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Basics of
Environmental Pollution
Amna Imamshah
Presentation outline
Introduction to Pollution, Pollutants
Types of Pollution
Types of Pollutants
Sources of Pollution
Sources of Air, Water, Land, Noise, Pollution
Effect of Pollution on Air, Water, Land, Noise
The Earth is like a living organism, which itself engaged in a self regulation to support its own "survival"
Environment is a combination of both Biotic components: all living organisms, plant,
fungi, bacteria, virus. Abiotic components: Hydrosphere (ocean, lake,
river, groundwater), Lithosphere (soil, solid earth), Atmosphere (gases)
This is what earth looks like
Pollution - Definition:
Pollution is defined as the presence of
impurities or pollutant substances in
sufficient concentration levels, causing
harmful effects on human beings,
animals, plant life or material resources
when exposed for a sufficient duration of
time, thus reducing the quality of life in
the environment.
Pollutant - Definition:
A Pollutant is a substance or energy
introduced into the environment that has
undesired effects, or adversely affects the
usefulness of a resource. Pollutants
include solid, liquid or gaseous
substances present in greater than natural
abundance, produce due to human
activity, which have a determined effect
on our environment.
Types of Pollution
1. Air Pollution
2. Water Pollution
3. Soil/Land Pollution
4. Noise Pollution
5. Environmental Pollution
Air Pollution
Air pollution may be defined as the
presence of one or more contaminants
in the air in large quantities and for
long durations which may be or tend to
be injurious to human, animal, plant
life, or property, or which unreasonably
interferes with the comfortable usage of
air.
Water Pollution
Water pollution is defined as “The
presence of some foreign substances or
impurities organic, inorganic,
biological or radioactive in water in
such quantity so as to constitute a
health hazard by lowering the water
quality and making it unfit for use.”
Soil/Land Pollution
Soil contamination occurs when
chemicals are released by spill or
underground leakage. It can also occur
by directly dumping and disposal of
wastes. Among the most
significant soil contaminants
are hydrocarbons, heavy metals,
herbicides, pesticides and chlorinated
hydrocarbons.
Noise Pollution
Noise pollution is the disturbing or
excessive noise that may harm the
activity or balance of human or animal
life. The source of most outdoor noise
worldwide is mainly caused
by machines and transportation
systems, motor vehicles, aircraft,
and trains. Outdoor noise is
summarized by the word environmental
noise.
Environmental Pollution
Environmental Pollution is thus
defined as “any undesirable change in
the physical, chemical or biological
characteristics of any component of the
environment (air, water, soil) which can
cause harmful effects in various forms
of life or property.”
Types of Pollutants
Depending upon their existence in nature
Quantitative Pollutants They normally occur in
environment but acquire the status of a pollutant
when their concentration increases due to
unmindful human activities. Ex CO2
Qualitative Pollutants Do not naturally occur in
the environment but are added by man. For ex.
Insecticides
Types of Pollutants..
Depending upon the form in which they
persist after being released into atmosphere
Primary Pollutants Those which are emitted
directly from the source and persists in the form
in which they were added to the environment for
ex. Ash, dust, hydrocarbon etc.
Secondary Pollutants Those which are formed
from primary pollutants for ex. SO3, PAN
(Peroxyl Acetyl Nitrate), Ketones, Aldehydes etc.
Types of Pollutants…
Depending upon the way in which they are
removed/accumulated in the environment
Biodegradable Those which can be
degraded/decomposed by living organism for ex.
Wood, sewage, paper, card board, garbage etc
Non biodegradable Those which cannot be
degraded/decomposed by living organism for ex.
DDT, plastic etc
Types of Pollutants….
Depending upon their source
Natural Those which are released from natural
resources for ex. volcanic eruptions, wind borne,
and dust release of H2S etc
Man-made Those which are released due to
human activities (commercial, industrial,
residential etc) for ex. Insecticides, Pesticides,
Radioactive substances etc.
