20 th Century World History’ Origins and development of authoritarian and single-party states

20 th Century World History Origins and development of authoritarian and single-party states

One of the few countries in the world that remains communist in its ideology Spanish colony until 1898 Republic tied to the USA after its independence in 1902 Was not a country that seem to be in danger of a revolution. On the outside it did not seem to offer the conditions necessary for a change in power and ideology. Cuba

Conditions against which Castro came to power Methods used in his rise to power Analyzes of domestic policies up to 2000 Areas of study

1926 birth of Fidel 1933 President Gerardo Machado is overthrown by the head of the army, Fulgencio Bastista. 1934-44 Batista controls the country through puppet governments. 1934 The Platt Amendment is abolished. USA retains a naval base in Guantanamo Bay and trade agreements between the nations remain in place 1940 Batista becomes President. A new constitution is adopted. 1944-48 Authentic Party leader Ramon Grau San Martin becomes President. 1948-52 Authentic Party leader Carlos Pro Socarras rules Cuba. 1952 Batista seizes power in a coup against Prio Socarras. 1953 Castro leads the Moncada assault against a military garrison. He is sentenced to 15 years in prison. 1955 Castro is granted amnesty and leaves Cuba. 1956 Castro returns from Mexico, leading the Granma expedition. He launches a military campaign against Batista in the Sierra Maestra mountains. 1958 USA withdraws assistance to President Batista. Batista's final offensives against the rebels ends in failure. 1959 Batista flees the country. Castors troops enter Havana and a provisional government is set up. Fidel Castro becomes Prime Minister in February. Expropriation and nationalization of businesses begins. 1960 Castor nationalizes foreign companies. USA abolishes Cuban sugar quota an begins a economic blockade. Castro establishes diplomatic and commercial relations with the Soviet Union. 1961 The Bay of Pigs invasion is repelled. USA breaks diplomatic ties with Cuba, and Castro announces the socialist character of the revolution. 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. USA imposes a trade embargo on Cuba. 1963 Castro makes his first visit to the soviet Union. 1967 Ernesto Che Guevara is killed in Bolivia 1968 Castro announces the Revolutionary Offensive. 1970 The Ten Million Zaftaprogramme fails to achieve its target. 1976 Under a new constitution, Castro assumes the title of President of the state council, and becomes head of state, head of government, and commander-in- chief of the armed forces. 1980 Massive Cuban emigration of approximately 125, 000 people to the USA from the Mariel port. 1991 Cuba begins Special Period in Times of Peace program following the end of Soviet aid to Cuba. 1995 Castro visits China for the first time. 1998 Castro welcomes Pope John Paul II in the Pontiffs historical visit to Cuba. 2006 Castro announces a temporary transfer of power to his brother, Raul Castro. 2008 Castor resigns as President Timeline 1926-2008

Origins and nature of authoritarian and single party states CUBA

Analyze the contributions of Castro to the success of the Cuban revolution (Jan. 1959). Look at the part played by the historical, political and economic circumstances against which he rose to power.

Spanish-American war 1898 Cuba is free of Spanish control. (help of the USA) Treaty of Paris 1898 between Spain and USA granted the territories of Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines to the USA in exchange for money. Spain also lost sovereignty over Cuba. Placed under military occupation by the USA for 5 years. 1902 Republic of Cuba is declared but not sovereign. Platt Amendment annexed to the Cuban constitution USA kept the right to intervene in Cubas finances and foreign relations. Aimed at preventing the influence of 3 rd party countries in Cuba, & guaranteed US control of Cuban affairs. Used on several occasions by the USA to intervene in Cuban affairs and protect US economic interests in the island. Abolished in 1934 Snap Shot of Cuban independence

Monoculture economy (agricultural practice of producing or growing on single crop over a larger area). American investments played an important role in exploiting Cuban natural resources. Sugar, tobacco, coffee, rice Sugar was the dominate resource. Economic and social aspect

USA bought the majority of the sugar at prices above the international market. In exchange Cuba was given preferential access to USA products. Not an industrialized nation Relied on the export of sugar to buy manufactured goods and oil. Development of infrastructure (services and utility industries) required outside investment provided by the USA Reciprocity treaty of 1902 provided for a 20% tariff preference on Cuban exports (primarily sugar) to US markets same as other independent nations. Cuban duties on imports from the USA were reduced by between 20 & 40 % depending on the product. Economically tied to the USA

