View
34
Download
9
Category
Tags:
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
16. Chapter Sixteen. Capital Expenditure Decisions. Learning Objective 1. Discounted-Cash-Flow Analysis. Plant expansion. Equipment selection. Equipment replacement. Cost reduction. Lease or buy. Net-Present-Value Method. Prepare a table showing cash flows for each year, - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Capital Expenditure Decisions
16 Chapter Chapter SixteenSixteen
Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Learning Objective
1
Learning Objective
1
Discounted-Cash-Flow AnalysisDiscounted-Cash-Flow Analysis
Cost reductionCost reductionCost reductionCost reduction
Plant expansionPlant expansionPlant expansionPlant expansion
Equipment selectionEquipment selectionEquipment selectionEquipment selection
Lease or buyLease or buyLease or buyLease or buy
Equipment replacementEquipment replacementEquipment replacementEquipment replacement
Net-Present-Value MethodNet-Present-Value Method
o Prepare a table showing cash flows for each year,o Calculate the present value of each cash flow using a
discount rate,o Compute net present value,o If the net present value (NPV) is positive, accept the
investment proposal. Otherwise, reject it.
o Prepare a table showing cash flows for each year,o Calculate the present value of each cash flow using a
discount rate,o Compute net present value,o If the net present value (NPV) is positive, accept the
investment proposal. Otherwise, reject it.
Net-Present-Value MethodNet-Present-Value MethodMattson Co. has been offered a five year contract to
provide component parts for a large manufacturer.
Net-Present-Value MethodNet-Present-Value Method
• At the end of five years the working capital will be released and may be used elsewhere by Mattson.
• Mattson uses a discount rate of 10%.
Should the contract be accepted?
• At the end of five years the working capital will be released and may be used elsewhere by Mattson.
• Mattson uses a discount rate of 10%.
Should the contract be accepted?
Net-Present-Value MethodNet-Present-Value Method
Annual net cash inflows from operations
Net-Present-Value MethodNet-Present-Value Method
Net-Present-Value MethodNet-Present-Value Method
Present value of an annuity of $1 Present value of an annuity of $1 factor for 5 years at 10%.factor for 5 years at 10%.
Net-Present-Value MethodNet-Present-Value Method
Present value of $1 Present value of $1 factor for 3 years at 10%.factor for 3 years at 10%.
Net-Present-Value MethodNet-Present-Value Method
Present value of $1 Present value of $1 factor for 5 years at 10%.factor for 5 years at 10%.
Net-Present-Value MethodNet-Present-Value Method
Mattson should accept the contract because the present value of the cash inflows exceeds the present
value of the cash outflows by $85,955. The project has a positivepositive net present value.
Mattson should accept the contract because the present value of the cash inflows exceeds the present
value of the cash outflows by $85,955. The project has a positivepositive net present value.
Internal-Rate-of-Return MethodInternal-Rate-of-Return Method
• The internal rate of return is the true economic return earned by the asset over its life.
• The internal rate of return is computed by finding the discount rate that will cause the net present value of a project to be zero.
• The internal rate of return is the true economic return earned by the asset over its life.
• The internal rate of return is computed by finding the discount rate that will cause the net present value of a project to be zero.
Internal-Rate-of-Return MethodInternal-Rate-of-Return Method
• Black Co. can purchase a new machine at a cost of $104,320 that will save $20,000 per year in cash operating costs.
• The machine has a 10-year life.
• Black Co. can purchase a new machine at a cost of $104,320 that will save $20,000 per year in cash operating costs.
• The machine has a 10-year life.
Internal-Rate-of-Return MethodInternal-Rate-of-Return Method
Future cash flows are the same every year in this example, so we can calculate the
internal rate of return as follows:
Investment required Investment required Net annual cash flowsNet annual cash flows = Present value factor= Present value factor
$104, 320 $104, 320 $20,000$20,000 == 5.2165.216
Internal-Rate-of-Return MethodInternal-Rate-of-Return Method
$104, 320 $104, 320 $20,000$20,000 = 5.216 = 5.216
The present value factor (5.216) is located on the Table IV in the Appendix. Scan the 10-
period row and locate the value 5.216. Look at the top of the column and you find a rate of
14% which is the internal rate of return.
