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Bridge and Tunnel EngineeringBy Sandeep Jyani Sir

Civil Engineering by Sandeep Jyani

Bridge Engineering

• Bridge is a structure which provides a passage over an obstacle like river, channel, valley or a road, without closing the way underneath.

• The passage required may be for pedestrians, roads, railway or for a pipeline.

Types of Bridges

• Bridges may be classified on the basis as given below:

1. Purpose: A. Road bridges

B. Railway bridges

C. Foot bridges

D. Aqueduct (for carrying canal water)

E. Viaduct (for taking roads across valleys)

2. Alignment: A. Square bridge→ if it is at right angles to obstacle

B. Skew bridges→ if it is not at right angles to obstacle

Types of Bridges

3. Life period: A. Permanent

B. Temporary→ Temporary bridges are built during military operations, during project execution or in rescue operations.

4. Span: A. Culverts – if less than 6 m

B. Minor bridge – if 8 to 30 m

C. Major bridge – if 30 to 120 m

D. Long span bridges – if more than 120 m.

Types of Bridges

5. Position of high flood levelA. Submersible – flow of water above bridge deck level permitted during

heavy rains.

B. Non-submersible – all permanent bridges have deck level above the high flood level.

Types of Bridges6. Fixed or movable:

A. Fixed bridges are built but movable bridges are built across navigational channels so as to avoid obstacles to navigation.

B. Movable bridges may be further classified as

a) Swing bridges

b) Lift bridges

c) Bascule bridges→In case of bascule bridges entire superstructure is rotated in vertical plane to 70° to 80° suitable hinges and counterweights are provided for easy operations.

𝑆𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐵𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑔𝑒

𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝐵𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑔𝑒

𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝐵𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑔𝑒

7. Location of Bridge Floor: A. Deck → when the bridge is on

top level of the super-structure

B. Semi-through →when the bridge is on intermediate level of the superstructure

C. Through type →when the bridge is on bottom level of the superstructure

𝑫𝒆𝒄𝒌 𝑩𝒓𝒊𝒅𝒈𝒆

𝑺𝒆𝒎𝒊 𝑻𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉 𝑩𝒓𝒊𝒅𝒈𝒆

𝑻𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉 𝑩𝒓𝒊𝒅𝒈𝒆

Types of Bridges

8. Superstructure: On this basis bridges may be classified asA. Girder bridge

B. Portal frame bridge

C. Truss bridge

D. Cantilever bridge

E. Arch bridge

F. Suspension bridge.

9. Materials: A. Timber bridges

B. Masonry bridges

C. R.C.C. bridges

D. Prestressed concrete bridges

E. Steel bridges.

Bridge Elements

1. Pier:• Pier is a vertical load bearing member

such as an intermediate support for adjacent ends of two bridge spans

2. Abutment: • End supports of the superstructure are

known as abutments.

3. Bed block: • It is the block on the top of pier or

abutment which receives load from the bearings and disperses to the pier

4. Back Fill• The material used to fill the space at the back

of abutment is known as back fill. • Stone, gravel, sand, etc., are used for back

filling. It should be well compacted

5. Kerb: • It is the raised portion of the edge of

carriageway on both sides. • It checks the vehicle going out of the

carriageway. • Width and height of kerbs are 600 mm and 225

mm. The roadside slope of kerb is 1 in 8 up to a height of 200 mm and the top portion is curved.

Bridge Elements

6. Wing walls: • They are retaining walls constructed to retain

the earthwork of approach embankment behind the abutments

7. Curtain wall: • The floor provided between masonry walls

below river bed is known as curtain wall.

Bridge Elements

8. Bearings: • Bearings are the devices used in long bridges

to avoid development of high stresses in main girders due to temperature changes and deflections.

• Shallow or fixed plate bearings are suitable for spans up to 12 m.

• Deep cast base bearings are suitable for spans 12 to 20 m.

• Rocker bearings are suitable for spans more than 20 m.

• Sliding plate bearings are provided at one end of the girder of span 12 to 20 m.

Bridge Elements

SELECTION OF BRIDGE SITE1. Stream should be straight.

2. Stream should be narrow with well defined and firm banks.

3. There should not be whirls and cross currents.

4. There should be high banks above high flood level on each side.

5. The site should be at reasonable proximity to the direct alignment of road.

6. The site should be geologically sound.

7. As far as possible it should not need river training works and avoid excessive under water construction works

Bridge Design• Width of bridges:

• It is based on traffic survey. It may be single lane or double lane with pedestrian platform on only one side or on both side.