Had a better standard of living than other regions in Central America. Living conditions for workers were poor. Wages were low Housing was limited Access to health and education not available to all Running water and electricity limited in rural areas. Illiteracy was the norm (50% or greater in rural areas). Seasonal work for many workers Land ownership and sugar mill controlled by upper class and foreign companies (USA)

Independence to revolution Series of governments ----corruption ---limited economic success and solving social inequalities 1934 general Fulgencio Batista control the nation 1940 elected president of Cuba until 1944 1944- 1952 return to democracy c/w corruption --- inflation and unemployment Political Aspects

Batista returns in march 1952 --- overthrows Carlos Socarras --- suspends the constitution and rules as a dictator. Political corruption at all levels of Gov. Economic problems worsen Social and political unrest develop Shift to repression to maintain control Rule of Fulgencio Batista (1952-59)

Decline in price of sugar --- major cause of economic issues --- remember monoculture economy deterioration of the terms of trade --- relationship between the price of exports and imports --- cost more to import than it did export Un-able to develop industries to substitute its imports Rise in cost of imports --- inflation due to shortages. Oil prices rise --- affecting transportation / mills / unemployment (17%) by late 50s Low wages

Intensified --- economic and social Rural Poorly housed and under-educated did not support the regime Urban Affected by economic problems inflation & unemployment Students demanded freedom and democracy Uppers class also affected --- loosing purchasing power & businesses affected by international economic uncertainly Opposition lacked organization Opposition to Batista

Political parties did not offer a genuine alternative Authentic Party and Orthodox Party two main parties before the revolution. Communist represented by the Popular Socialist Party (PSP) Rise of opposition to Batista

1934 Platform Socialist and nationalist elements Defended the rights of workers ---- represented by trade unions Nationalism was expressed in the motto Cuba for Cubans Party leaders Ramon Grau San Martin & Carlos Prio Socarras Authentic Party (Partido Autentico)

Split of the Authentic Party Founded in1948 Eduardo Chibas Motto Integrity against Money Important role --- denunciation of corruption Goals to end Gov. corruption and nationalize US- owned companies Castro was a member of the party until he formed his own organization, the 26 of July Movement. Orthodox Party (Cuban Peoples Party)

Founded 1925 Was never able to garner support banned from participating in elections PSP (Popular Socialist Party)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52efX1 FQTzY#t=36 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52efX1 FQTzY#t=36 The untold story complete 1:31:41

Law student and member of the Orthodox Party --- 1942 Popular in the party, outstanding orator / memory / athlete 1952 planned to run for a seat in congress due to Batistas coup against Socarras 1953 Castro attempts to depose of Batista http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OkNm7BWcOl0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OkNm7BWcOl0 0 t0 11.5 min.

Moncada assault 1953 Granma expedition 1956 Campaign in the Sierra Maestra (1956-1959) Role played by Castro in revolution 3 stages

140 men mostly from the Orthodox Party Lead by Fidel, Raul, Abel Santamaria Attached the Moncada Barracks --- near Santiago de Cuba --- why? Large supplies of ammunition Region with the greatest social unrest Distance from Havana Popular celebration in the streets hoped for fewer soldiers in the garrison. Moncada assault 1953 Birth the of 26 th of July Movement https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52efX1FQTzY#t=36stop https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52efX1FQTzY#t=36stop 11.5 min.