The present value factor (5.216) is located on the Table IV in the Appendix. Scan the 10-
period row and locate the value 5.216. Look at the top of the column and you find a rate of
14% which is the internal rate of return.
Internal-Rate-of-Return MethodInternal-Rate-of-Return Method
Here’s the proof . . .
Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Learning Objective
2
Learning Objective
2
Comparing the NPV and IRR Comparing the NPV and IRR MethodsMethods
Net Present Value The cost of capital is
used as the actual discount rate.
Any project with a negative net present value is rejected.
Net Present Value The cost of capital is
used as the actual discount rate.
Any project with a negative net present value is rejected.
Comparing the NPV and IRR Comparing the NPV and IRR MethodsMethods
Internal Rate of Return The cost of capital is
compared to the internal rate of return on a project.
To be acceptable, a project’s rate of return must be greater than the cost of capital.
Net Present Value The cost of capital is
used as the actual discount rate.
Any project with a negative net present value is rejected.
Net Present Value The cost of capital is
used as the actual discount rate.
Any project with a negative net present value is rejected.
Comparing the NPV and IRR Comparing the NPV and IRR MethodsMethods
The net present value method has the following
advantages over the internal rate of return method . . .
Easier to use.Easier to adjust for risk.Provides more usable
information.
The net present value method has the following
advantages over the internal rate of return method . . .
Easier to use.Easier to adjust for risk.Provides more usable
information.
Assumptions Underlying Assumptions Underlying Discounted-Cash-Flow AnalysisDiscounted-Cash-Flow Analysis
All cash flows areAll cash flows aretreated as thoughtreated as though
they occur at year end.they occur at year end.
Cash flows are Cash flows are treated as iftreated as if
they are knownthey are knownwith certainty.with certainty.
Cash inflows areCash inflows areimmediatelyimmediatelyreinvested atreinvested atthe requiredthe required
rate of return.rate of return.
Assumes aAssumes aperfectperfectcapitalcapitalmarket.market.
Choosing the Hurdle RateChoosing the Hurdle Rate
• The discount rate generally is associated with the company’s cost of capital.
• The cost of capital involves a blending of the costs of all sources of investment funds, both debt and equity.
Depreciable AssetsDepreciable Assets
Both the NPV and IRR methods focus on cash flows, and periodic depreciation
charges are not cash flows . . .
Tax ReturnTax ReturnForm 1120Form 1120 DepreciationDepreciation
is taxis taxdeductibledeductibleand . . .and . . .
ReducesReducescashcashoutflows foroutflows fortaxes.taxes.
Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Learning Objective
3
Learning Objective
3
Comparing Two Investment Comparing Two Investment ProjectsProjects
To compare competing investment projects we can use the following net present value
approaches:– Total-Cost Approach.– Incremental-Cost Approach.
Total-Cost ApproachTotal-Cost Approach
• Each system would last five years.
• 12 percent hurdle rate for the analysis.
