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Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
Tanzania
Yongolo MGS, Swai E, Chuwa JKM, Malick A. Ministry of Livestock, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare Tanzania Mainland and Zanzibar
Tanzania
Risk of introduction of AI to Tanzania Avian Influenza
has not been reported in Tanzania
Presence of other diseases
Masking InfluenzaNewcastle DiseaseMalaria, TB,
HIV/AIDS
BUT Yes at Risk
WHY and HOW???????
Risk of introduction of AI to Tanzania•Location with three wild birds fly way
•Water bodies
•Migratory birds routes
These 5 million dead trees support > 2,000 Fish Eagles
Palaearctic Palaearctic flywaysflyways
East
Coast
Risk of introduction of AI to Tanzania
Lake Victoria130 species
LAKE MANYARA137 species
NYUMBA YA MUNGU107 species
Three major Flyways in Tanzania and the 5 initial sampling sites
Coastal
147 spps
Risk of introduction of AI to Tanzania•Human livestock interaction
– Poultry, Swine, Ducks and W/Birds– Live birds markets– FRC management– Importation of DOC and Poultry
meat and Products– Absence of detection infrastructure
and mechanism– Human activities?– Poor regulations
Poultry
Producers
Dealers / Middleman Markets
Consumer
Dealers / Customer
The Live Bird Market Model
What if he’s infected with AI?
Risk of introduction of AI to TanzaniaReport indicators
Tanzania – Tanzania – H2N2 (1957); H3N2 (1968); H2N2 (1957); H3N2 (1968); influenza outbreaks in Rufiji Delta influenza outbreaks in Rufiji Delta 19921992
Serological positives (Masurel 1987)Serological positives (Masurel 1987)MwanzaMwanza
200 babies and 205 mothers200 babies and 205 mothersH1N1, H2N2, H3N2H1N1, H2N2, H3N2Similar to Netherlands)Similar to Netherlands)
Rufiji deltaRufiji deltaChildren under 9 (Rooth and Children under 9 (Rooth and Bjorkman 1992)Bjorkman 1992)
CapacityCapacity• Human resources/DiagnosisHuman resources/Diagnosis
– Limited number of specialized vets and medic on Avian Limited number of specialized vets and medic on Avian Influenza specifically VirologistsInfluenza specifically Virologists• 1 ADRI (14 Vets, 5PhD (2 viro, 1 Path, 1 Bact, 1 Para; Msc, 4 1 ADRI (14 Vets, 5PhD (2 viro, 1 Path, 1 Bact, 1 Para; Msc, 4
Bsc 5)Bsc 5)• 6 VIC (21 Vets, 1 PhD, Msc 11. Bsc 9) 650 Vets at DVS and 6 VIC (21 Vets, 1 PhD, Msc 11. Bsc 9) 650 Vets at DVS and
25 regions also in 130 districts vets`and > 1000 medic 25 regions also in 130 districts vets`and > 1000 medic personnel, personnel,
• Veterinary and human diagnostic capacityVeterinary and human diagnostic capacity– Laboratory space is adequateLaboratory space is adequate– Diagnostic facilities and capacity not adequateDiagnostic facilities and capacity not adequate
• StructureStructure– DVS/DPrevMed, DRT, 4 Referral Hosp. 25 Regional and 130 DVS/DPrevMed, DRT, 4 Referral Hosp. 25 Regional and 130
District Vet/human services in place Private veterinary and District Vet/human services in place Private veterinary and human medical services, TAWIRI, TANAPA, UNIVERSITIES, NIMRhuman medical services, TAWIRI, TANAPA, UNIVERSITIES, NIMR
– All linked, e-mail, basic transport, radio calls (Human), All linked, e-mail, basic transport, radio calls (Human), telephonestelephones
– But little financial, few equipments, supplies and But little financial, few equipments, supplies and consumables to face Influenza Pandemicconsumables to face Influenza Pandemic
Capacity cont.Capacity cont.
• In place Serology tests (HI, ELISA)In place Serology tests (HI, ELISA)
• Egg inoculationEgg inoculation
• Basic screening for other diseases in Basic screening for other diseases in all district and regional hospitalsall district and regional hospitals
• Minimum cold chain facilitiesMinimum cold chain facilities
Preparedness planPreparedness plan• Pre outbreak Pre outbreak
– Multi-sectoral Task Technical and Task ForceMulti-sectoral Task Technical and Task Force• Preparedness plan in placePreparedness plan in place• Mobilize local and international resourcesMobilize local and international resources
– Mass sensitizationMass sensitization– Surveillance and Early reporting Surveillance and Early reporting – Capacity building for detectionCapacity building for detection– Institute controlled importation of poultry/ProductsInstitute controlled importation of poultry/Products– Stock piling of drugs and vaccines against AIStock piling of drugs and vaccines against AI
• During OutbreakDuring Outbreak– Control outbreakControl outbreak at sourceat source– Stamping out infected poultry with compensationStamping out infected poultry with compensation– Quarantine infected areasQuarantine infected areas– Intensify active surveillance and reportingIntensify active surveillance and reporting– Patient hospital managementPatient hospital management– Vaccinate humans and if wide spread poultryVaccinate humans and if wide spread poultry
ENDEND
Prevent infection to poultry
Prevent Viral shedding from poultry to poultry and humans
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