Types of Sources:
1. Point source - single,
identifiable source
e.g. smokestack,
drainpipe etc
2. Non-point source -
dispersed source,
e.g. runoff from
pesticides, fertilizers
Point source
Non-point sources
What Are The Major Sources of Air, Water, Land/Soil, Noise,
Pollution?
Air Pollution
Air pollution results from human
activities such as burning fossil fuels (oil,
coal, and gasoline) to create electricity
and power, automobiles, and
manufacture industrial products such as
chemicals and plastic.
The air Pollutants are particulates, HC,
CO2, CO, NO, NO2, SO3 -- source may
be industrial, autos, etc.
Air Pollution
Normal composition of clean air :
Nitrogen 78.084%
Oxygen 21%
Argon 0.934%
Carbon Dioxide 0.0314%
Methane 0.0002%
Hydrogen 0.00005%
Other gases Minute
Sources of Air Pollution
Sources of Air Pollution
Stationary Sources
Single or Point Sources
Industrial process chimneys i.e stack emissions from steel
mill, power plant, oil refineries etc.
Municipal Incinerators.
Multiple or Mobile Sources
Domestic combustion of fuel in residential areas, offices,
apartments, hotels etc.
On site incinerators, Open burning
Sources of Air Pollution
Mobile Sources:
Line Sources
Highway vehicles, trains, channel vessels.
Area Sources
Aircrafts, light, medium and heavy duty vehicles, rail yard
locomotives etc.
Sources of Air Pollution
Natural: Volcanoes, forest fires and hot springs.
Decay from marshes, swamp.
Increase ozone due to thunderstorms, fires.
Air Pollutants Sources & Effects Pollutant Source Pathological effects on
man Sulphur Dioxide Major source is burning of fossil
fuel in thermal plants. Colourless gas produced by Coal and Oil Combustion and certain industrial process like smelting sulphur containing ore.
Respiratory irritant, aggravates asthma and other lung and heart diseases, reduces lung function. Sulphur dioxide plants and is a precursor to acid rain.
Nitrogen Oxides Brownish orange gas produced by motor vehicles and combustion at major industrial sources, industries producing HNO3.
Inhibits cilia (Cilia are slender, microscopic, hair-like structures ) action so that soot and dust penetrate far into the lungs.
Hydrogen Sulphides H2S
Chief source is decaying vegetation and animal matter. Also produced from refineries, chemical industries and bituminous fuels combustion.
Causes nausea, irritates eyes and throat.
Pollutant Source Pathological effects on man
Carbon Monoxide (CO) Chief source is automobile exhausts, Burning of coal, gasoline, open fires, forest fires, power plants etc.
Reduces oxygen carrying capacity of blood.
Ammonia Explosives, dye making, fertilizer plants and lacquers.
Inflames upper respiratory passages.
Phosgene (CCl2O) or Carbonyl Chloride
Chemical and dye making, Induces coughing, irritation and fatal pulmonary edema ( condition caused by excess fluid in the lungs. This fluid collects in the numerous air sacs in the lungs, making it difficult to breathe.)
Hydrogen Cyanides (HCN) Blast furnace, fumigation, chemical manufacturing, metal plating etc.
Interferes with nerve cells, produces dry throat, indistinct vision, headache etc.
Aldehydes fats (R-CHO) or glycerol
Thermal decomposition of oils, tracks.
Irritate nasal and respiratory passage.
Pollutant Source Pathological effects on
man Arsenic Occurs in many minerals,
usually in conjunction with sulfur and metals. Process involving metal or acids containing soldering.
Damage red cells in blood, kidneys and cause jaundice.
Suspended particles ( ash,
soot, smoke etc)
Solid or liquid particles
produced by combustion
and other processes at
major industrial sources
(e.g. steel mills, power
plants, chemical plants,
incinerators etc)
Respiratory irritant
aggravates asthma and
other lung and heart
diseases (especially in
combination with sulphur
dioxide) many are known as
Carcinogens.
Lead Very small particles emitted
from motor vehicle exhaust.