MAINFRAME PC _Salvage value old system $ 25,000 $ 25,000Cost of new system (400,000) (300,000)Cost of new software ( 40,000) ( 75,000)Update new system ( 40,000) ( 60,000)Salvage value new system 50,000 30,000================================================Operating costs over 5-year life:Personnel (300,000)(220,000)Maintenance ( 25,000) ( 10,000)Other costs ( 10,000) ( 5,000)Datalink services ( 20,000) ( 20,000)Revenue from time-share 25,000 -
Total-Cost ApproachTotal-Cost ApproachMAINFRAME ($) Today Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5Acquisition cost computer (400,000)Acquisition cost software ( 40,000)System update ( 40,000)Salvage value 50,000Operating costs (335,000) (335,000) (335,000) (335,000) (335,000) (335,000)Time sharing revenue 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000Total cash flow 440,000 (315,000) (315,000) (355,000) (315,000) (265,000)X Discount factor X 1.000 X .893 X .797 X .712 X .636 X .567Present value (440,000) (281,295) (251,055) (252,760) (200,340) (150,255)
SUM = ($1,575,705)
PERSONAL COMPUTER ($) Today Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5Acquisition cost computer (300,000)Acquisition cost software ( 75,000)System update ( 60,000)Salvage value 50,000Operating costs (235,000) (235,000) (235,000) (235,000) (235,000) (235,000)Time sharing revenue -0- -0- -0- -0- -0- -0- _ Total cash flow 375,000 (235,000) (235,000) (295,000) (235,000) (205,000)X Discount factor X 1.000 X .893 X .797 X .712 X .636 X .567Present value (375,000) (209,855) (187,295) (210,040) (149,460) (116,235)
SUM = ($1,247,885)
Total-Cost ApproachTotal-Cost Approach
Net cost of purchasing Mainframe system ($1,575,705)
Net cost of purchasing Personal Computer system ($1,247,885)
Net Present Value of costs ($ 327,820)
Mountainview should purchase the personal computer system for a cost savings of
$327,820.
Incremental-Cost ApproachIncremental-Cost Approach
MAINFRAME PC _ Differentials Salvage value old system $ 25,000 $ 25,000 0Cost of new system (400,000) (300,000) (100,000)Cost of new software ( 40,000) ( 75,000) 35,000Update new system ( 40,000) ( 60,000) 20,000Salvage value new system 50,000 30,000 20,000 ===========================================================Operating costs over 5-year life:Personnel (300,000) (220,000) ( 80,000)Maintenance ( 25,000) ( 10,000) ( 15,000)Other costs ( 10,000) ( 5,000) ( 5,000)Datalink services ( 20,000) ( 20,000) 0Revenue from time-share 20,000 - 20,000
Irrelevant
Incremental-Cost ApproachIncremental-Cost Approach
INCREMENTAL ($)Today Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5
Acquisition cost computer (100,000)Acquisition cost software 35,000 System update 20,000Salvage value 20,000Operating costs (100,000) (100,000) (100,000) (100,000) (100,000)Time sharing revenue 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000Total cash flow ( 65,000) ( 80,000) ( 80,000) ( 80,000) ( 80,000) ( 60,000)X Discount factor X 1.000 X .893 X .797 X .712 X .636 X .567Present value ( 65,000) ( 71,440) ( 63,760) ( 42,720) ( 50,880) ( 34,020)
SUM = ($ 327,820)
Total-Incremental Cost ComparisonTotal-Incremental Cost Comparison
Total Cost:
Net cost of purchasing Mainframe system ($1,575,705)
Net cost of purchasing Personal Computer system ($1,247,885)
Net Present Value of costs ($ 327,820)
Incremental Cost:
Net Present Value of costs ($ 327,820)
Different methods, Same results.
Managerial Accountant’s RoleManagerial Accountant’s Role
Managerial accountants are often asked to predict cash flows related to operating cost
savings, additional working capital requirements, and incremental costs and
revenues.
When cash flow projections are very uncertain, the accountant may . . . increase the hurdle rate, use sensitivity analysis.
Postaudit of Investment ProjectsPostaudit of Investment Projects
A postaudit is a follow-up after the project has been approved to see whether or not expected results are actually realized.
A postaudit is a follow-up after the project has been approved to see whether or not expected results are actually realized.
Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Learning Objective
4
Learning Objective
4
Income Taxes and Capital Income Taxes and Capital BudgetingBudgeting
Cash flows from an investment proposal affect the company’s profit and its income tax
liability.