• Length of bridge: • It depends upon the waterway.

• Height of bridge: • It is 1.2 to 1.5 m above HFL.

• Spans: It depends upon the type of superstructure proposed.• Masonry arch : 3 to 15 m Slab bridges : Upto 9 m• Slab bridges : Upto 9 m• Girder and beams : 10 to 60 m• Truss bridges : 30 to 375 m with simply supported

ends.• Suspension bridges : Over 500 m so for maximum

span built in 1990 m Cable stayed bridges : 300 to 600 m

• Piers: Types of piers generally used are:• Masonry piers

• R.C.C. piers

• The forces acting on piers are:• Vertical load or inclined reaction from the superstructure

• Water pressure• Static water pressure

• Dynamic pressure due to flow of water

• Impact due to cross currents

• Tractive force

• Wind pressure

• Earthquake forces

Bridge Design

• Foundations• It may be spread foundation, pile foundation

or well foundation.

• The choice of foundation depends upon load expected and soil properties

Permanent Small Bridges

• Causeways and culverts may be considered permanent small bridges.

1. Causeways• It is a submersible bridge, provided across a

nullah or stream. • These are adopted for roads which are of minor

importance. • They do not have foundation, pier or abutment. • They are concrete slabs and stone pitching at bed

level or slightly higher level of stream. • Causeways may be classified as:

• Flush causeway• Low level causeway• High level causeway

2. Culverts • Culvert is a small bridge, the maximum

span not exceeding 6 m.

• It may have 3 to 4 spans.