Unsuccessful close to of the rebels were kill / captured & tortured to death including, Abel Santamaria. Castro and Raul escaped --- later caught --- receive 15 years show strength of Gov. and crush opposition to regime. Castro defends himself --- separate room ---- attendance restricted --- speech --- History will absolve me--- lime juice --- letters--- printed and disturbed in 1954 Batista show trials

Marked the foundation of Castro's political movement, 26 th of July Rebels became known as the Generation of the Centenary Batistas excesses in repression, torture and persecution affected his image. Castro & his revolutionaries become martyrs of the dictatorship Consequences of the Moncada assault

1954 Batista holds elections to legitimize his rule. Castro in jail, PSP banned, no effective opposition was available. Used the election to claim he had been rightfully chosen by the people. To appear democratic he allowed some concession -- - political parties could re-group Political prisoners released ---- Fidel and Raul---exiled to Mexico

Unrest continues in rural areas, towns, and cities --- grow in size and violence --- armed. Variety of organization evolve in the rural areas promoting rural insurgence, sabotaging proper across the island and organizing guerrilla groups. Communications, food delivery (towns & cities), sabotage against sugar mills, oil refineries and railroads, caused drop in production. Demands for elections --- ignored

Return of Castro December 2 nd 1956 the launch to power https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52efX1FQTzY#t=36 Start at 11 min. Untold Story Stop at 17:30

Fidel and Raul return from exile Granma --- old yacht --- 80 rebels and weapons. Poor weather, communications, engines, overloaded ---- 2 days late. Landing party & Urban arm of the July 26 th movement --- no contact. Spotted by Gov. forces --- Castro lands in a swamp -- - leave supplies and ammunition behind ---- ambushed --- 12 of 80 survive and hide in the Sierra Maestra to regroup and emerge as the Rebel Army. The Granma expedition (1956)

Increase in support by the people came in the form of food, shelter, supplies, to joining the rebels. Reasons for support Different type of army from Batistas Final Stage in Rise In the Sierra Maestra mountains (1956- 1955)

Elements of program that attracted support Batista Suppression Fear Terror Corruption Stealing Kept In the dark 26 th of July Movement Did not steal from peasants, always paid for food given to them. Respected women Put their medical doctors in the villages Taught them to read and write. Helped with household chores. Explained what they were fighting for. Explained what type of society they hoped to have.

Promises an end to the ownership of large estates by a small sector of society, or companies Committed themselves to a fairer distribution of the land. Made use of the radio to spread news and events. Created the Rebel Radio broadcast from the territory of Free Cuba in the Sierra Most important element of the new program Agrarian Reform

People turned into the radio station because the offered more reliable news. Castro addressed the people Style that was easy to understand Found out what government censorship was hiding from them about the fight against the Batista Progress in the mountains encouraged urban support for the revolution Workers joined the revolution underground. Printed leaflets Planted homemade bombs to blow up government installations, railways, public buildings. Sabotaged telephone lines, electricity stations and gas services. Assassinated those they believed to be enemies of the revolution.

To reduce support for rebels and dissidents imprisoned Torture Innocent men and women were imprisoned Ordered peasants to evacuate whole areas of the countryside, those who stayed considered traitors. Rebels hide in jungle planation's set on fire causing peasants to loose their crops. Backfired wanted to frighten the citizens --- drawn to rebels and hated the government To what extent did Batista contribute to the success of the revolution?

Launched a major attack in July 1958 Campaigned failed Fear of the guerrilla forces and of being isolated in the mountains from relief. Deserted in massive numbers or surrendered without a fight. Weapons and equipment --- used by the rebels

1958 election --- similar to 1954 was fixed to win Outcome disappointed those that still supported the possibility of a democratic solution to the conflict. Violent actions and fixed elections spurred opposition from the USA and resulted in an arms embargo by the US Gov. in March 1958 US position complicated Batistas access to weapons and ammunitions Demoralizing effect on the army

USA proposed Batista capitulate to a caretaker government, which the US Gov. could give military and diplomatic support to prevent Fidel from gaining power. US feared Castro might turn to communism

Camilo, Raul, Che lead campaigns in other provinces. By January 1 1959 Batista unable to gain support and fighting the rebels fled Cuba Army refused to fight --- ceasefire established --- Castro entered Havana and established a provisional government. Start at 17:30 optional Triumph of the revolution

Charisma Charismatic leadership --- authority comes from the fact that the leader is set apart from the rest of the people because of his exceptional personal qualities or his exemplary actions which inspire loyalty among his followers. Represented the needs and aspirations in a vision of the future for the people Charismatic figures represent the potential for rejecting an old order, creating a attractive future possibilities for the people.

