Authoritarian States

Authoritarian States

1. Conservative Authoritarianism1. Conservative Authoritarianism• Anti-democratic• Believed in avoiding change• Limited in power• Conservative authoritarianism alive in Eastern

Europe, Spain and Portugal– no tradition of self-government– torn by ethnic conflict– the rich and the church needed help from

dictators

Radical Totalitarian DictatorsRadical Totalitarian Dictators• Appear in Soviet Union-Germany-Italy• Soviet Union- Lenin/Stalin• Germany-Hitler• Italy-Mussolini• Leaders wanted:

– conflict power to the state worship of violence

• Leaders did not want:– liberal values economic freedom large middle class

2. The Political Spectrum2. The Political Spectrum

• Soviet Union Nazi Germany• left right• Seized private property allowed private

property• Crushed middle class kept middle class• For working class for capitalist• Communism Fascism

Stalin’s Soviet Union

3. The Early Years3. The Early Years• 1921- Russian economy ruined• Lenin’s New Economic Policy gives peasants

economic freedom• Agriculture and Manufacturing sectors grow

•4-1924- Lenin dies and Stalin takes power from Trotsky– Trotsky wanted world wide revolution– Stalin wanted “socialism in one country”

5. Five Year Plans5. Five Year Plans• Stalin declares economic war on kulaks ( rich

peasants )• Stalin “collectivizes” peasant lands

– State owns all land

6. Stalin establishes master plans for heavy industry to be carried out in 5 year increments– manufacturing improves dramatically– poor harvests result in famines– workers suffer low standards of living

6. Life under Stalin6. Life under Stalin• Education stressed-skilled elite emerge• Women gain equality at a price

– divorce and abortion made easier– women urged to work outside home– all professions open to women– women must work to support families

• Previous art replaced by state forms• History rewritten• Religion persecuted

7. The Great Purges7. The Great Purges• Stalin purges ( to rid ) old party faithful• People charged with crimes against state are

tried in large show trials and “confess”• 8 killed or sent to work camps• Hysteria grips country• New, younger converts educated in technical

schools take power under Stalin

Mussolini and Fascism in Italy

8. Mussolini takes power8. Mussolini takes power• Catholics, conservatives and landowners resist

democracy• Wartime reforms not delivered to workers• Italy upset with war settlement• Russian revolution inspires socialists• Mussolini’s fascists ( The Black Shirts ) uses violence

against socialists• Mussolini forces king to name him head of

government with march on Rome

9. Mussolini in Action9. Mussolini in Action• Fascists fix elections and kill socialist leader-

Matteoti• Mussolini builds a fascist one party Italy but

not a totalitarian state– conservatives still control army, economy and

state– Church supports Mussolini– Women suppressed– Jews left alone

Hitler and Nazism in Germany

10. Roots of Nazism10. Roots of Nazism• Nationalism

– Germans needed “living space”

• Capitalism and liberalism = excessive individualism

• Jews and Marxists lost the war for Germany

• Germans are a superior race-Darwinist• Need for a strong leader

Warm Up 3-19Where do these two posters

come from?What are each one about?

COVER PAGE OF GERMAN EDITIONS OF MEIN KAMPF WRITTEN IN 1924 WHILE HITLER WAS IMPRISONED FOR STAGING A

REVOLT

NAZI PROPAGA

NDA DEPICTIN

G THE IDEAL

GERMAN ARYAN

NAZI PROPAGANDA

DEPICTING THE IDEAL ARYAN MEMBER OF THE MASTER

RACE

EXAMPLES OF NAZI ANTISEMITISM

FINAL SOLUTION TO THE JEWISH PROBLEM

TREATY OF VERSAILLES,

EUROPE

1914 1919

TREATY OF VERSAILLES,TREATY OF VERSAILLES,GERMANYGERMANY

11. Hitler’s route to power11. Hitler’s route to power• Veteran of WWI• Begins German Workers Party• Jailed after failed attempt to overthrow Weimar

Republic• Writes Mein Kampf• 1924-1929 forms National Socialist German

Workers Party ( Nazi Party ) and takes advantage of depression to build party

• 1932- Nazis become largest party in Germany• 1933- Hitler named chancellor of Germany when

socialists and communists split coalition

Hitler entrenchesHitler entrenches• Reichstag ( German legislature ) Building fire

blamed on Communists• Hitler outlaws Communist Party and pushes

through the Enabling Act• His SS troops murder old Nazi thugs and thus

gains control of military• Secret police ( gestapo ) purges opponents• Nuremberg laws deprives Jews of citizenships• Kristallnacht is night of violence against Jews

12.How did Hitler keep power?12.How did Hitler keep power?• Propaganda• Fiery speeches• Involvement of Youth• Control of all sectors of life, culture• Higher standard of living• Greater opportunity• Nationalism

