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8/6/2019 Bone Marrow Strcuture and Function
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BONE MARROW STRCUTURE
AND FUNCTIONGUIDED BY
Respected S.K. Sharma Sir Lecturer, Deptt. Of
Hematology
PRESENTED BYMahesh Joshi
B.Sc. MLTPart II
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BONE MARROW
� Bone marrow is a cellulovascular tissue
occupying the space between the trabecular
of bone in marrow cavity, which, because itcontains mostly blood cells, haemopoitic
cells and fat cells is a soft tissue. It is one of
the largest organ in the body, the principal
site of all blood forming cells.
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Cont«
� The marrow lies entirely within bone,and its ability to expand is limited. The
total volume of bone marrow or
haemopoeitic tissue in an adult is 2-3Lt. It localized in cavity of upper shaft
of femur, humorous, pelvis, spine and
bone of thorax.
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TYPE OF BONE MARROW
MAINLY THERE ARE TWO T YPES OF BONE
MARROW:
1. RED BONE MARROW
2. Y ELLOW BONE MARROW
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RED BONE MARROW
� It is an active marrow producing blood cells i.e., myeloid,erythroid and megakaryocytic cells. That·s why it is called
blood forming or haemopoitic marrow . it carries its colour
due to hemoglobin in the developing and maturing red
cells.� During the first few years of life, all bones have red bone
marrow and are cellular. Between 5-7 years of age fat cells
being to appear. By he age of 18 years, the red marrow is
found only in the rips, vertebrae, sternum, hipbone, upperend to numerous and femur, bones of skill , thorax and
innominate bones of pelvis . this persists throughout life .
red bone marrow contain an abundance of haemopoitic
cells along with fat cells and connective tissues.
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YELLOW BONE MARROW
� It is an inactive marrow made up of fatcells(adipose tissue) and little no. of capillaries
and reticulum cells . RBCs are not manufactured
in adult life, the yellow marrow occupies spaces,where red marrow is absent. It can be converted
to active form in event of abnormal demand.
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Bone Structure
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A : Bone marrowB : Bone matrix(cortical bone)C : Skeletal muscle
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CELLULAR COMPOSITION OF
BM
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The bones in the skeleton
are not all solid. The outside
cortical bone is solid bone
with only a few small canals.
The insides of the bone
contain trabecular bone
which is like scaffolding or a
honey-comb. The spaces
between the bone are filledwith fluid bone marrow
cells, which make the blood
cells, and some fat cells.
CELL SUPPLY TO BLOOD VESS
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Vascular sinusoid
Bone
trabecule
Haemopoitic cell
macrophage
Fat cell
Reticulen fibers
Lymphoid follicles
Adventitial Reticulen cell
CELL SUPPLY TO BLOOD VESSELS
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CELL SUPPLY TO BLOOD VESSE
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CELL SUPPLY TO BLOOD VESSELS
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FUNCTIONS OF BONE
MARROW1. Formation of BLOOD CELLS.
2. It act as a RESERVOIR.
3. OSTEOGENIC function.
4. CONNECTIVE TISSUE function.
5. Work as a R.E. S Y STEM.
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1. FORMATION OF BLOOD CELLS.
�
Formation of blood cells:- The formation of RBCS , WBCs and development of platelets
is a constant process of BM to maintain the
demand of these cells it has been estimated
that billion cells/kg of body weigh are
produced per day.
� 2.5 billion RBC/kg/day
� 2.5 billion PIT /kg/Day
� 1.0 Billion granulocytes/kg/day
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2. IT ACT AS A RESERVOIR.
´ It acts as reservoir as it enables significantlyincreased output in response to increase demand bythe body.
´Red cell production increases to 3 times than normal
in acute leukemia, 6 times in chronic leukemia .´Erythropoiesis :- 13 times in acute hemolytic anemia.
´The reserve capacity of the marrow is made up of two elements :
´The functional reserve of haemopoitic cells which isdue to their ability to undergo rapid hyperplasia bymitosis.
´The large anatomical reserve in the form of fat cellswhich can e readily replaced by active haemopoitic
cells.
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3. OSTEOGENIC FUNCTIONS.
´ The cellular elements which takes part in the
formation of bone are formed in the marrow .
The osteoblast , osteoclast , osteocyte
endosterm blood vessels are found in the
marrow.
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4. CONNECTIVE TISSUE FUNCTION
´ Due to its different connective tissue contents
the BM performs several functions associated
with the connective tissue.
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5. WORK AS A R.E SYSTEM.
´ Bone marrow is rich in reticuloendothelial cells
and serves all other important function of RE
system i.e. , mainly defense , destruction
mechanism and also removal of unwanted
particles.
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Bone marrow aspirations and biopsies are performedto examine bone marrow, the spongy liquid part of the
bone where blood cells are made.
In a bone marrow aspiration, a small amount of liquid
marrow is taken from inside the bone so the cells canbe examined under a microscope.
In a bone marrow biopsy, a small piece of intact bone
marrow is removed so the structure of the bone
marrow inside its bony framework can be examined.
Occasionally, only an aspiration is needed; other times,
both tests are done.
B.M ASPIRATION & BIOPS Y
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Doctors perform bone marrow aspirations and biopsies when
they're concerned about a problem in the bone marrow. The tests can help to diagnose:
The cause of anemia (too few red blood cells, which carry oxygen
through the body)
The cause of thrombocytopenia (too few platelets, which help the
blood to clot) The cause of an abnormal number of white blood cells, which fight
infections
Cancers of the blood, such as leukemia
Whether cancers that started elsewhere have spread to the bone
marrow (the assessment of how much a cancer has spread iscalled staging, and is important in determining treatment and
prognosis)
Viral, bacterial, or fungal infections in the bone marrow that might
be causing persistent fever or other symptoms
Certain genetic diseases (such as lipid storage diseases)
Why It's Done
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AspirationDefinition:
Aspiration is aspirate of thecontents of bone marrow drawn
under pressure by puncturing
marrow cavity.
Site:
Sternum, Posterior iliac crest tibial
head, Lumber vertebrae.
Rp time:
Within 1-2 hour·s.
Trephine biopsyDefinition:
Trephine biopsy is 1-2cm long 2-3mm in dia. Of the marrow
containing bone taken by
rotating specialized needle
under pressure.
Site:
Posterior iliac crest.
Rp time:
Within 1-7 days.
Method of Bone Marrow
Examination:�Aspiration.
�Trephine Biopsy.
�Surgical Biopsy.
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Indication:
*Anaemia, Suspected leukemia,
Neutropenia, Thrombocytopenia
myeloma, Lymphomas,
Cacinomatosis, Lipid storage
disease, Granulomatous
condition, Unexplained
enlargement of liver, spleen or Lymph nodes.
*Cytogenic detail is sharp.
*Iron demonstration so easy.
*Lymphoid nodules and
granulomas are seen more
frequently.
*Perform in Thrombocytopenic
condition (cut off range 60,000)
Additional:
Myelosclerosis,
Aplastic Anaemia, drytap on aspiration.
*Iron demonstration
is not so easy due
to decalcification.
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SITES OF B.M ASPIRATION
1 2
3
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´Thank you
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