Toxic to nervous and blood
forming systems, can cause
brain and organ damage in
high concentration.
Pollutant Source Pathological effects on
man Ozone Colourless gas formed by
chemical reaction between
motor vehicle exhaust and
sunlight. It is the major
component of smog.
Respiratory irritant,
aggravates asthma and
other lung and heart
diseases, impairs lung
function.
Acid Rain
Ozone Layer Depletion
Green House Effect
Sources of Water Pollution
Point Source
Discharge from domestic, commercial and small industrial
waste water into sewer. Wastewater generated from
industries e.g. dye, textile, pulp and paper, oil, refineries,
food processing etc. are major sources of water pollution.
It has both organic and inorganic matter.
Organic Pollutants: Carbohydrates, proteins, oils, fats,
cellulose, phenols etc
Inorganic Pollutants: Chlorides, sulphates, metals,
oxides of metals, acids and alkalis etc
Sources of Water Pollution
Non-Point Source
The pollutants scattered on the ground ultimately reach
the water source and cause water pollution. E.g. Runoff
from agricultural fields eventually enters streams, rivers,
lakes and the ocean.
Air pollution gets dissolved in rain water and contaminates
the ground water as well as surface water sources.
.
Sources of Water Pollution
Ground Water Pollution
The total water requirement will be served from ground
water which is about 30 times more than surface water.
Ground water seems to be less affected to pollution as the
soil mantle through which water passes helps to retain various contaminants (વિવિધ અશદુ્ધિઓ જાળિી રાખિા માટે મદદ કરે છે) due to its cation exchange property.
Sources of Water Pollution
Surface Water Pollution
Industrial/Municipal Discharge
Agrochemical
Oil spillage into sea water during drilling and shipment
pollute it.
Synthetic Detergents
Sources of Land/Soil Pollution
Sources of Soil/Land Pollution
Industrial Waste: It includes any discarded solid
materials resulting from an industrial operation, or solids
in domestic or industrial waste water. Chemicals, paints,
sand, metal ore processing, fly ash, sewage treatment
sludge etc.
Garbage: It refers to putrescible (liable to get decayed)
solid waste constituents produced during the preparation
or storage of meat, fruit, vegetable etc. These wastes have
moisture content of about 70%.
Sources of Soil/Land Pollution
Rubbish: It refers to non-putrescible solid waste
constituents, either combustible or non combustible.
Combustible would include paper, wood, scrap, rubber etc
and Non combustible would include metal, glass, ceramic
etc. These wastes have moisture content of about 25%.
Pathological Waste: It refers to dead animals, humans
etc. These wastes have moisture content of about 85%..
Sources of Soil/Land Pollution
Agricultural Waste: These are generally organic including
pesticides, herbicides, excessive fertilizers etc. The table
below represents various agricultural wastes:
Waste Composition Crop residue Corn stalks, grain stubble, cull, fruit and vegetables, rice
hulls, bagasse etc.
Animal Manure
Organic matter, protein, fat, carbohydrates etc. nitrogen,
phosphorous. Poultry Manure
Pesticides, Insecticides,
etc. residue and
containers
Chlorinated hydrocarbons, organo phosphorous
compounds, other organic and inorganic compounds like
sulphur, lead, arsenic etc.
Sources of Land Pollution Sources Methods
Agriculture Accumulation of animal manures. Excessive Inputs of Chemical Fertilizers. Illicit dumping of tainted crops land
Mining and Quarrying
Using of explosives to blow up mines. Using of machineries which emit toxic by products and leaks to the ground.
Sewage Sludge Improper sanitation system causes sludge to leak at surrounding soil.
Dredged Spoils (Dredging is an excavation activity carried underwater)
Improper method of dredging at fertile land causes soil infertility, leaving the soil more prone to external pollution.