KRISTALLNACHT: HITLER BEGINS HIS EXTERMINATION CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE JEWS

VOLKSWAGEN: A CAR FOR ALMOST EVERY GERMAN FAMILY

Nazi expansion and W.W. II

13. Nazi Aggression13. Nazi Aggression• Hitler tells Europe he wants to overturn

Versailles treaty using “legal means”• 1933-Withdraws from League of Nations• 1935-establishes draft• 1936 -occupies demilitarized zone of the

Rhineland

German Aggression• Aggression

– Reoccupied the Rhineland, 1936– Allied with Italy & Japan

(Comintern Pact)– Declared the Anschluss –

annexed Austria unopposed

14. European Appeasement14. European Appeasement• British sign naval pact with Germans• French do not resist Rhineland occupation by

Germans• British feel guilty over Versailles Treaty• No one wants another world war• Many feel German demands to be “sensible”• Germans seen as a buffer against communism

Warm Up 3-25• How was the US an appeaser?

GERMANY, 1933

FEAR OF COMMUNISM

HORRORS OF WWI

15. Final Moves before WWII15. Final Moves before WWII• 1935-Italy attacks Ethiopia• Italy joins Germany in backing fascists in Spain• 1938-Hitler annexes Austria and demands part of

Czechoslovakia• British cave in to German demands• Hitler occupies all of Czechoslovakia• 1939-Germany and Russia sign non-aggression

pact• Germany invades Poland• Britain and France declare war on Germany-1939

HAILE SELLASSIE: EMPEROR OF

ETHIOPIA

SELLASSIE PLEADS FOR HELP FROM THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS, 1936

“SHOULD IT HAPPEN THAT A STRONG GOVERNMENT

FINDS IT MAY WITH IMPUNITY DESTROY A WEAK

PEOPLE, THEN THE HOUR STRIKES FOR THAT WEAK

PEOPLE TO APPEAL TO THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS TO

GIVE ITS JUDGMENT IN ALL FREEDOM.”

TESTING GROUND,

THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR: 1936 - 1939

REPUBLICAN DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT SUPPORTED BY:

FRANCO FASCIST NATIONALISTS

SUPPORTED BY:

USSR NAZI GERMANY

INTERNATIONALBRIGADES

FASCIST ITALY

Nazi-Soviet N.A. Pact

• 1939• Public implications• Private agreement

– Allignment– Division of Poland and

Eastern Europe

HITLER INVADES POLAND:SEPTEMBER 1, 1939

THE POLISH ARMY

WAS NO MATCH

FOR THE GERMANS

16. The Early War Years16. The Early War Years• Germans use blitzkrieg ( speed and force) to

gain early victories• Poland and France defeated early• Bombing of Britain begins• Germany turns towards Russia in 1941 but

stopped by winter• After Japan attacks Pearl Harbor Hitler

declares war on the U.S.

MAGINOT LINE

Blitzkrieg – Spring 1940• Previously

– Austria– Sudentenland– Czechoslovakia– Poland

• “Lightening War”– Norway– Denmark– Netherlands– Belgium– Luxembourg– France!!!

• All in under 10 weeks

TOOLS OF THE TOOLS OF THE BLITZKRIEGBLITZKRIEG

CUTAWAY VIEW OF THE CUTAWAY VIEW OF THE MAGINOT LINEMAGINOT LINE

Dunkirk• Surrender or Retreat by

Sea

• British RAF tried to keep the skies clear

• Every available ship or boat in Southern England transported trapped soldiers

• From May 26-June 4, 338,000 soldiers were transferred

GREAT BRITAIN GETS A NEW PRIME GREAT BRITAIN GETS A NEW PRIME MINISTER: WINSTON CHURCHILLMINISTER: WINSTON CHURCHILL

TO CONQUER GREAT BRITIAN HITLER WOULD HAVE TO CROSS TO CONQUER GREAT BRITIAN HITLER WOULD HAVE TO CROSS THE ENGLISH CHANNEL. FIRST HE WOULD HAVE TO DESTROY THE ENGLISH CHANNEL. FIRST HE WOULD HAVE TO DESTROY THE RAF (ROYAL AIR FORCE) AND GAIN CONTROL OF THE AIR.THE RAF (ROYAL AIR FORCE) AND GAIN CONTROL OF THE AIR.

PLANE TYPE PLANE TYPE AT START OF AT START OF AIR BATTLEAIR BATTLE

AUGUST 1940AUGUST 1940

GERMANLUFTWAFFE

ROYALAIRFORCE

BOMBERSBOMBERS 960 500

FIGHTERSFIGHTERS 760 700

PLANE LOSSES PLANE LOSSES AT END OF AT END OF BATTLE, BATTLE, MARCH 1941MARCH 1941

2840 PLANES

915 PLANES

STATISTICS OF THE BATTLESTATISTICS OF THE BATTLE OF BRITAINOF BRITAIN

PLANES OF THE BATTLE PLANES OF THE BATTLE OF BRITAINOF BRITAIN

BRITISH SPITFIRE BRITISH SPITFIRE FIGHTERFIGHTER

RUSSIAN MIXED TANK AND SKI INFANTRY TEAM ADVANCE ON GERMAN POSITIONS.