This section explains how and why Fidel Castro moved from being a member of the provisional government to becoming the undisputed leader of Cuba Section III The rule of Fidel Castro

Removed people associated with Batista Consolidated the power of the provisional Gov. Launched reforms to show that the revolution lived up to tis promises and gain support Exploited the idea that Cuba was threatened by the USA and appealed to the peoples sense of nationalism Consolidation of power (1956 1962)

Batista supporters were Properties confiscated when they went to trial Imprisoned Executed or given long prison sentences Short trials --- non conformist to standards of justice Criticized by Cubans and the US government for not offering human rights guarantees to the prisoners. Rational those that believed that justice had not been done were told that the revolution was endangered by these people and that immediate justice was more necessary than a fair trial. Removed people associated with Batista

Provisional government makeup members of all political parties left and right. January 1959 Real authority was in the hands of Fidel Daily speeches appealed to the masses Walked the streets and travelled across the country. Face to face --- spend an afternoon fixing tractors or working in the cane fields, doing common house chores, fixing household appliances. Social justice Economic security Political freedom Consolidated revolution 1959-1962

6 weeks after the provisional government took control Castro stepped in as the Prime Minister. His appointment allowed the revolution to be quicker. July 1959 Cuban President Urrutia resigned --- opposed to the increasing influence of communist in the government and Castros refusal to hold elections. Replaced by Osvaldo Dorticos --- until the 1976 constitution was passed.

By 1961 Castro's reforms transformed the country into a communist state. Changes in the organization of the political party. Organizations that had helped in the revolution were unified under the Integrated Revolutionary Organizations (ORI). --- Formed by the 26 th of July Movement --- Castro was the leader. The party underwent different names --- United Part of the Socialist Revolution of Cuba --- 1965 renamed Cuban Communist Party (PCCP) Remains the only officially authorize party in Cuba and ahs ruled since 1965 --- other political parties cannot participate in elections.

PCC news paper called Granma Youth branch (Young Communists League) Childrens organizations (Jose Marti Pioneers)

Huber Matos one of the leaders in the 26 th of July Movement Teacher Orthodox Party member Leading role in the Sierra Maestra taking of Santiago de Cuba Appointed commander of the army Express opposition to the radicalization of the revolution ---refusal of Fidel to set a date for an election Arrested by Castro --- 20 years in prison. Released in 1979 fled to Miami --- became voice of the Cuban dissidence and published his memoirs, How the Night Came Others who were close to Fidel disappeared but there this no confirmation on how they died --- still considered to be accidents. Opposition to Castros shift left

Promises: Work for the unemployed Land for rural workers Improved working conditions for the urban workers Middle class able to become professionals Women able to work in equal conditions to men Reforms of 1959-1962

Redistribution of land more equitable Agriculture more efficient Less dependent of sugar Restricted the land that could be owned; established limits --- more than the limit --- expropriated and you received bonds as compensation. Expropriated land was set up in cooperatives Nationalized the land in foreign hands and ended both Cuban and foreign ownership of large estates, while still allowing private medium- small sized farms ---(reforms in 1963 & 68 would target these). Agrarian Reform Act https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52efX1FQTzY#t=36 Start at 25 min. stop at 31;00

Increase in wages and reduction of rents Created support among lower class Antagonized the middle and upper class. Foreign-owned companies began to face waves of strikes as workers took advantage of more favourable political situations to demand increased wages and improved working conditions. Companies that refused threatened with expropriation, accused of representing countries that supported the Batista government.

Import taxes were imposed on luxury goods Making these goods more expensive aimed at reducing their imports so that less money was spent on them by Cubans. Money raised with taxes the government hoped to invest in industrialization and diversification of the economy. This affected the USA which saw its sales to Cuba decrease by as much as 35%.