Sources of Noise Pollution
Sources of Noise Pollution
Sources Methods
Traffic Noise Automobile revolution (ઓટોમોબાઇલ ક્ાાંવિ) in urban
areas is proved to be a big source of noise pollution. Increasing traffic has given rise to traffic jams where the repeated hooting of horns by drivers creates noise pollution. Aircraft create serious noise problems in big cities.
Factory & Construction
Machinery
Factory equipment, generators, pile drivers, pneumatic
drills, road rollers, and similar machinery also make a lot
of noise.
Public Address System Public address system contributes in its own way towards noise pollution by using loud speakers for religious function, birth, death, marriage, elections, and demonstrations or for commercial advertising.
Sources of Noise Pollution
Sources Methods
Traffic Noise Household activities contribute to indoor noise pollution. Domestic gadgets like TV, Music System, Exhaust Fans, Vacuum Cleaners, and Mixer Grinders etc are major sources of household noise pollution.
Factory & Construction
Machinery
Tank launching of rockets, explosions, exercising of
military aeroplanes and shooting practises are added in
the sources of noise pollution.
What Are The Effects of Air & Water Pollution?
Human Health Effects Human health, including
pulmonary, cardiac, vascular, and neurological impairments.
The health effects vary greatly from person to person. High-risk groups such as the elderly, infants, pregnant women, and sufferers from chronic heart and lung diseases are more susceptible to air pollution.
Children are at greater risk because they are generally more active outdoors and their lungs are still developing.
Human Health Effects Exposure to air pollution can cause both Acute (Short-term)
and Chronic (Long-term) health effects.
Acute effects are usually immediate and often reversible when exposure to the pollutant ends. Some acute health effects include eye irritation, headaches, and nausea.
Chronic effects are usually not immediate and tend not to be reversible when exposure to the pollutant ends.
ex. Decreased lung capacity,
Lung cancer resulting from long-term exposure to toxic air pollutants.
Effect on Plants
Air pollutants affect plants by entering through stomata
destroy chlorophyll and affect photosynthesis. During
the day time the stomata are wide open to facilitate
photosynthesis. Air pollutants during day time affect
plants by entering the leaf through stomata more than
night. Pollutants also erode waxy coating of the leaves
called cuticle. Cuticle prevents excessive loss of water
and damage from the diseases, pests, drought and frost.
Effect on Climate
Due to manmade activities like industrialization,
automobiles, deforestation etc. concentration of CO2
and other green house gases in atmosphere has
increases due to which the temperature of the earth’s
atmosphere has increases globally.
This increase in temperature has resulted in melting of
ice craps and glaciers
Effect on Aesthetic Beauty
The most noticeable effect of air pollution on the
properties of atmosphere is the Reduction In
Visibility which may lead to safety hazards.
The aesthetic beauty of nature is not visible due to
scattering of light by air bone particles.
Industrial and automobile emissions, sewage and
garbage emit foul odour causing loss of aesthetic beauty.
Effect on Animals Lead poisoning occurs in animals grazing near smelters
and lead mines. It causes Paralysis and difficulty in
breathing. It also causes Loss Of Appetite.
Arsenic poisoning in animals causes severe salivation,
thirst, and Vomiting, Irregular Pulse & Respiration,
abnormal body temperature and Death.
Farm animals like cattle and sheep are quite susceptible
to Fluorine Toxicity. It affects to Lack Of Appetite,
Periodic Diarrhoea, Muscular Weakness, Loss Of
Weight etc.
Effect of Water Pollution Parameter Source General and Health effect
Oxygen Demanding
Wastes
Sewage effluent,
agricultural run-off
including animal
wastes, some
industrial effluents.
Increase in demand of oxygen in water,
flora and fauna; decomposition by
anaerobic bacteria produces foul-smelling,
toxic substances such as hydrogen
sulphide.
Plant Nutrients Sewage effluents
including phosphates
from detergents,
agricultural runoffs,
nitrates from
fertilizers.
Death of submerged vegetations,
production of large amounts of dead
organic matter with problems of oxygen
depletion.
Acid Acid rain, mine
drainage, planting of
extensive areas of
coniferous forests
which acidify the soil.