• Types of culverts used are:a) Pipe culvert

b) Box culvert

c) Slab culvert

d) Beam and slab culvert

e) Arch culvert

Permanent Small Bridges

Pipe culvert

Box culvert

Arch culvert

Que 1. A culvert has span less than

(a) 3 m

(b) 6 m

(c) 9 m

(d) 12 m

Que 1. A culvert has span less than

(a) 3 m

(b) 6 m

(c) 9 m

(d) 12 m

2. A bridge of span 25 m may be treated as

(a) culvert

(b) minor bridge

(c) major bridge

(d) long span bridge

2. A bridge of span 25 m may be treated as

(a) culvert

(b) minor bridge

(c) major bridge

(d) long span bridge

3. A bridge of more than ____span is treated as long span bridge.

(a) 30 m

(b) 60 m

(c) 90 m

(d) 120 m

3. A bridge of more than ____span is treated as long span bridge.

(a) 30 m

(b) 60 m

(c) 90 m

(d) 120 m

4. As far as possible the alignment of a bridge should be

(a) square

(b) skew

(c) curved

(d) none of the above

4. As far as possible the alignment of a bridge should be

(a) square

(b) skew

(c) curved

5. Temporary bridges are built during

(a) military operations

(b) project executions

(c) rescue operations

(d) all the above

5. Temporary bridges are built during

(a) military operations

(b) project executions

(c) rescue operations

(d) all the above

6. Movable bridges are built across

(a) streams

(b) rivers

(c) channels

(d) dry valley

6. Movable bridges are built across

(a) streams

(b) rivers

(c) channels

(d) dry valley

7. A bascule bridge is a

(a) fixed bridge

(b) movable bridge

(c) Deck bridge

(d) Through Bridge

7. A bascule bridge is a

(a) fixed bridge

(b) movable bridge

(c) Deck bridge

(d) Through Bridge

8. Which one of the following is not a low cost bridge

(a) wooden bridge

(b) masonry bridge

(c) floating bridge

(d) movable bridge

8. Which one of the following is not a low-cost bridge

(a) wooden bridge

(b) masonry bridge

(c) floating bridge

(d) movable bridge

9. The end supports of a bridge superstructure are known as

(a) wing walls

(b) piers

(c) abutments

(d) bed blocks

9. The end supports of a bridge superstructure are known as

(a) wing walls

(b) piers

(c) abutments

(d) bed blocks

10. The floor provided between masonry walls below the river bed is known as

(a) wing wall

(b) curtain wall

(c) bed block

(d) kerb

10. The floor provided between masonry walls below the river bed is known as

(a) wing wall

(b) curtain wall

(c) bed block

(d) kerb

11. Width and height of kerbs on bridges are generally respectively.

(a) 600 mm and 225 mm

(b) 450 mm × 200 mm

(c) 225 mm × 600 mm

(d) 200 mm × 450 mm

11. Width and height of kerbs on bridges are generally respectively.

(a) 600 mm and 225 mm

(b) 450 mm × 200 mm

(c) 225 mm × 600 mm

(d) 200 mm × 450 mm

12. The roadside slope of kerb is

(a) 1 in 5

(b) 1 in 8

(c) 1 in 10

(d) 1 in 15

12. The roadside slope of kerb is

(a) 1 in 5

(b) 1 in 8

(c) 1 in 10

(d) 1 in 15

14. Which one of the following is not the correct statement? Bridge site

(a) be narrow

(b) should not possess high banks

(c) be at reasonable proximity to the direct alignment of road

(d) be geologically sound

14. Which one of the following is not the correct statement? Bridge site

(a) be narrow

(b) should not possess high banks

(c) be at reasonable proximity to the direct alignment of road

(d) be geologically sound

15. Preliminary survey should be carried out to at least distance on upstream and downstream side

(a) 200 to 500 m

(b) 500 to 1000 m

(c) 1000 to 1500 m

(d) 1500 to 2000 m

15. Preliminary survey should be carried out to at least distance on upstream and downstream side

(a) 200 to 500 m

(b) 500 to 1000 m

(c) 1000 to 1500 m

(d) 1500 to 2000 m

16. In preliminary survey cross sections at ___interval should be determined.

(a) 20 m

(b) 35 m

(c) 50 m

(d) 65 m

16. In preliminary survey cross sections at ___interval should be determined.

(a) 20 m

(b) 35 m

(c) 50 m

(d) 65 m

17. Height of bridge is kept ____above high flood level.

(a) 1.2 to 1.5 m

(b) 1.8 to 2.1 m

(c) 2.2 to 2.5 m

(d) more than 2.5 m

17. Height of bridge is kept ____above high flood level.

(a) 1.2 to 1.5 m

(b) 1.8 to 2.1 m

(c) 2.2 to 2.5 m

(d) more than 2.5 m

18. Masonry arch bridges are used to span

(a) less than 3 m

(b) 3 to 15 m

(c) 15 to 20 m

(d) 20 to 30 m

18. Masonry arch bridges are used to span

(a) less than 3 m

(b) 3 to 15 m

(c) 15 to 20 m

(d) 20 to 30 m

19. Slab bridges are used to a maximum span of

(a) 6 m

(b) 9 m

(c) 12 m

(d) 20 m

19. Slab bridges are used to a maximum span of

(a) 6 m

(b) 9 m

(c) 12 m

(d) 20 m

20. The cross section of a pier may be

(a) rectangular

(b) with triangular edges towards upstream and downstream sides

(c) with curved faces on upstream and downstream sides

(d) all the above

20. The cross section of a pier may be

(a) rectangular

(b) with triangular edges towards upstream and downstream sides

(c) with curved faces on upstream and downstream sides

(d) all the above

21. The height of concrete pier may be raised by every day during the construction

(a) 600 mm

(b) 900 mm

(c) 1200 mm

(d) 1500 mm

21. The height of concrete pier may be raised by _____every day during the construction

(a) 600 mm

