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Atmospheric and cryospheric related services on the Third Pole region: requirements and gaps
Xiao Cun-de(State Key Lab of Cryospheric Sciences, CAS; also at Institute of Climate System,
CAMS; Member of WMO EC-PORS/GCW)
April. 8, 2013 Beijing
Ninth Session of FOCRAII
Outline• WMO initiative on Global Cryosphere Watch
(GCW)
• Services on the “Third Pole” region
• Regional plan and gaps (questionnaire)
The CryosphereThe cryosphere collectively describes elements of the Earth System containing water in its frozen state. It includes solid precipitation, snow cover, sea ice, lake and river ice, glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets, permafrost, and seasonally frozen ground. The cryosphere exists at all latitudes and in about one hundred countries.
Working Groups
Users and Applicationsresearch, operational centres, security, impacts, adaptation
Advisory Group
Outreach, Education, Capacity Building
WMO
Observationsreference stations, contributing
networks, satellites
Cryosphere Productsoperational products, reanalyses,
research datasets
GCW Portalintegrating data and information
GCW Information and Analysisanomaly tracking, hot-spots, variability and change, global and regional products
Data and Information
Management Board
Partners
• met centres• satellite agencies• data centres
Project Office
Organization: GCW Conceptual Framework
Key Tasks
1. Implement recommendations of the IGOS Cryosphere Theme (“CryOS”)
2. Assess user needs and requirements3. Establish measurement standards and best practices4. Establish a network of surface sites, called “CryoNet”5. Select candidate products for GCW6. Promote product intercomparisons, particularly satellite7. Develop a web (meta) data portal and interoperability for
cryosphere users and providers8. Capacity building9. Communication and outreach
Outline• WMO initiative on Global Cryosphere Watch
(WMO)
• Services on the “Third Pole” region
• Regional plan and gaps (questionnaire)
The Third Pole covers five million km2 in area with more than 100,000 km2 of glaciers, more than 1000 lakes and 10 big rivers.
HAC versus water, showing basins like Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra, Yangtze, Yellow and Mekong rivers (ICIMOD, 2005), and Tarim River
Cryosphereic change and melt-water availability
Direct and potential impacted areas by meltwater
Indus
Gange
s
Yalizangbu
Tarim River
Ertysh
Yenisal
YangtzeYellow River
Lu River
Meikong
Ili
Eb
Hig
h As
ia
cryo
sphe
re
Mos
t dire
ct im
pacte
d are
a
Pote
ntial
impa
cted
area
Impacts on regional climate
More extreme events in recent years in
winter/spring: closely related to Tibetan Plateau and Arctic
Monsoon onset and northward movement
is closely related to Asian cryopshere
Stable snow cover
Area: Stable snow cov
420 104km2
SWE: 750 108m3
Number: 46377
Area: 59425 km2
Volume: 5.6 1012 m3
Area: Permafrost
220 104km2
Ice content: 9.5 1012m3
Glacier
permafrostSFG
Frozen ground Snow cover
China is one of most cryosphere-developed countries in the mid-latitude
Different types of glaciers experienced different rates of changes
Strong negative mass balance since 1990s
Continental-type glacier
Marine-type glacier
Sub-continental glaciers
Temperature changes at 6-m depth along Tibet Highway during 1996-2006, and the rate of changes at each site
QTB01 :西大滩; QTB02 :昆仑山垭口南坡; QTB03 :青藏公路 66 道班; QTB04 :清水河 203 孔; QTB06 :可可西里特大桥; QTB07 :五道梁火车站南; QTB09 :可可西里; QTB15 :温泉; QTB16 :唐古拉; QTB18 :两道河; XDT: 西大滩; XSH: 斜水河; CM1: 楚玛尔河; WDL: 五道梁; KKXL: 可可西里
Geographic GAPSA mini- hole: yet on the roof of the Earth, leaking of science
Area above 4000 m a.s.l.
Area above 5000 m a.s.l.
Area above 6000 m a.s.l.