Opposed by property owners, criticisms by the press, USA government and US corporations had little effect. Refused to accept compensation in Cuban bonds. Consider cutting sugar quotas in retaliation

Allowed Castro to consolidate his position in government Less focus on Castro and more interest in getting rid of the remnant's of the Batista regime and old political, social, and economic system Effects of reforms

Those that opposed the controls did not cause issues because they were controlled by local governments and they were allowed to leave the country if they wished. 1959-1962 250, 000 people left Cuba A lot of these were middle class and educated. Essentially he was not giving them a platform to stand on

USA pressured other nations to stop any economic aid to Cuba Cuba retaliated by expropriating all US property in Cuba USA (Eisenhower) cancelled the sugar quota Cuba confiscated all US banks in Cuba The USA established an economic embargo that is still in effect today USA opposition was less successful

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52efX1 FQTzY#t=36 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52efX1 FQTzY#t=36 Start at 31 min. stop at 38:20

Cuba getting financial aid from Soviets Kennedy approved a plan to stop the growth of Marxism is Latin America. Cuban exiles --- Guatemala & Nicaragua Hope to spark a spontaneous uprising Unsuccessful Castor emerges more powerful than before Give what Castor needed to demand increasing commitment to the revolution: a visible enemy. Validated Fidels leadership and the need to remain united Tempted the USSR to pursue stronger economic ties and a military presence within Cuba. Bay of Pigs Invasion 1961 72 hrs.

Oct. 1962 USA confronted the Soviets over placement creation of missile silos nuclear weapons in Cuba. Brinkmanship 13 days of negotiation Soviets removed the missiles and dismantled the silos in Cuba USA removed nuclear missiles in Turkey and promise that it would not invade Cuba. Fidel concerned that the Soviets will not defend the island. Cuban Missile Crisis 1962

By 1962 Fidel had rid himself of all liberals in the government and revolts in the provinces. No one in the revolution was in a position to dispute his authority. He became more radical as he accepted Soviet assistance and make it public that he was a Marxist- Leninist.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52efX1 FQTzY#t=36 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52efX1 FQTzY#t=36 57:00 to 1:00:00

Created an economical independent and industrialised nation US embargo, economic dependence on the Soviets and the subsequent collapse of the USSR in 1991 helped shape Fidels economic policies Responses by the government to internal and international challenges were sometime contradictory.

Important role in the design of Cuban economy. President of the National Bank of Cuba Favored a centrally planned economy Emphasis on moral incentives and self-sacrifice Work for the ideals and values of the revolution not personal gain Social emulation (competition among workers as a method to achieve the set target) Party membership and state recognition amongst others. Equal pay No overtime Create a new conscious and a new man Influence of Che Guevara (Moral incentives and voluntarism)

Changed the national currency Rent is cities was abolished 1963 2 nd Agrarian Law --- reduced the amount of land that could be owned by a single person or entity to prevent the existence of rich peasants. After 1963 the state owned 70% of the land, the rest was small farms which were expropriated in 1968

Lack of specialized personnel and technicians Assessment of the problems and the implementation of solutions was limits Moral incentives were not efficient in raising productivity levels Poor productivity, workmanship and absenteeism. Farmers in collective farms were forced to sell their product to the state a low price --- no motivation to produce more than for subsistence living. Sugar production dropped and diversification did not compensate for this. Forced to buy machinery from the USSR and Eastern Europe and increase its debt. Trapped again in trade relations of subsidized sugar in exchange for goods. 1964 intensive sugar production resumes Obstacles to economic productivity

Revolutionary Offensive a move further towards a communist state and removal of the last vestiges of capitalism. Che Guevaras new man idea of work was a social duty was taken literally. All remaining privately owned enterprises (family stores, restaurants grocery stores, street vendor) were expropriated. Farmers markets were eliminated All forms of self-employment were banned --- seen as pursuing individual aims. The Revolutionary Offensive 1968

Did not achieve increased productivity Create administrative chaos The return to policy of moral incentives meant high levels of absenteeism and vagrancy. Out-come

Response to the revolutionary offensive Castro wants to break the old record of sugar production --- ten million ton output of 1970. Obtain enough money to pay off Cuban debts to the USSR Sell surplus sugar, make investments towards economic diversification --- liberating campaign The year of the Ten Million 1970

1970 became the year the Year of the Ten Million Zafra (sugar season) became another battle for Cuban pride --- demonstrate it could reach its goals. A crusade that mobilized all citizens. Volunteerism --- little success --- implemented militarization of labor --- organized & disciplined

Students, conscripts, law breakers, emigrants all worked in the fields Military occupied the sugar regions --- put in charge of sugar mills Castro used propaganda posters --- showing him working in the fields. Bars, theatres were closed Christmas and New Years celebrations banned