(b) 900 mm

(c) 1200 mm

(d) 1500 mm

22. R.C.C. piers of the following shapes are not used

(a) rectangular

(b) dumb-bell type

(c) trestle bent

(d) T-shape

22. R.C.C. piers of the following shapes are not used

(a) rectangular

(b) dumb-bell type

(c) trestle bent

(d) T-shape

23. In the design of piers, the water pressure to be considered is

(a) static pressure

(b) dynamic pressure

(c) impact due to cross current

(d) all the above

23. In the design of piers, the water pressure to be considered is

(a) static pressure

(b) dynamic pressure

(c) impact due to cross current

(d) all the above

24. The most suitable foundation for a culvert is

(a) spread foundation

(b) pile foundation

(c) well foundation

(d) caisson foundation

24. The most suitable foundation for a culvert is

(a) spread foundation

(b) pile foundation

(c) well foundation

25. For a major bridge usually the type of foundation is

(a) grillage foundation

(b) spread foundation

(c) well foundation

25. For a major bridge usually the type of foundation is

(a) grillage foundation

(b) spread foundation

(c) well foundation

26. Bridge over a dry valley is known as

(a) causeway

(b) minor bridge

(c) vent

(d) viaduct

26. Bridge over a dry valley is known as

(a) causeway

(b) minor bridge

(c) vent

(d) viaduct

27. The bridge having its floor flush with bed of stream is known as

a) Causeway

b) Culvert

c) Viaduct

d) Minor bridge

27. The bridge having its floor flush with bed of stream is known as

a) Causeway

b) Culvert

c) Viaduct

d) Minor bridge

28. Which one of the following is not a type of culvert?

(a) Pipe culvert

(b) Box culvert

(c) Through culvert

(d) Slab culvert

28. Which one of the following is not a type of culvert?

(a) Pipe culvert

(b) Box culvert

(c) Through culvert

(d) Slab culvert

29. Minimum depth of foundation below the scour line in a arch bridge for piers should not be less than

(a) 1.2 m

(b) 1.8 m

(c) 2.4 m

(d) 3.0 m

29. Minimum depth of foundation below the scour line in a arch bridge for piers should not be less than

(a) 1.2 m

(b) 1.8 m

(c) 2.4 m

(d) 3.0 m

30. The arrangement made to prevent entry of water at the site of pier construction is known as

(a) caisson

(b) cofferdam

(c) earthen dam

30. The arrangement made to prevent entry of water at the site of pier construction is known as

(a) caisson

(b) cofferdam

(c) earthen dam

31. Fixed plate bearing plates are suitable for spans upto

(a) less than 6 m

(b) 12 m

(c) 18 m

(d) 24 m

31. Fixed plate bearing plates are suitable for spans upto

(a) less than 6 m

(b) 12 m

(c) 18 m

(d) 24 m

32. Deep cast bearings are suitable up to____spans.

(a) 6 m

(b) 12 m

(c) 12 to 20 m

(d) 20 to 30 m

32. Deep cast bearings are suitable up to____spans.

(a) 6 m

(b) 12 m

(c) 12 to 20 m

(d) 20 to 30 m

33. Rocker bearings are suitable for spans upto

(a) 6 m to 12 m

(b) 15 to 20 m

(c) more than 20 m

(d) not suitable for any span

33. Rocker bearings are suitable for spans upto

(a) 6 m to 12 m

(b) 15 to 20 m

(c) more than 20 m

(d) not suitable for any span

34. If a rocker and roller bearing is provided at one end of a bridge girder, then the other end will be

(a) fixed end

(b) simple support

(c) free end

(d) rocker bearing

34. If a rocker and roller bearing is provided at one end of a bridge girder, then the other end will be

(a) fixed end

(b) simple support

(c) free end

(d) rocker bearing

Tunnel Engineering

• A tunnel is an underground passageway, dug through the surrounding soil/earth/rock and enclosed except for entrance and exit, commonly at each end

• A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular road traffic, for rail traffic, or for a canal.

• Some tunnels are aqueducts to supply water for consumption or for hydroelectric stations or are sewers.

Advantages of Tunnels

1. Reduction in distance of travel

2. Provision of easier gradients

3. Reduction in maintenance cost

4. Avoids interference with surface and air rights

5. Freedom from snow and iceberg hazards

Tunnel Surveying

• Preliminary surveys

• Setting out of the tunnel centre-line on the surface

• In case of tunnels in hilly regions, tunnel ends should be established by triangulation

• After the coordinates of various portals and shafts have been finalised setting out is started from various portals and shafts.

• Transfer the alignment through shafts

Methods of Tunnelling in soft strata

• In firm ground• Full face method• Top heading and benching• Drift method

• Tunnelling in soft ground• Multiple drift method• Forepoling method

• Tunnelling in running ground• Needle beam method• Flying arch method• Liner plate method

Methods of Tunnelling in rocks

• It involves drilling holes in the rock face, loading the holes with explosives, blasting, removing and disposing of broken rock. The commonly adopted methods are:• Full face method• Top heading and benching• Bottom heading and stoping• Drift method—top drift, bottom drift, side drift

• Commonly adopted drilling patterns are:• Horizontal wedge cut• Pyramid cut• Fan out• V-cut• Cylinder cut• Burn Cut

• Explosives used are gelatine, ammonia dynamite and semi-gelatine.

