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Interaction of individual and environment Can only live in a certain range of each environmental factor – Ex. Temperature, pH, salt, air content, type of diet etc. Graph showing the range which an individual can live in = Tolerance curve
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• Biotic - living organisms of an ecosystem (bio- = life)– Plants– Animals– Fungi– Insects– …etc.
• Abiotic - nonliving components of an ecosystem (a- = without, bio- = life)– Water– Wind– Precipitation– Soil– …etc.
Organization of Ecosystem• Population - all the individuals of the same
species living in the same area. – Area = habitat – place where organism lives
• Community - all the populations living in a certain area.
• Ecosystem – all the biotic and abiotic parts of an area.
• Biome – well characterized type of ecosystem• Biosphere - zone of the Earth that supports all life.
Interaction of individual and environment
• Can only live in a certain range of each environmental factor– Ex. Temperature, pH, salt, air content, type of diet
etc.• Graph showing the range which an individual
can live in = Tolerance curve
http://library.thinkquest.org/28343/media/graphics/rangtole.gif
Niche
• Role or job each species has in the ecosystem• Sum of all the tolerance curves and
interactions with biotic and abiotic factors– The ranges in which an organism can live for every
abiotic factor– Interactions with other species
http://nichefinder.maxupdates.tv/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/micro-niche-websites1.jpg
http://digitaljournal.com/img/6/8/7/0/1/4/i/9/5/7/o/Emperor_Penguins.jpg
Populations of organisms
• Populations of a species in an area are limited in number.– By what?– Biotic
• Predation, competition, some disease, food– Abiotic
• Temperature, terrain, elevation, sunlight, water
Limiting Factors – restrict organisms in certain environments. Affect numbers, distribution,
reproduction, and even existence.
Populations
• Carrying capacity – based on limiting factors, the number of organisms in a population that the environment can support.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d2/SimCity_4_cover.jpg/250px-SimCity_4_cover.jpg
HonorsBiology-ville
• Limiting Factors?• Carrying capacity?
Population Growth
• How do populations grow when there is a carrying capacity (there are limiting factors)?
• How would a wild animal population grow? Our HonorsBiology-ville population?
• What affects population growth– Birth rate, death rate, immigration, emigration
• S-shaped curve– Logistic growth
Population Growth
• How would a population grow with no carrying capacity? No limiting factors?
• What kind of population is this the case for?– Human population, bacteria, cancer cells
• J-Shaped Curve– Exponential growth
Everything but humans and bacteria…
• Logistic growth– Isle Royale National Park – moose and wolves
http://www.admin.mtu.edu/urel/PressReleases/feature/wolves/moosewolf
Interactions with other species
• In what possible ways can two species interact? In what ways can two organisms interact? (relationships at community level)
• Competition• Symbiosis
– Mutualism– Commensalism– Parasitism
• Predation
Interactions with other species
• Competition – organisms who use the same resources compete for those resources - limited amount– Animals?– Plants?