Income = Revenue - Expenses + Gains - LossesIncome = Revenue - Expenses + Gains - LossesIncome = Revenue - Expenses + Gains - LossesIncome = Revenue - Expenses + Gains - Losses
After-Tax Cash FlowsAfter-Tax Cash Flows
The tax rate is 40%, so income taxes areThe tax rate is 40%, so income taxes are$525,000 × 40% = $ 210,000$525,000 × 40% = $ 210,000
The tax rate is 40%, so income taxes areThe tax rate is 40%, so income taxes are$525,000 × 40% = $ 210,000$525,000 × 40% = $ 210,000
High Country Department Stores
Income Statement
For the Year Ended Jun 30, 2007
Revenue $ 1,000,000
Expenses (475,000)
Income before taxes 525,000
Income taxes (210,000)
Net Income 315,000
Cash RevenuesCash Revenues
High Country’s management is considering the purchase of a new truck that will increase cash
revenues by $120,000 and increase cash cost of goods sold by $60,000. The company is subject
to a tax rate of 40%.
Let’s calculate the company’s after-tax cash flows.
High Country’s management is considering the purchase of a new truck that will increase cash
revenues by $120,000 and increase cash cost of goods sold by $60,000. The company is subject
to a tax rate of 40%.
Let’s calculate the company’s after-tax cash flows.
After-Tax Cash FlowsAfter-Tax Cash Flows
The tax rate is 40%, so income taxes areThe tax rate is 40%, so income taxes are$60,000 × 40% = $ 24,000$60,000 × 40% = $ 24,000
The tax rate is 40%, so income taxes areThe tax rate is 40%, so income taxes are$60,000 × 40% = $ 24,000$60,000 × 40% = $ 24,000
High Country Department Stores
Income Statement
For the Year Ended Jun 30, 2007
Revenue $ 120,000
Cash CGS ( 60,000)
Income before taxes 60,000
Income taxes (24,000)
Net Income 36,000_
After-Tax Cash FlowsAfter-Tax Cash FlowsHigh Country Department Stores
Income Statement
For the Year Ended Jun 30, 2007
Revenue $ 120,000
Cash CGS ( 60,000)
Income before taxes 60,000
Income taxes (24,000)
Net Income 36,000_A short cut works like this:A short cut works like this:Increase in income × ( 1 - tax rate)Increase in income × ( 1 - tax rate)
$60,000 × ( 1 - .4) = $36,000$60,000 × ( 1 - .4) = $36,000
Noncash ExpensesNoncash Expenses
Not all expenses require cash outflows. The most common example is depreciation.
Recall that High Country’s proposal involved the purchase of a truck. The truck cost $40,000 and will be depreciated over four years using straight-line depreciation. The truck is to be purchased on
June 30, 2007. One-half year depreciation is taken in 2007.
Not all expenses require cash outflows. The most common example is depreciation.
Recall that High Country’s proposal involved the purchase of a truck. The truck cost $40,000 and will be depreciated over four years using straight-line depreciation. The truck is to be purchased on
June 30, 2007. One-half year depreciation is taken in 2007.
Noncash ExpensesNoncash Expenses
Here is a complete depreciation schedule for High Country.
Depreciation Tax Reduced Tax
Year Expense Rate Payment _
1 $ 5,000 40% $ 2,000
2 10,000 40% 4,000
3 10,000 40% 4,000
4 10,000 40% 4,000
5 5,000 40% 2,000
40,000 16,000
DepreciationDepreciationTaxTax
ShieldShield
Net Present Value AnalysisNet Present Value Analysis
Calculation of the present value of proposal cash flows.
The sum of the present values from thisThe sum of the present values from thisproposal is a positive $75,000proposal is a positive $75,000
The sum of the present values from thisThe sum of the present values from thisproposal is a positive $75,000proposal is a positive $75,000
INCREMENTAL ($)Today Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5
Acquisition cost $( 40,000)Cash flows from proposal $ 18,000 $ 36,000 $ 36,000 $ 36,000 $ 18,000Depreciation shield 2,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 2,000Total cash flow ( 40,000) 20,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 20,000X Discount factor X 1.000 X .893 X .797 X .712 X .636 X .567Present value ( 40,000) 17,860 31,880 28,480 25,440 11,340
SUM = $ 75,000
Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Learning Objective
5
Learning Objective
5
Modified Accelerated Cost Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System (MACRS)Recovery System (MACRS)
Tax depreciation is usually computed using MACRS. Here are the depreciation rate for 3,
5, and 7-year class life assets.