• Depending upon the strength and durability requirements various materials are used for tunnel lining.

• Brick lining, stone masonry lining, timber lining, concrete lining, cast iron lining, cast steel lining, structural steel lining are commonly adopted.

• Pack grouting is required between rock and concrete lining and also between the steel lining and concrete lining. If fissures are seen and seepage of water is observed pressure grouting is required

Tunnel Drainage

• Drainage problems exist before starting, during construction and also after constructing the tunnel.

• Predrainage work involves diverting water entering the tunnel.

• During construction pumping of water may be resorted wherever necessary.

• Permanent drainage work is necessary to maintain tunnels.

• They are met by provision of longitudinal drains, continuous open gutters, concrete lining and grouting with cement chemicals.

Tunnel Ventilation, Lighting and Mucking

• Wherever natural ventilation is not possible mechanical ventilation should be resorted.

• Mechanical ventilation methods are blowing fresh air, providing exhaust air by ducts or combination of blowing in and exhaust system.

• Safe and sufficient lighting of tunnels should be provided for inspection of tunnels.

• For hauling of excavated materials during construction the following methods are employed:• Hauling on rails• Hauling on pneumatic tyres• Using conveyers, etc.

Que.1 Off-spur tunnels are:

a) Tunnels constructed in the valleys along the natural slope till the slope does not exceed the ruling gradient.

b) Tunnels constructed in steep hills

c) Short length tunnels constructed to negotiate minor local obstacles

d) Tunnels provided in narrow valleys to increase the tunnel length to avoid steep slope.

Que.1 Off-spur tunnels are:

Que.2 Saddle or base tunnels are:

A base tunnel is a type of tunnel, that is built through the base of a mountain pass. This type of tunnel typically connects two valleys at about the same altitudes.[1]

Que.2 Saddle or base tunnels are:

Que.3 Slope tunnels are:

Que.4 Spiral tunnels are:

Que.5 Circular section of tunnels is not suitable for:

a) Carrying water.

b) Non cohesive soils.

c) Tunnels driven by shield method

d) Placement of concrete lining.

Que.5 Circular section of tunnels is not suitable for:

a) Carrying water.

b) Non cohesive soils.

c) Tunnels driven by shield method

d) Placement of concrete lining.

Que.6 Circular section of tunnels is suitable for:

a) Soft rocks

b) Non cohesive soils

c) Hard rocks

d) None of these

Que.6 Circular section of tunnels is suitable for:

a) Soft rocks

c) Hard rocks

d) None of these

Que.7 Rectangular section of tunnels is suitable for:

a) Soft rocks

c) Hard rocks

d) None of these

Que.7 Rectangular section of tunnels is suitable for:

a) Soft rocks

c) Hard rocks

d) None of these

Que.8 Horse shoe section of tunnels is suitable for:

a) Soft rocks

c) Hard rocks

d) None of these

Que.8 Horse shoe section of tunnels is suitable for:

a) Soft rocks

c) Hard rocks

d) None of these

Que.9 What is the correct sequence of the following events of construction of a shaft in rock?

1) Drilling and blasting

2) Timbering

3) Pumping

4) Mucking

Select the correct sequence-

a) 1,2,3,4

b) 1,4,2,3

c) 2,1,4,3

d) 2,4,1,3

Que.9 What is the correct sequence of the following events of construction of a shaft in rock?

1) Drilling and blasting

2) Timbering

3) Pumping

4) Mucking

Select the correct sequence-

a) 1,2,3,4

b) 1,4,2,3

c) 2,1,4,3

d) 2,4,1,3

Que.10 A good blast with a good yield is obtained if the cut hole is

a) Normal to face

b) Inclined at 45 to the face

c) Inclined at 15 to the face

d) Inclined at 30 to the face

Que.10 A good blast with a good yield is obtained if the cut hole is

a) Normal to face

b) Inclined at 45 to the face

c) Inclined at 15 to the face

d) Inclined at 30 to the face

Que.11 As compared to a single free face, if a charge of explosive is placed equidistant from two faces, then the yield

a) Remains same

b) Decreases

c) Increases by 2.25times

d) Increases by 3.5times

Que.11 As compared to a single free face, if a charge of explosive is placed equidistant from two faces, then the yield

a) Remains same

b) Decreases

c) Increases by 2.25times

d) Increases by 3.5times

Que.12 Which of the following are percussion drills?