8.5 million tons were harvested July 26 1970 Castro admitted they didnt meet the goal The economy was in trouble --- machines had been over-used; other crops had suffered, other economic areas -- forestry, fishing production dropped. Labor exhausted and sceptical --- soldiers feel their status diminished --- from defender to labour Results

Economic a political blow Offered to resign Abandonment of Guevaras ideas of solidarity, voluntarism and self-sacrifice Acceptance of greater economic dependency on the USSR Farmers market reinstated State-owned companies given more autonomy to make daily decisions Material incentives --- pay for overtime By end on the 1970s brought new levels of recession USSR cuts price paid for sugar Unemployment, debt and polices that limited consumption led to increased discontent --- 125,000 emigrate to the USA.

Castro blames the liberal changes in the 70s were responsible for the economic problems Advocates a return to the values of solidarity and voluntarism under the Rectification Campaign Aim to rectify errors and negative tendencies linked to the relation of communist principles. Farmers markets banned Bonuses and extra pay abolished Self-employment discouraged Farm cooperatives emphasised Percentage of land managed by independent farmers dropped to 2 % Labour discipline was enforced Workers lost many union rights The Rectification Campaign 1986

Poor Productivity fell Absenteeism increased Reduced supplies of milks, oil, textiles, and sugar lead to increases in prices. Parallel of black markets reappeared for product that were rationed or difficult to obtain. Transportation & electricity rates increased Living standards dropped Worst was yet to come!!!!! results

Collapse of the USSR --- 1991 30 years USSR was central to Cuban economy & social development. Soviet technicians left Cuba abandoning 100s of projects. Subsidized goods, oil, access to international loans (underwritten by the USSR) lost. The Special Period 1991 1:02:00 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OkNm7BWcOl0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OkNm7BWcOl0

Castro announces Cuba has entered a special period in peacetime Increased levels of rationing ---- basic goods disappeared from the market. Soviet oil gone save energy Limited working hours Imposed blackouts Restricted public transportation Actions by Castro

A larger % of stated-owned farms run by worker-managed cooperatives --- to increase productivity Efforts to attract capital and diversify economy Cuba open to international business Invited to join in development of tourism, mining, and energy --- tourism saw positive growth. 1993 Cubans could buy and sell US dollars in an attempt to attract dollars from relatives overseas --- had a positive impact on the demand for goods and contributed to the reactivation of the economy. Farmers and handcraft markets were allowed Self-employment & private businesses allowed State aimed at saving money by reducing some subsidies and increasing taxes. 1994 Cuba was on the rebound some signs of economic recovery The reliance on one market --- sugar was being replaced by tourism New policies implemented

Status was different that other Latin American countries 1940 constitution granted equality before the law: women could not be discriminated against at work, receive equal pay for equal work, allowed vote (1934), study, work and sue for divorce Pre-revolutionary Cuba remained in many ways a traditional society occupations were limited --- teaching, nursing --- still discrimination upper class preferred women to raise the family Status of women

Women rights were given out of necessity not morals --- modernization & economic growth required them to active in the workforce. To problems a.discrimination at work / access to jobs b.compatible role in the workforce and the household.

a.Legislation passed reinforcing the equal rights of men and women Offered jobs training at tech. and professional levels Entered jobs that were excusive to males construction, biotechnology, driving & fixing tractors, increase number of daycare centres for working mothers Women expected to leave family and homes for long periods and work in Agricultural Legions Pressure to be efficient, participate in political life, volunteer to serve the revolution, fulfill responsibilities as wives, mothers, housewives. Very patriarchal society --- men refused to share responsibilities' or live with potentially economically independent women. 1970 Family Code stipulated equality of sexes at home, education, & work men not supportive were seen as exploiting women Women traveled into the rural areas giving vaccinations, do social work, design new textbooks to use in the revolution, seamstresses, cooks Many women gave up work --- families left Cuba

Policies seemed to be geared towards increasing the workforce than gender equality. 600,000 plus Cubans --- middle-class professionals left in the 1960s Women filled many of these jobs Played an impt role in literacy and health campaigns. Could not achieve the numbers levels of participation they hoped for. Few women entered the higher levels of Gov. leading one to question the motives of Castro --- equality or economic growth. assessment

