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BIOL 471 – Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics
I. Phylogenetic terms and concepts
A. Phylogeny1. Defined
2. Phylogeny vs. tokogeny
3. Clade and monophyletic group
4. Sister group
BIOL 471 – Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics
I. Phylogenetic terms and concepts
A. Phylogeny1. Defined
2. Phylogeny vs. tokogeny
3. Clade and monophyletic group
4. Sister group
Willi Hennig (German; 1913-1976)
Grundzüge einer Theorie der Phylogenetischen Systematik (Hennig, 1950).
BIOL 471 – Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics
I. Phylogenetic terms and concepts
B. Cladogram1. Defined
2. Styles
2. Branches and nodes; internal vs. external branches
BIOL 471 – Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics
I. Phylogenetic terms and concepts
C. Characters and homology1. Cladogram as a framework for studying the origin of variation among species.
2. Characters and character states
3. Apomorphies vs. plesiomorphies
Autapomorphy vs. synapomorphy
Synapomorphy vs. symplesiomorphy
Hashmarks
4. Homology, analogy, and homoplasy
BIOL 471 – Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics
I. Phylogenetic terms and concepts
C. Characters and homology1. Cladogram as a framework for studying the origin of variation among species.
2. Characters and character states
3. Apomorphies vs. plesiomorphies
Autapomorphy vs. synapomorphy
Synapomorphy vs. symplesiomorphy
Hashmarks
4. Homology, analogy, and homoplasy
e.g., useful characters for tetrapod phylogenetics
Skeletal Limbs (legs): zero, fourFur: no, yesTail: yes, noBipedality: no, yes
BIOL 471 – Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics
I. Phylogenetic terms and concepts
C. Characters and homology1. Cladogram as a framework for studying the origin of variation among species.
2. Characters and character states
3. Apomorphies vs. plesiomorphies
Autapomorphy vs. synapomorphy
Synapomorphy vs. symplesiomorphy
Hashmarks
4. Homology, analogy, and homoplasy
e.g., useful characters for tetrapod phylogenetics
Skeletal Limbs (legs): zero, fourFur: no, yesTail: yes, noBipedality: no, yes
Outgroup: fish (also some invertebrate)
Ingroup: (amphibians, reptiles, monkeys, non-human apes, humans)
BIOL 471 – Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics
I. Phylogenetic terms and concepts
C. Characters and homology1. Cladogram as a framework for studying the origin of variation among species.
2. Characters and character states
3. Apomorphies vs. plesiomorphies
Autapomorphy vs. synapomorphy
Synapomorphy vs. symplesiomorphy
Hashmarks
4. Homology, analogy, and homoplasy
Bats
Birds
Insects
BIOL 471 – Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics
I. Phylogenetic terms and concepts
C. Characters and homology1. Cladogram as a framework for studying the origin of variation among species.
2. Characters and character states
3. Apomorphies vs. plesiomorphies
Autapomorphy vs. synapomorphy
Synapomorphy vs. symplesiomorphy
Hashmarks
4. Homology, analogy, and homoplasy
Modern cetaceans: vesitigial pelvis &, occassionally hind “limbs”
BIOL 471 – Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics
I. Phylogenetic terms and concepts
C. Characters and homology1. Cladogram as a framework for studying the origin of variation among species.
2. Characters and character states
3. Apomorphies vs. plesiomorphies
Autapomorphy vs. synapomorphy
Synapomorphy vs. symplesiomorphy
Hashmarks
4. Homology, analogy, and homoplasy
Basilosaurus had 2 tiny legs, probably used
as claspers when mating.