Re-designed High Asian Cryosphere network, 7 “supersites”
Cryosphere
Atmosphere
BiosphereHydrosphere
Lithopshere
Anthrosphere
Weather forecast, Climate prediction
Past
ure
and
ecol
ogy
pres
erva
tion
rela
ted
with
thaw
ing
of F
G water availability
Adaptation
strategyDebris
flow/
GLOFs/g
round
settlement
Services that related to atmosphere/cryosphere in the Third Pole region
pasture and flooding infrastructures
Agriculture
GLOFsGlacial debris flow
Frozen rain
Weather/climate: gaps
• Onset of summer monsoon• Teleconnection: floods of mid-low reached of Yangtze River
Snow cover on Tibet and Eurasia influences
Rely largely on data set and deep understanding of SC on Tibet and Eurasia
Extreme events/disasters: gaps
• spring meltwater floods• frozen rain• blizzard over pasture areas• GLOFs• debris flow•
Frozen rain, 2008
Correlation between Arctic sea ice and Siberia high
Shrinking sea ice leads to more frequent extreme events in winter/spring in China
(from Wu B. et al.)
Outline• WMO initiative on Global Cryosphere Watch
(WMO)
• Services on the “Third Pole” region
• Regional plan and gaps (questionnaire)
4th Session of Expert Council on Polar Observation, Research and Services (EC-PORS), WMO
(Including the Third Pole)
Informal Meeting of Asian GCW/CryoNet, decided a formal meeting that will be held in Beijing, Sep.17-19, 2013
Regional CryoNet Workshop in Asia• The success of GCW and CryoNet depends on engagement of WMO members and
national agencies engaged in observation, monitoring, modelling and assessment of the cryosphere locally, regionally and globally - in China, the co-operation of CMA and CAS is essential
• In Asia – need the 3rd pole countries cooperating to maximize benefits
• CryoNet and GCW could offer a collective approach to improve: – environmental monitoring and modelling supporting policy and decision
making; – data management, including exchange, allowing data and information to be
shared locally (residents and government) and regionally; – implementation of standards for observation and exchange of cryospheric data
and information; – a collective long-term sustainable network to provide high quality data and
information for monitoring changes in the cryosphere and for validation and calibration ofmodels and satellite products
– Training in observation of the cryosphere
Regional CryoNet Workshop in Asia…2• Propose a workshop be held in central Asia, targeting efforts in the “Third Pole” region; it
is suggested the workshop on 17-19 September, Beijing)
• The workshop would aim to enhance regional capabilities for measurements of snow and
ice, and will expand collaboration between developing countries. Outcomes include:
– an inventory of available cryospheric information, products and services that
are currently available
– an assessment of regional needs for cryospheric information,
– the identification of potential collaborative regional contributions to GCW– the identification of observation sites in the region that can become part of the GCW
surface network (“CryoNet”)
Observations 3rd Pole
- AntON- GCW- PSTG- WIGOS/WIS,
GAW
- High mountain obsevational network - 3rd pole-GCW (re-design and improve)- Hydrological measurements improved- Global snow measurements (satellite)- ...
Observations: 3rd Pole
Emailing me: cdxiao@cams.cma.gov.cn
Questionnaire: 1/4
Researcch 3rd Pole
Research- WWRP/PPP- WCRP- IPI
- Regional Climate model- Catchment scale hydrological model needed- Global snow assimilation in NWP- IPI-3rdPole?
Research: 3rd Pole
Emailing me: cdxiao@cams.cma.gov.cn
Questionnaire: 2/4
Services/GIPPS 3rd Pole- Timescales- User/client sectors- Arctic HYCOS- GFCS/RCC/RCOF
Beijing RCCHours to weeks- Snowmelt floodsSeasonal scale- Meltwater availability in seasonal scale- Extreme events related to weather and waterAnnual to decadal scale- An assessment of water resouces- Improved regional climate predictions- ...
Platforms - Globsnow, Beijing-RCC, RCOF- Cold and arid regions Data Base (CAREERI)- ...
Partners/Stakeholders- incl. TC’s & RA’s
- RA-II, Asian CliC, TPE (Third Pole Env.)- ICIMOD- ...
Service mapping: 3rd Pole
Emailing me: cdxiao@cams.cma.gov.cn
Questionnaire: 3/4
Potential participants
Contact informationWorkshop in Sep. 2013, Beijing
Emailing me: cdxiao@cams.cma.gov.cn
Questionnaire: 4/4
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