http://www.andymumford.co.uk/blog/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/tree.jpg
Symbiosis
• Sym- (together), bio- (life), -sis (state of)• Mutualism• Commensalism• Parasitism
Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism
Species One Effect + + +Species Two Effect + 0 -
Interactions with other species
• Predation– One animal kills and consumes the other for
energy
http://wallpaper.imcphoto.net/animals/hawk/hunting-hawk.jpg
Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism Competition Predation
Species One Effect + + + - +Species Two Effect + 0 - - -
Energy Flow
• How do organisms acquire energy?• Producers, Consumers, Decomposers
– Producer – autotroph, make their own food with energy from the sun, or earth
• Plants, giant tube worms
http://www.noc.soton.ac.uk/chess/science/images/riftia_crabs_hq.jpg
http://campuskitchens.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/plant.jpg
http://www.ceoe.udel.edu/deepsea/level-2/geology/vent.jpg
• Consumers – heterotrophs, depend on other organisms for food– Herbivores– Carnivores– Omnivore
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Y8-1iYTkqIA/TkKa7fqBC_I/AAAAAAAAAbI/IWfNHKdFDAg/s1600/lion-attacks-zebra-calf-1.jpg
http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/images/ic/credit/640x395/h/he/herbivore/herbivore_1.jpg
Energy Flow
http://cucinadicarrie.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/salad.jpg
Energy Flow
• Decomposers – break down and absorb nutrients from dead organisms– Ants, vultures, fungi, bacteria
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_PVsgqPyZ-W8/TMuBERW2WkI/AAAAAAAAjb8/0qeIWFCSNW0/s1600/Oyster+mushrooms+on+log.jpg
• Organization of organisms into producers and consumers = energy pyramid– Divided into trophic levels
http://www.vtaide.com/png/foodweb/xfoodchains.gif
• Higher levels support fewer organisms – have less biomass• 10% rule – only 10%
of the energy in a trophic level is transferred to the above level
http://schoolworkhelper.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/EnergyPyramid-26a65z5.gif
Food chain
• Shows energy flow from one organism to another– The arrow points in the direction of energy flow
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7rJudWIXTJQ/Tt_BPza86TI/AAAAAAAAAEU/2a9QD4FEoIY/s1600/foodchain.gif
Sun
ProducerC1
C2
C3
C4
Food web
• Combination of multiple food chains– All the organisms that eat one organisms, all the
organisms that organism eats, etc.
http://img.sparknotes.com/content/testprep/bookimgs/sat2/biology/0002/foodweb.gif
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2288621.stm
How are organisms impacted by their environment?
• Air– Oxygen and
carbon dioxide
http://www.deshow.net/d/file/cartoon/2008-12/bob-ross-landscape-painting-281-28.jpg
• Water– Precipitation
and rainfall• Nitrogen• Phosphorous
Nitrogen Cycle
• Bacteria in soil change nitrogen into nitrates and nitrites – used to make proteins. Nitrogen is then released during decomposition.
http://need-media.smugmug.com/Graphics/Graphics/i-dSkxsCL/0/L/nitrogen-cycle-L.jpg
http://spacecollective.org/userdata/40gNgVku/1176753936/root_nodules.jpg
Phosphorous Cycle
Phosphorus shows up in soil from rock erosion. The plants obtain P from the soil, animals get P when they consume plants and when the animals die they decompose and the P is put back in the soil.
http://vceenviroscience.edublogs.org/files/2009/09/phosphoruscycle.jpg
Balance
• Species interactions, environmental factors• Important environmental factors
– Fire– Flood
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/LodgepolePine_6915.jpg
Succession
• Primary - rise of a community in an area with virtually no soil and no living organisms. Ex: volcano, retreating glacier
• Secondary - a disturbance has left soil and a community arises from that– Climax community – final stable state of
community– Eutrophication – energy/nutrients
http://hs-science-systemsibsl.ism-online.org/files/2011/11/eutrophication.jpg
Human Impacts
• Remove predators• Transfer organisms to new habitats
– Invasive species• Kudzu
• Upset physical environment– Habitat destruction
http://www.dfw.state.or.us/conservationstrategy/images/invasive_species/northern_snakehead_trammell.jpg
http://www.theresilientearth.com/files/images/kudzu-covered-house.jpghttp://seattletimes.nwsource.com/ABPub/2011/01/28/2014070369.jpg
http://conservation-issues.co.uk/CI-UK%20Gallery/1.%20Environmental%20Issues/slides/Habitat%20Destruction.jpg
Human Impacts
http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/02/assisted-migration/
Global Warming
http://web.ncf.ca/jim/ref/inconvenientTruth/index.html
Biodiversity
• Biodiversity-having a variety of different types of organisms in an area. Tropical rainforests and coral reefs are areas with high biodiversity. (the warmer and more even the climate the higher the biodiversity). Biodiversity is important in keeping ecosystems balanced. (removing certain species can destroy ecosystem) Humans prosper from biodiversity: more food, meds, resources (clothes, furniture)
Human Population as of 2010
http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2011-10-30/world-population-hits-seven-billion/51007670/1
World – 6,840,507,000 (over 7 billion now)U.S. – 308,745,538N.C. – 9,535,483Forsyth – 350,670Kernersville township – 30,386
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