Modified Accelerated Cost Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System (MACRS)Recovery System (MACRS)
A company is considering the purchase of a machine that will increase after-tax cash flows
by $20,000 over the next five years. The machine is depreciated using MACRS and the company uses a 10% discount rate to compute
all present values. The machine will cost $100,000 and the company is subject to a 28%
tax rate.
Let’s calculate the net present value of the proposal.
A company is considering the purchase of a machine that will increase after-tax cash flows
by $20,000 over the next five years. The machine is depreciated using MACRS and the company uses a 10% discount rate to compute
all present values. The machine will cost $100,000 and the company is subject to a 28%
tax rate.
Let’s calculate the net present value of the proposal.
Modified Accelerated Cost Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System (MACRS)Recovery System (MACRS)Calculation of the present value of the
depreciation tax shield.
$5,600 × (1.10)^-1$5,600 × (1.10)^-1
$20,000 × 28%$20,000 × 28%
$100,000 × 20%$100,000 × 20%
Modified Accelerated Cost Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System (MACRS)Recovery System (MACRS)
Calculation of the present value proposal cash flows.
$20,000 × (1.10)^-1$20,000 × (1.10)^-1
Modified Accelerated Cost Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System (MACRS)Recovery System (MACRS)
Net present value of the proposal.
The presentThe presentvalue of thevalue of the
proposal is lessproposal is lessthan the costthan the cost
of the equipmentof the equipment($100,000). The($100,000). Theproposal has aproposal has a
negativenegative net netpresent value.present value.
The presentThe presentvalue of thevalue of the
proposal is lessproposal is lessthan the costthan the cost
of the equipmentof the equipment($100,000). The($100,000). Theproposal has aproposal has a
negativenegative net netpresent value.present value.
Investment in Working CapitalInvestment in Working Capital
Some investment proposals require additional outlays for working capital such as
increases in cash, accounts receivable, and inventory.
Some investment proposals require additional outlays for working capital such as
increases in cash, accounts receivable, and inventory.
Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Learning Objective
6
Learning Objective
6
Extended IllustrationExtended Illustration
Let take a close look at a present value analysis for an investment decision
facing James Company.
Let take a close look at a present value analysis for an investment decision
facing James Company.
JamesCompany
Extended IllustrationExtended IllustrationJames Company has been offered a five-year contract to
provide component parts for a large manufacturer.
Extended IllustrationExtended Illustration• At the end of five years the working capital
will be released and may be used elsewhere by James.
• James Company uses a discount rate of 10%.
• James uses straight-line depreciation.• All items in this example are taxed at 30%.
Should the contract be accepted?
Extended IllustrationExtended Illustration
Annual accounting income from operations
RememberRememberdepreciation isdepreciation isa non-casha non-cashexpense thatexpense thatprovides aprovides atax shield.tax shield.
Extended IllustrationExtended Illustration
Annual cash inflows from operations
RememberRememberdepreciation isdepreciation isa non-casha non-cashexpense thatexpense thatprovides aprovides atax shield.tax shield.
Extended IllustrationExtended Illustration
The relining is considered normal maintenance The relining is considered normal maintenance and will reduce income in year 3. Because the and will reduce income in year 3. Because the cost is tax deductible, income will be lower by cost is tax deductible, income will be lower by
$21,000 ($30,000 × 1- tax rate).$21,000 ($30,000 × 1- tax rate).
