsAttributes of Anti-Federalists Bill of RightsBill of Rights Delaware, Virginia, and New YorkDelaware, Virginia, and New York The Federalist PapersThe Federalist Papers
Constitutional Constitutional PrinciplesPrinciples
Limited GovernmentLimited Government
11stst and oldest written constitution in and oldest written constitution in the worldthe world
Designed to prevent tyranny Designed to prevent tyranny experienced under British rule, which experienced under British rule, which had an unwritten, open-ended had an unwritten, open-ended constitutionconstitution
You limit the the governmentYou limit the the government’’s s powers by stating its powerspowers by stating its powers
Checks and BalancesChecks and Balances
Prevents one branch from becoming Prevents one branch from becoming more powerful than the othersmore powerful than the others
Branches have ways of checking and Branches have ways of checking and balancing the power of the othersbalancing the power of the others
Separation of PowersSeparation of Powers
Government divided Government divided into 3 branches: into 3 branches: legislativelegislative (Art. I), (Art. I), executiveexecutive (Art. II), (Art. II), and and judicialjudicial (Art. III) (Art. III)
Each branch has Each branch has specific powers but specific powers but must work with must work with others for others for government to government to functionfunction
FederalismFederalism
Divides power between national and Divides power between national and state governmentstate government
States needed to sacrifice some of States needed to sacrifice some of their sovereignty for the sake of their sovereignty for the sake of national unitynational unity
Popular SovereigntyPopular Sovereignty
Preamble of the Preamble of the Constitution Constitution expresses idea that expresses idea that source of power source of power rests with the rests with the peoplepeople
ExamplesExamples Vote for Vote for
representativesrepresentatives Indirect vote for Indirect vote for
presidentpresident Amendment processAmendment process
Magna CartaMagna CartaEnglish Bill of RightsEnglish Bill of Rights
Virginia Declaration of RightsVirginia Declaration of RightsEnlightenment PhilosophersEnlightenment Philosophers
Political Documents that Political Documents that Influenced the Drafters Influenced the Drafters
of the Constitutionof the Constitution
Magna Carta (Magna Carta (““Great CharterGreat Charter””))
In 1215, English nobles pressured king into In 1215, English nobles pressured king into agreeing to its provisionsagreeing to its provisions
Required king to agree that he and his Required king to agree that he and his heirs would be bound by the law; king no heirs would be bound by the law; king no longer above the lawlonger above the law
Gave and protected citizens rightsGave and protected citizens rights Influences Upon ConstitutionInfluences Upon Constitution
““Supreme Law of the LandSupreme Law of the Land”” 55thth Amendment Amendment ““Due ProcessDue Process”” Clause Clause Limited GovernmentLimited Government
English Bill of RightsEnglish Bill of Rights
Act of British Parliament in 1689Act of British Parliament in 1689 Lays out the rights of each citizenLays out the rights of each citizen Influences upon ConstitutionInfluences upon Constitution’’s Bill of s Bill of
RightsRights Right to petition the governmentRight to petition the government Right to bear armsRight to bear arms Right against cruel and unusual Right against cruel and unusual
punishmentspunishments
Virginia Declaration of RightsVirginia Declaration of Rights
Passed in 1776 as part of VirginiaPassed in 1776 as part of Virginia’’s s State ConstitutionState Constitution
States that citizens have States that citizens have ““natural natural rightsrights”” of life, liberty, and property of life, liberty, and property
Influences upon ConstitutionInfluences upon Constitution Popular SovereigntyPopular Sovereignty Separation of PowersSeparation of Powers Trial by juryTrial by jury
Enlightenment PhilosophersEnlightenment Philosophers
John Locke, Voltaire, and John Locke, Voltaire, and MontesquieuMontesquieu
ACTIVITY!ACTIVITY!
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