Pre-revolutionary years varied significantly across the country More restricted in rural areas Limited by economic status One of the highest illiteracy rates in Latin America 24 % among children under 10 Access to university limited to those that could afford it or lived close by. Education

Slogan If you do not know, then learn; if you know, then teach 1961 declared The Year of Education Promised to end illiteracy within the year Two problems --- lack of schools --- lack of teachers Military barracks used for schools Rural schools increase 1959 1962 more schools than previous 58 yrs. Under Castro

To increase teachers Programs developed 271,000 new teachers Sent across the country taught where ever they could --- homes, vacant buildings, lived in rural families homes. Wore olive-green uniforms to be recognized Literate people expected to be literacy volunteers in free time. Education

The Year of Education another patriotic campaign By 1962 illiteracy had dropped to 4% Very successful helped to promoting the revolution

1.Fight illiteracy among the poor 2.Make the middle-class literate youth familiarize themselves with the living conditions and hardships of the poor, and act in response to the values of the revolution --- service and self-sacrifice. Opened their eyes to the other Cuba Thousands of volunteers emerged transformed Illiterate peasants learnt what the revolution could do for them & were given another reason to support it Two aims of the literacy campaign

Shift towards communism in 1961 affected education in other ways All private schools were nationalized Boarding schools opened Large scholarship programmes for gifted and committed students --- participants were selected by the government --- decided the subject areas and specialty areas Free time had to be used in intellectually valuable choices --- volunteer work Teacher who didnt support the revolution lost their jobs --- students acted as spies Teachers who supported the revolution were rewarded with training in the USSR and Easter Europe --- communist values were reinforced. New textbooks were adopted and teaching focused on the history of the revolution and the lives of heroes Libraries purged of inappropriate material The tasks of the schools is the ideological formation of the revolutionaries, and then, by means of the revolutionaries, the ideological formation of the rest of the people

Pre-revolutionary culture had been influenced by foreign nations --- nationalist values had not been established. Castro founded organizations that were designed to develop nationalist & revolutionary values. --- they ensured the arts reflected and encouraged these values. End to foreign influence --- translate all labels and wrappers in English terms into Spanish Revolutionary words --- struggle, battle, victory and enemy were used to explain different events from the campaign against illiteracy to the harvest season. Visual images of the ideal citizen where based on revolutionary heroes of the Spanish War and the Batista. National Ballet, Cuban Institute of Arts and Cinema were created in 1959 --- 2 years later the Union of Artists and Writers of Cuba was formed --- declaration stated the writer must contribute to the revolution through his work and this involves conceiving of literature as a mans of combat, a weapon against weaknesses an the problems that, directly or indirectly, could hinder this advance. Arts

1961 a short film documenting Afro-Cubans dancing and enjoying themselves was considered decadent --- counterrevolutionary --- censored PM censorship angered many of the artists & writers --- feared Castro would be dictating the content of their work --- he created the Congress of Cuban Writers and Artists. Castro gave a speech --- Words to the intellectuals that became an essential document in the study of the history of arts in the revolution Objective was to enforce revolutionary discipline and mobilize support. Defined the responsibilities of artist in times of revolution when Cuba was being threatened. Intellectuals' were no longer free to create --- they were the service of the revolution. Arts became the propaganda medium to promote the goals of the state. Revolutionary events and issues that evolved required an increase in the control of the intellectuals and artists. The PM affair and Words to intellectuals

Conflict between the writers and Gov. broke out over the work of a poet --- Heberto Padilla --- 1968 received an award for his poems by the writers union --- some critical of the revolution --- arrested and Jailed in 1971 Governments artists and intellectuals intervene making him a political icon which forced Castro to release him only after he was forced to give a prepared confession at a show trial an enemy of the revolution, accused his wife and friends of being counter-revolutionaries became know as the grey years --- afraid to write anything that could be considered as counter-revolutionary Only way to get their work read was to smuggle it out of the country. Event divided the artists and intellectuals along party lines. Some who had been supporters of the revolution became oppositional The Padilla affair and the grey years 1971

