Asterids – Campanulids Spring 2013. Fig. 8.83 Asterids – Campanulids “Basal” Asterids Order...

Asterids – Campanulids

Spring 2013

Fig. 8.83

Asterids – Campanulids “Basal” Asterids

Order Ericales

LamiidsOrder SolanalesOrder GentianalesOrder Lamiales

CampanulidsOrder Apiales

*Apiaceae – carrots, parsleyOrder Dipsacales

Caprifoliaceae – honeysuckleAdoxaceae – viburnum, elderberry

Order Asterales*Asteraceae – sunflowers

*family required for recognition

Asterids -- Campanulids:

Apiales: Apiaceae(The Carrot Family; Umbelliferae)

• Nearly cosmopolitan• Usually herbs; aromatic with ethereal oils, terpenoids, saponins and

other compounds; leaves alternate with sheathing bases; internodes usually hollow

• Diversity: 3,780 species in 434 genera• Flowers: Small, inconspicuous. Sepals 5, distinct, very reduced;

petals 5, distinct but developing from a ring-like primordium, usually inflexed; stamens 5, filaments distinct; carpels 2, connate, inferior ovary; fruit a schizocarp, the 2 dry segments (mericarps) attached to an entire to deeply forked central stalk (carpophore)

• Significant features: Aromatic parts; inflorescences usually involucrate compound umbels (sometimes simple or condensed into a head); styles basally swollen to form a nectar-secreting structure (stylopodium) atop the ovary; seeds with oil glands

• Special uses: Herbs and spices, vegetables (carrot, Daucus; celery – Apium; parsnip - Pastinaca), parsley (Petroselinum)

• Family required

Apiaceae

Anethum

Zizia

Cicuta

Daucus

Apiaceae

• reduced calyx• inflexed petals• inferior ovary• 2 carpels• stylopodium

Apiaceae

schizocarps

Apiaceae: Daucus-bristly annuals or biennials with pinnately dissected leaves-umbels compound-involucre of more or less conspicuous pinnate bracts-flowers all or nearly all perfect, mostly with pedicels-mericarps with 5 slender, bristly 1° ribs and 4 winged 2° ribs

involucre

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Apiaceae

anise

dillcaraway

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Apiaceae

What part of the plant are you eating?

Apiaceae

parsley

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Apiaceae

parsnipcarrot

Asterids -- Campanulids:

Dipsacales: Caprifoliaceae(The Honeysuckle Family)

• Widely distributed, especially in northern temperate regions

• Herbs, shrubs, small trees and lianas; leaves opposite, simple

• Diversity: 810 species in 36 genera (in the broad sense)• Flowers: Sepals 5, connate; petals 5, connate, often with 2

upper and 3 lower lobes or 1 upper and 4 lower lobes; stamens (1-) 4-5, filaments adnate to the corolla; carpels 2-5, connate, style elongate, stigma capitate, inferior ovary; fruit a capsule, berry, drupe, or achene.

• Significant features: Flowers bilateral; large, spiny pollen• Special uses: Ornamentals: honeysuckle (Lonicera),

Weigela, Symphoricarpus (snowberry)• Family not required

Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera

-erect or climbing shrubs-leaves entire-calyx teeth very short-corolla tubular or funnelform, often more or less irregular-fruit a several-seeded berry

Campanulids:

Dipsacales: Adoxaceae(The Elderberry family)

• Widespread in temperate regions of the N. Hemisphere but also in mountainous regions of S. Hemisphere

• Small trees, shrubs or perennial herbs; leaves opposite, simple or trifoliolate or pinnately compound

• Diversity: 245 species in 5 genera• Flowers: Bisexual, radial, small; sepals 2-5, connate,

reduced; petals 4-5, connate, well developed but with a usually short tube; stamens 5, pollen with a reticulate exine; carpels 3-5, style(s) short; fruit a drupe, with 1-5 pits