Extended IllustrationExtended Illustration
Because the salvage value of the equipment will equal Because the salvage value of the equipment will equal the book value (cost less accumulated depreciation), the book value (cost less accumulated depreciation),
there will be no taxable gain or loss.there will be no taxable gain or loss.
Extended IllustrationExtended Illustration
Extended IllustrationExtended Illustration
Present value of $1 factor for 3 years at 10%.
Present value of $1 factor for 3 years at 10%.
Extended IllustrationExtended Illustration
Present value of $1 factor for 5 years at 10%.
Present value of $1 factor for 5 years at 10%.
Extended IllustrationExtended Illustration
We should accept the contract because the presentWe should accept the contract because the presentvalue of the cash inflows exceeds the present valuevalue of the cash inflows exceeds the present valueof the cash outflows by of the cash outflows by $92,836$92,836. The project has a . The project has a
positivepositive net present value.net present value.
Extended IllustrationExtended Illustration
General decision rule . . .
Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Learning Objective
7
Learning Objective
7
Ranking Investment ProjectsRanking Investment Projects
We can invest in either of these projects. Use a 10% discount rate to determine
the net present value of the cash flows.
We can invest in either of these projects. Use a 10% discount rate to determine
the net present value of the cash flows.
Project A Project BImmediate cash outlay 100,000$ 100,000$ Cash inflows: Year 1 50,000$ 30,000$ Year 2 40,000 40,000 Year 3 30,000 50,000 Total inflows 120,000$ 120,000$
Project A Project BImmediate cash outlay 100,000$ 100,000$ Cash inflows: Year 1 50,000$ 30,000$ Year 2 40,000 40,000 Year 3 30,000 50,000 Total inflows 120,000$ 120,000$
Project A Project BImmediate cash outlay 100,000$ 100,000$ Cash inflows: Year 1 50,000$ 30,000$ Year 2 40,000 40,000 Year 3 30,000 50,000 Total inflows 120,000$ 120,000$
Project A Project BImmediate cash outlay 100,000$ 100,000$ Cash inflows: Year 1 50,000$ 30,000$ Year 2 40,000 40,000 Year 3 30,000 50,000 Total inflows 120,000$ 120,000$
We can invest in either of these projects. Use a 10% discount rate to determine
the net present value of the cash flows.
We can invest in either of these projects. Use a 10% discount rate to determine
the net present value of the cash flows.
Ranking Investment ProjectsRanking Investment Projects
The total cash flows are the same,The total cash flows are the same,but the pattern of the flows isbut the pattern of the flows is
different.different.
The total cash flows are the same,The total cash flows are the same,but the pattern of the flows isbut the pattern of the flows is
different.different.
Ranking Investment ProjectsRanking Investment Projects
Let’s calculate the present value of the cash flows associated with Project A.
Ranking Investment ProjectsRanking Investment Projects
Let’s calculate the present value of the cash flows associated with Project A.
(1.10)-1 = 0.909 rounded(1.10)-1 = 0.909 rounded
Ranking Investment ProjectsRanking Investment Projects
Let’s calculate the present value of the cash flows associated with Project A.
(1.10)-2 = 0.826 rounded(1.10)-2 = 0.826 rounded
Ranking Investment ProjectsRanking Investment Projects
Let’s calculate the present value of the cash flows associated with Project A.
This project has a positive net present value which means This project has a positive net present value which means the project’s return is the project’s return is greater than greater than the discount rate.the discount rate.
This project has a positive net present value which means This project has a positive net present value which means the project’s return is the project’s return is greater than greater than the discount rate.the discount rate.
Ranking Investment ProjectsRanking Investment Projects
Here is the net present value of the cash flows associated with Project B.
Project B PV Factor PV
Immediate cash outlay (100,000)$ 1.000 (100,000)$ Cash inflows: Year 1 30,000$ 0.909 27,270 Year 2 40,000 0.826 33,040 Year 3 50,000 0.751 37,550 Net present value (2,140)$
Project B has a negative net present value which means Project B has a negative net present value which means the project’s return is the project’s return is less than less than the discount rate.the discount rate.