basilosaurids and dorudontids (ca. 40-30 Ma)
BIOL 471 – Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics
II. Cladistics
A. The taxon-by-character matrix
BIOL 471 – Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics
II. Cladistics
B. Synapomorphies as evidence of recency of common ancestry1. Ingroup vs. outgroup2. Parsimony and Ockham’s Razor3. Parsimony the optimality criterion as a means of dealing with incongruence
BIOL 471 – Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics
BIOL 471 – Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics
II. Cladistics
C. Minmizing “steps” is the practical application of parsimony
BIOL 471 – Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics
Snail
Hagfish
Perch
Salamander
Lizard
Mouse
Chimp
Human
BIOL 471 – Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics
Notochord; hollow dorsal nerve chord
BIOL 471 – Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics
Notochord; hollow dorsal nerve chord
BIOL 471 – Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics
Notochord; hollow dorsal nerve chord
vertebrae; jaws
BIOL 471 – Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics
vertebrae; jaws
Lungs, 4-legs
Notochord; hollow dorsal nerve chord
BIOL 471 – Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics
vertebrae; jaws
Claws or nails
Lungs, 4-legs
Notochord; hollow dorsal nerve chord
BIOL 471 – Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics
vertebrae; jaws
Claws or nails
Fur; mammary glands
Notochord; hollow dorsal nerve chord
Lungs, 4-legs
BIOL 471 – Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics
vertebrae; jaws
Claws or nails
Fur; mammary glands
Loss of tail
Notochord; hollow dorsal nerve chord
Lungs, 4-legs
BIOL 471 – Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics
vertebrae; jaws
Claws or nails
Fur; mammary glands
Loss of tail
Notochord; hollow dorsal nerve chord
Lungs, 4-legs10 “steps”
BIOL 471 – Methods in Systematics: Topic -- PhylogeneticsHow to evaluate an alternative cladogram?
BIOL 471 – Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics
Notochord; hollow dorsal nerve chord
How to evaluate an alternative cladogram?
BIOL 471 – Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics
vertebrae; jaws
vertebrae; jaws
Notochord; hollow dorsal nerve chord
How to evaluate an alternative cladogram?
BIOL 471 – Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics
vertebrae; jaws
vertebrae; jaws
Notochord; hollow dorsal nerve chord
Lungs, 4-legs
Lungs, 4-legs
How to evaluate an alternative cladogram?
BIOL 471 – Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics
vertebrae; jaws
vertebrae; jaws
Notochord; hollow dorsal nerve chord
Lungs, 4-legs
Lungs, 4-legs
Claws or nails
Claws or nails
How to evaluate an alternative cladogram?
BIOL 471 – Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics
vertebrae; jaws
vertebrae; jaws
Notochord; hollow dorsal nerve chord
Lungs, 4-legs
Lungs, 4-legs
Claws or nails
Claws or nails
Fur; mammary glands
Fur; mammary glands
How to evaluate an alternative cladogram?
BIOL 471 – Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics
vertebrae; jaws
vertebrae; jaws
Notochord; hollow dorsal nerve chord
Lungs, 4-legs
Lungs, 4-legs
Claws or nails
Claws or nails
Fur; mammary glands
Fur; mammary glands
tail
How to evaluate an alternative cladogram?
BIOL 471 – Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics
vertebrae; jaws
vertebrae; jaws
Notochord; hollow dorsal nerve chord
Lungs, 4-legs
Lungs, 4-legs
Claws or nails
Claws or nails
Fur; mammary glands
Fur; mammary glands
tail
17 “steps”
How to evaluate an alternative cladogram?
BIOL 471 – Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics
II. Cladistics
C. Minmizing “steps” is the practical application of parsimony
BIOL 471 – Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics
III. Sources of variation for characters
A. Morphological and anatomical variation
BIOL 471 – Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics
III. Sources of variation for characters
B. Genetic (e.g., DNA sequence) variation1. Source of genetic data
2. Alignment of DNA sequences.
BIOL 471 – Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics
III. Sources of variation for characters
B. Genetic (e.g., DNA sequence) variation1. Source of genetic data
2. Alignment of DNA sequences.
BIOL 471 – Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics
III. Sources of variation for characters
B. Genetic (e.g., DNA sequence) variation1. Source of genetic data.
2. Alignment of DNA sequences.
BIOL 471 – Methods in Systematics: Topic -- Phylogenetics
I. Phylogenetic terms and concepts
A. Phylogeny1. Defined
2. Phylogeny vs. tokogeny
3. Clade and monophyletic group
4. Sister group
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