• Significant features: inflorescences determinate, umbellate, showy

• Special uses: ornamentals (Viburnum, Sambucus), also jellies and wines

• Family not required

Adoxaceae

Adoxa

Sambucus

Viburnum

Adoxaceae: Viburnum

-shrubs or small trees-leaves simple-inflorescences compound cymes-flowers usually white (rarely pink)-corolla spreading, deeply 5-lobed-ovary 3-carpellate, but two abort-fruit a 1-locular, 1-seeded drupe

Adoxaceae: Sambucus(elderberry)

-herbaceous, shrubby or arborescent-leaves pinnately compound-inflorescences compound cymes-corolla broadly spreading-fruit a drupe containing 3 pits

Campanulids:

Asterales: Asteraceae(The Sunflower Family – Most diverse family of angiosperms)

• Cosmopolitan• Herbs or shrubs (trees); resin canals or laticifers often present• Diversity: 23,600 species in ca. 1,600 genera• Flowers: Sepals highly modified to form a scaly or hairy pappus;

petals 5, connate, forming a tubular, bilabiate, radial or bilateral corolla; anthers fused into a tube around the style (syngenesious); pollen plunger mechanism present; carpels 2, connate, inferior ovary; fruit an achene (cypsela), often with adherent pappus (calyx parts)

• Significant features: flowers densely arranged into indeterminate heads (capitula), surrounded by involucral bracts (phyllaries), often with differentiation in inner flowers and outer flowers (disk and ray flowers); various pollination and dispersal syndromes

• Special uses: Food plants: sunflower (Helianthus), chicory (Cichorium), artichoke (Cynara), lettuce (Lactuca); many ornamentals (marigolds, zinnias, chrysanthemum, dahlia, etc.).

• Family only

The ultimate pseudanthium

Asteraceae

• disk + ray florets

phyllaries Berlandiera

Pseudanthium =false flower

Asteraceae

Floral Terminology:

• Head (= capitulum)

• Pseudanthium

• Involucre

• Phyllaries

• Floret

• Ligulate or ray floret

• Disk floret

Asteraceae: ray flower/floret

Asteraceae: disk flower/floret

disk flowers only

ray flowers only

ray and disk flowers

Three flowerarrangements

Asteraceae: Taraxacum

-perennial or biennial herbs-heads many-flowered, large, solitary on a slender hollow scape, of only ray flowers-pappus feathery, becoming raised on a stalk as the achene matures-involucre reflexed at fruit maturity for wind dispersal

Asteraceae: Helianthus-coarse, stout herbs-involucre of overlapping phyllaries-heads solitary or in a corymb, many-flowered, with both ray and disk flowers, the ray flowers with a yellow corolla-chaff persistent-pappus easily deciduous, of 2 thin scales, sometimes 2 or more smaller scales also present

Asteraceae: Solidago-perennial herbs-stem leaves sessile or nearly so-heads small, mostly in racemes or clusters-heads few- to many-flowered, mostly of ray flowers-ray flowers usually 1-20 per head, pistillate-pappus simple, of equal fine bristles-achenes nearly terete

-heads in branched clusters-heads of ray flowers-flowers yellow-ca. 1500 species

Senecio

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Asteraceae

artichoke

What part of the plant are you eating?

Asteraceae

chicory

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endive

Asteraceae

lettuce

What part of the plant are you eating?

safflower oil

Asteraceae

What part of the plant are you eating?

Asteraceae

sunflower

Asteraceae

Economic plants and products:

Medicinal plants• Camomile (Athemis)

Asteraceae

Economic plants and products:

Weedy plants:• Dandelion (Taraxacum)

Asteraceae

Economic plants and products:

Weedy plants:• Ragweed (Ambrosia)

Asteraceae

Economic plants and products:

Ornamentals:• Chrysanthemum

(“mums;” Chrysanthemum)• Dahlia (Dahlia)• Daisy (Chrysanthemum)• Marigold (Tagetes)• Sunflower (Helianthus)• Zinnia (Zinnia)

Ecological Roles