a) Shot drills

b) Diamond drills

c) Wagon drills

d) Churn drills

Que.12 Which of the following are percussion drills?

a) Shot drills

b) Diamond drills

c) Wagon drills

d) Churn drills

Que.13 Drifters can be used to drill

a) Only up holes

b) Only down holes

c) Horizontal holes

d) Horizontal, down or up holes

Que.13 Drifters can be used to drill

a) Only up holes

b) Only down holes

c) Horizontal holes

d) Horizontal, down or up holes

Que.14 If ‘N’ is the number of shafts used, then the total number of faces available for attacking the excavation and construction in tunnels are -

b) 2N+1

c) N+1

d) 2N+2

Que.14 If ‘N’ is the number of shafts used, then the total number of faces available for attacking the excavation and construction in tunnels are -

b) 2N+1

c) N+1

d) 2N+2

Que.15 The correct sequence of drilling equipments for increasing size of holes in tunnels is-

a) Wagon drill, churn drill, shot drill

b) Wagon drill, shot drill, churn drill

c) Shot drill, churn drill, wagon drill

d) Churn drill, wagon drill, shot drill

Que.15 The correct sequence of drilling equipments for increasing size of holes in tunnels is-

a) Wagon drill, churn drill, shot drill

b) Wagon drill, shot drill, churn drill

c) Shot drill, churn drill, wagon drill

d) Churn drill, wagon drill, shot drill

Que.16 Which of the following is not a component of the shield?

a) Propelling jacks

b) Liner plate

c) Hood

d) Tail

Que.16 Which of the following is not a component of the shield?

a) Propelling jacks

b) Liner plate

c) Hood

d) Tail

Que.17 In compressed air tunneling, the volume of free air provided is

a) 6m3 per second per m2 of face area

b) 6m3 per minute per m2 of face area

c) 20m3 per second per m2 of face area

d) 6m3 per hour per m2 of face area

Que.17 In compressed air tunneling, the volume of free air provided is

a) 6m3 per second per m2 of face area

b) 6m3 per minute per m2 of face area

c) 20m3 per second per m2 of face area

d) 6m3 per hour per m2 of face area

Que.18 American method of tunneling

a) Is suitable for large sized tunnels

b) Is not suitable for highways and railways tunnels

c) Requires heavy timbers

d) All of these

Que.18 American method of tunneling

a) Is suitable for large sized tunnels

b) Is not suitable for highways and railways tunnels

c) Requires heavy timbers

d) All of these

Que.19 Loggings are used for

a) To carry roof load under arch action

b) To support arch rib at springing level

c) To prevent segments twisting out of line

d) To retain the fill

Que.19 Loggings are used for

Que.20 Collar braces are used for

Que.21 Wall plates are used for

Que.22 Segments are used for

Que.23 _____ lining material is useful for shield driven tunnels in sub aqueous regions

a) Stone masonry

b) Timber

c) Cast iron

d) Cement concrete

Que.23 _____ lining material is useful for shield driven tunnels in sub aqueous regions

a) Stone masonry

b) Timber

c) Cast iron

d) Cement concrete

Que.24 If ‘D’ is the diameter of tunnel in metres, then the thickness of lining in mm, as per empirical formula is given by-

a) 42D

b) 82D

c) 104D

d) 124D

Que.24 If ‘D’ is the diameter of tunnel in metres, then the thickness of lining in mm, as per empirical formula is given by-

a) 42D

b) 82D

c) 104D

d) 124D

Que.25 _____ tunneling method is used for laying under ground sewers

a) Needle beam

b) Army

c) German

d) Italian

Que.25 _____ tunneling method is used for laying under ground sewers

a) Needle beam

b) Army

c) German

d) Italian

Que.26 Ribs are used for strengthening and stiffening the liner plate for tunnels of diameter greater than