Catholicism 1959 revolution spit the church Supporters Questioned the shift left Concern about influence by Americans and Spanish After the Bay of Pigs all religious education took place in churches --- limited the spreading of ideas 1976 constitution stated It is illegal and punishable by law to oppose ones faith or religious belief to the Revolution, education or the fulfilment of the duty to work, defend the homeland with arms, show reverence for its symbols and other duties established by the constitution 1998 Pope John Paul II visits & denounces communism --- lack of politcal freedom and criticized the USA for its economic embargo Communist party allows religious people to join --- church and state not allowed religious instruction is schools still does not exist. Religious groups and Minorities

1:13 - End

1959 Batists dictatorship overthrown Promise of free elections --- 1976 first elections Predominately communist Focuses on the ideals of Marx, Engels, & Lenin Established the importance of the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC) in the organization of the nation. 1976 Constitution

First elections only allowed the PCC to campaign and all nominees where chosen by the party. Under the new constitution Fidel became the head of state, head of the Government, President of the Executive Committee, First Secretary of the Central Committee and Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. Some discussion was allowed at the local levels related to crime and family issues but freedom of association still does not exist today. Responsible for creating a huge bureaucracy that still exists. 1976 Constitution

1960 creation of the CDR --- committees for the Defence of the Revoltuion Demonstrates how Castro treaded opposition Responsible social projects and report on counter-revolutionary activities Active in workplace, residential buildings An important tool in government surveillance. 1/3 of the population worked for the CDR Peer surveillance was very high Use of force was evident 1965 -69 25,000 young men sent to work camps Military service was compulsory opposes sent to camps Children of political prisoners, youth imitating Americans, homosexuals and political dissenters sent to camps Closed in 1968 after domestic and international pressure A distinguishing feature of Castro's treatment of opposition is that at various points in the revolution he allowed and encourage the exodus of citizens from Cuba --- helped to consolidate power between 1959 - 1962 Treatment of opposition

Economic and political challenges to Castro leadership Buss of Cubans crash the gates of the embassy asking for asylum --- Cuban guard shot --- Gov. demands they be returned --- Peruvian embassy refuse to hand them over --- Gov. withdraws from embassy --- 10,000 Cubans force themselves inside the embassy demanding asylum. Castro uses the event as a political tool to gain support --- Let them all go! media and supporters called scum, rallies demanding they be returned Castro stated anyone who wanted to leave was free to leave the island could. 125,000 left --- Mariel boatlift --- hundreds of boats from Florida Consisted of opponents of the revolution, people wanting to re-unite with family and 1000s of prisoners and mentally ill forced to board arriving boats Demonstrates 2 things Level of discontent was growing questioned the level of support for Castro and legitimacy of the revolution Readiness to commit to the values promoted by the moral incentives and self-sacrifice 1978 exiles allowed to visit relatives in Cuba exposed 1000s to exaggerated stories of success and accomplishments ---- contributed to discontent 1980 migrations was more economic than political Peruvian Embassy 1980 and Mariel boat lift

Fidel Castro An assessment

Why was he able to stay in power so long 52 years Feb. 16 1959 April 19 2011 longest reigning dictator in history A communist or a social reformer? A murderous tyrant or a visionary savior Castro withstood Mafia hit men, CIA-backed invasions, the collapse of world communism (he outlived the Soviet Union), He outlasted 10 U.S. administrations (four-decade U.S. economic embargo that tried, with varying degrees of enthusiasm, to topple him), the mortal hostility of millions of his own countrymen, and outstayed dozens of other dictators. Fidel Castro An assessment

February 19 2008 Castro states he will not seek re-election Combination of factors The revolution was the continuation of the war for Cuban independence Events Sierra Maestra campaign Defeat the USA Uniting nationalist feelings Promotion of social, economic, political programs Charisma Political skills Ability to turn conflict and setbacks into success

http://www.havanacubatravel.com/news.html http://www.havanacubatravel.com/news.html http://www.miamiherald.com/multimedia/news/ castro/timeline.html http://www.miamiherald.com/multimedia/news/ castro/timeline.html Influence around the world 48:00 stop at 58

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20 th Century World History’ Origins and development of authoritarian and single-party states