Acidification of natural wastes, sharp
decline of species, fish loss etc.
Parameter Source General and Health effect
Toxic metals like Hg,
Pb, Cd, Zn
Ore mining, associated
industries, lead from
vehicle exhaust
emissions.
Biomagnifications of toxic metals with each
successive stage of food chain, threat to
consumers including humans.
Oil Drilling operations, oils
tankers spillage,
natural seepage, waste
disposal.
Contamination of aquatic environment,
death of birds and mammals.
DDT Direct application,
agricultural runoff and
via aerial crop
spraying.
Biomagnifications, Carnivores at risk.
PCBs Sewage effluent, land
fill sites.
Biomagnifications, Carnivores at risk, effect
on human health include joint pain,
chlorance and fatigue.
Radiation From nuclear weapon
testing, medical X-rays,
nuclear energy
industries etc.
Degree of tissue damage and risk of death
depended on exposure.
Biomagnifications refers to the ability of micro-
organisms to accumulate certain chemicals to a
larger concentration than that occurring in
environment, in case of animals the food they eat.
However magnifications deals with accumulation
of non-essential chemicals ex. HC (DDT, PCBs
poly chlorinated biphenyls) which are insoluble in
water.
Effect of Water Pollution Parameter BIS Guideline Value
(maximum allowable) General and Health effect
Total Dissolved Solids 2000 mg/lt Undesirable taste; gastro intestinal irritations, corrosion.
pH 6.5 – 8.5 Affects mucous membrane; bitter taste; corrosion; affects aquatic life.
Alkalinity 600 mg/lt Boiled rice turns yellowish.
Hardness 600 mg/lt Poor lathering with soap, deterioration of the quality of clothes, scale forming, skin irritation (ત્િચા પર ખાંજિાળ), boiled meat and food becomes poor in quality.
Calcium 200 Poor lathering and deterioration of clothes, incrustation in pipes, scale formation.
Parameter BIS Guideline Value (maximum allowable)
General and Health effect
Magnesium 100 Poor lathering and deterioration of clothes with sulphate laxative.
Iron 1 Poor or sometimes bitter taste (કડિો સ્િાદ), colour and turbidity, staining of clothes materials, iron, bacteria causing slime.
Manganese 0.3 Poor taste, colour and turbidity, staining, black slime.
Aluminium 0.2 Neurological disorders.
Copper 1.5 Liver damage, mucosal irritation, renal damage and depression, restricts growth of aquatic plants.
Zinc 15 Astringent taste, opalescence in water, gastro intestinal irritation, vomiting, dehydration, abdominal pain, nausea and dizziness.
Parameter BIS Guideline Value (maximum allowable)
General and Health effect
Ammonia -- Indicates pollution, growth of algae.
Nitrite -- Forms nitrosoamines which are carcinogenic.
Nitrate 100 Blue baby disease, algal growth.
Sulfate 400 Taste affects, laxative effect, gastro intestinal irritation.
Chloride 1000 Taste affected corrosive.
Fluoride 1.5 Dental and Skeletal fluorosis.
Phosphate -- Algal growth.
Arsenic 0.05 Toxic, bio-accumulation, central nervous system affected, carcinogenic.
Parameter BIS Guideline Value (maximum allowable)
General and Health effect
Mercury 0.001 Highly toxic, causes minamata disease, neurological impairment and renal disturbances, mutagenic.
Cadmium 0.01 Highly toxic causes itai-itai diseases, painful rheumatic condition, cardio vascular system affected, gastro intestinal upsets and hyper tension.
Lead 0.05 Causes plumbish-tiredness, lassitudes, abdominal discomfort, irritability, anaemia, bio-accumulation, impaired neurological and motor development, damage to kidneys.
Chromium 0.05 Carcinogenic, ulcerations, respiratory problems and skin complaints.
Pesticide 0.001 Affects central nervous systems.
Detergent --- Undesirable foaming.
Thank you
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