0

1000000

2000000

3000000

4000000

5000000

LOSSES

GERMAN

USSR

SOLDIERS KILLED, WOUNDED, SOLDIERS KILLED, WOUNDED, CAPTURED OR MISSING FROM JUNE CAPTURED OR MISSING FROM JUNE

1941 TO JAN 31, 1942. USSR NUMBERS 1941 TO JAN 31, 1942. USSR NUMBERS INCLUDE 3.35 MILLION SOLDIERS INCLUDE 3.35 MILLION SOLDIERS

CAPTURED CAPTURED

THE END AT STALINGRAD THE END AT STALINGRAD GERMAN PRISONERS, ONLY GERMAN PRISONERS, ONLY

5,000 OF THE 250,000 5,000 OF THE 250,000 CAPTURED RETURNED CAPTURED RETURNED

AFTER THE WARAFTER THE WAR

17. German “Maintenance”17. German “Maintenance”• Nordics treated with preference-Slavs

treated as sub-human• Poland evacuated for Germans• Prisoners of war sent to Germany to

work as slaves• Jews, Gypsies, Jehovah’s Witnesses and

communists exterminated

18. The Grand Alliance 18. The Grand Alliance • Russia, Britain, and U.S. form alliance• USA concentrates on Europe first• Americans/British think military then political• Allies demand unconditional surrender• USA sends aid to Britain and Russia• British and Russians resist German attacks• Resistance groups snipe at Germans

19. The Tide Turns19. The Tide Turns• Russians win at Stalingrad and take offensive

on eastern front

• Allies win pivotal battles in South Pacific• British drive Germans out of Northern Africa• Italians surrender but German continues fight

in Italy• Bombing of Germany keeps them fighting• Germany caught in vise by Allies finally

surrenders on May 7, 1945

Operation Barbarossa: USSR

• June 22, 1941• Why?• Surprise!

– Luftwaffe success

• Scorched-earth policy

• Stalin requests Allied aid, Aug 1941– North Route– South Route

02000400060008000

100001200014000160001800020000

GERMANY MODERNUSSR

TANKS

PLANES

ARTILLERY

ALTHOUGH THE USSR HAD MORE OF EVERYTHING MOST OF THEIR EQUIPMENT WAS OUT OF DATE AND COULD NOT STAND UP TO

MODERN GERMAN WEAPONS; BUT NEW MODELS OF TANKS WERE SUPERIOR TO

GERMAN WEAPONS

USSRUSSR

The Atomic Question…

APRIL 12TH 1945, VICE PRESIDENT HARRY TRUMAN TAKES THE OATH TO BECOME PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED

STATES

TO SAVE LIVES AND END THE WAR

QUICKLY PRESIDENT TRUMAN

GAVE THE ORDER TO USE THE ATOMIC

BOMB ON JAPAN

THE FIRST ATOMIC BOMB WAS

DROPPED ON THE CITY OF

HIROSHIMAAUGUST 6TH, 1945, 70,000 KILLED AND EVEN MORE

WOUNDED

A SECOND ATOMIC BOMB WAS DROPPED

ON NAGASAKI AND THE JAPANESE

SURRENDEREDAUGUST 9TH, 40,000 KILLED

US Drops the A-bomb• August 6, 1945 @ Hiroshima• August 9, 1945 @ Nagasaki• September 2, 1945 Japan officially surrenders

The costs of war• Bloodiest war in

human history• Over 50 million dead• Land across Europe

and Asia was destroyed

• Gave totalitarian leaders a chance to eliminate civilians regarded as a threat

CountryMilitary

casualtiesCivilian

casualties

British Empire and

Commonwealth452.000 60.000

France 250.000 360.000

USA 295.000 ---

Soviet Union 13.600.000 7.700.000

Belgium 10.000 90.000

Holland 10.000 190.000

Norway 10.000 n/a

Poland 120.000 5.300.000

Greece 20.000 80.000

Yugoslavia 300.000 1.300.000

Checoslovaquia 20.000 330.000

China 3.500.000 10.000.000

Country Military casualties Civilian casualties

Germany 3.250.000 3.810.000

Austria 230.000 80.000

Italy 330.000 85.000

Rumania 200.000 465.000

Hungary 120.000 280.000

Bulgaria 10.000 7.000

Finland 90.000 n/a

Japan 1.700.000 360.000