Que.27 The most suitable soil for compressed air tunneling is

a) Silt

b) Sand

c) Clay

d) Gravel

Que.27 The most suitable soil for compressed air tunneling is

a) Silt

b) Sand

c) Clay

d) Gravel

Que.28 The needle beam method of tunneling

a) Is suitable for soils in which roof can stand for few minutes without support

b) Is suitable for brick lining

c) Is suitable for concrete lining

d) Requires large number of trench jacks

Que.28 The needle beam method of tunneling

a) Is suitable for soils in which roof can stand for few minutes without support

b) Is suitable for brick lining

c) Is suitable for concrete lining

d) Requires large number of trench jacks

Que.29 _____ tunneling method is used for long tunnels at great depths

a) Needle beam

b) Army

c) German

d) Italian

Que.29 _____ tunneling method is used for long tunnels at great depths

a) Needle beam

b) Army

c) Austrian

d) Italian

Que.30 In Belgium tunneling method

a) Construction of side walls is completed before invert and roof arch are built

b) Construction of roof arch is completed before invert and side walls are built

c) Construction of invert is completed before side walls and roof arch are built

d) Construction of invert and side walls is completed before roof arch is built

Que.30 In Belgium tunneling method

a) Construction of side walls is completed before invert and roof arch are built

b) Construction of roof arch is completed before invert and side walls are built

c) Construction of invert is completed before side walls and roof arch are built

d) Construction of invert and side walls is completed before roof arch is built

Que.31 What is the correct sequence of the following events in rock tunneling-

1) Marking tunnel profile

2) Loading explosives and blasting

3) Checking misfire

4) Mucking

5) Removing foul gas

6) Setting up and drilling

7) Guniting

Select the sequence

a) 1,6,5,3,4,2,7

b) 1,2,6,3,5,4,7

c) 1,6,2,5,4,3,7

d) 1,6,2,5,3,4,7Civil Engineering by Sandeep Jyani

Que.31 What is the correct sequence of the following events in rock tunneling-

1) Marking tunnel profile

2) Loading explosives and blasting

3) Checking misfire

4) Mucking

5) Removing foul gas

6) Setting up and drilling

7) Guniting

Select the sequence

a) 1,6,5,3,4,2,7

b) 1,2,6,3,5,4,7

c) 1,6,2,5,4,3,7

d) 1,6,2,5,3,4,7Civil Engineering by Sandeep Jyani

Que.32 Drift method of tunneling is used to construct tunnels in

a) Soft grounds

b) Rock

c) Self supporting grounds

d) Broken grounds

Que.32 Drift method of tunneling is used to construct tunnels in

a) Soft grounds

b) Rock

c) Self supporting grounds

d) Broken grounds

Que.33 In the construction of metro railways, ‘cut and cover’ method of construction is suitable in situations listed at

a) Soil is soft

b) Track is at a deeper level

c) Water level is high

d) All of these

Que.33 In the construction of metro railways, ‘cut and cover’ method of construction is suitable in situations listed at

a) Soil is soft

b) Track is at a deeper level

c) Water level is high

d) All of these

Que.34 Which of the following is considered to be an advantage of the heading and benching method of tunnel construction?

a) Suitable for construction in unstable rocks

b) It is easy to install timber support

c) Tunneling can be continuous and work can be expedited

d) All of these

Que.34 Which of the following is considered to be an advantage of the heading and benching method of tunnel construction?

a) Suitable for construction in unstable rocks

b) It is easy to install timber support

c) Tunneling can be continuous and work can be expedited

d) All of these

Que.35 Egg shaped section of tunnels is suitable for:

a) Sewers

c) Hard rocks

d) None of these

Que.35 Egg shaped section of tunnels is suitable for:

a) Sewers

c) Hard rocks

d) None of these

Que.36 Segmental roof section of tunnels is suitable for:

a) Subways

c) Hard rocks

d) None of these

Que.36 Segmental roof section of tunnels is suitable for:

a) Subways

c) Hard rocks

d) None of these

Que.37 In ‘full face’ method of constructing tunnels, the first operation relates to

a) Removal of bottom portion

b) Excavation of one drift in the centre

c) Removal of top portion

d) Excavation being done along the periphery

Que.37 In ‘full face’ method of constructing tunnels, the first operation relates to

a) Removal of bottom portion

b) Excavation of one drift in the centre

c) Removal of top portion

d) Excavation being done along the periphery

Que.38 Which of the following is a component of a shield for tunneling?

a) Liner plate

b) Trench jack

c) Stiffener

d) Cutting edge

Que.38 Which of the following is a component of a shield for tunneling?

a) Liner plate

b) Trench jack

c) Stiffener

d) Cutting edge

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