Project B has a negative net present value which means Project B has a negative net present value which means the project’s return is the project’s return is less than less than the discount rate.the discount rate.
Internal Rate of Return (IRR)Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
The interest rate that equates the present value of inflows and outflows from an
investment project.
The interest rate that equates the present value of inflows and outflows from an
investment project.
Internal Rate of Return (IRR)Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
When the cash flows from a project are constant, the present value of an annuity
factor can be used to approximate the rate of return.
A project cost $90,119, and will yield net cash inflows of $25,000 at the end of each of the
next five years.
When the cash flows from a project are constant, the present value of an annuity
factor can be used to approximate the rate of return.
A project cost $90,119, and will yield net cash inflows of $25,000 at the end of each of the
next five years.
Let’s determine the IRR for this project!Let’s determine the IRR for this project!
Internal Rate of Return (IRR)Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
PV factor = PV factor = Required InvestmentRequired Investment Annual net cash flowAnnual net cash flow
$90,119$90,119 $25,000$25,000
3.605 rounded3.605 rounded
The present value of an annuity factor of 3.605,The present value of an annuity factor of 3.605,is an internal rate of return of is an internal rate of return of 12%12%..
The present value of an annuity factor of 3.605,The present value of an annuity factor of 3.605,is an internal rate of return of is an internal rate of return of 12%12%..
PV factor = PV factor =
PV factor = PV factor =
Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Learning Objective
8
Learning Objective
8
Alternative Methods for Making Alternative Methods for Making Investment DecisionsInvestment Decisions
Payback Method
PaybackPaybackperiodperiod
Initial investment Initial investment Annual after-tax cash inflowAnnual after-tax cash inflow
==
PaybackPaybackperiodperiod ==
$20,000 $20,000 $4,000$4,000 == 5 years5 years
A company can purchase a machine for $20,000 thatA company can purchase a machine for $20,000 thatwill provide annual cash inflows of $4,000 for 7 years.will provide annual cash inflows of $4,000 for 7 years.A company can purchase a machine for $20,000 thatA company can purchase a machine for $20,000 thatwill provide annual cash inflows of $4,000 for 7 years.will provide annual cash inflows of $4,000 for 7 years.
Payback: Pro and ConPayback: Pro and Con
Fails to consider the time value of money.
Does not consider a project’s cash flows beyond the payback period.
Fails to consider the time value of money.
Does not consider a project’s cash flows beyond the payback period.
Payback: Pro and ConPayback: Pro and ConProvides a tool for
roughly screening investments.
For some firms, it may be essential that an investment recoup its initial cash outflows as quickly as possible.
Provides a tool for roughly screening investments.
For some firms, it may be essential that an investment recoup its initial cash outflows as quickly as possible.
Accounting-Rate-of-Return MethodAccounting-Rate-of-Return Method
Discounted-cash-flow method focuses on cash flows and the time value of money.
Accounting-rate-of-return method focuses on the incremental accounting income that
results from a project.
Discounted-cash-flow method focuses on cash flows and the time value of money.
Accounting-rate-of-return method focuses on the incremental accounting income that
results from a project.
Accounting-Rate-of-Return MethodAccounting-Rate-of-Return Method
The following formula is used to calculate the accounting rate of return:
AccountingAccountingrate ofrate ofreturnreturn
==
Average Average Average Average incremental incremental expenses,incremental incremental expenses, revenues including depreciationrevenues including depreciation
--
Initial investmentInitial investment
Accounting-Rate-of-Return MethodAccounting-Rate-of-Return Method
Meyers Company wants to install an espresso bar in its restaurant.
The espresso bar:– Cost $140,000 and has a 10-year life.
– Will generate incremental revenues of $100,000 and incremental expenses of $80,000 including depreciation.
What is the accounting rate of return on the investment project?
Meyers Company wants to install an espresso bar in its restaurant.
The espresso bar:– Cost $140,000 and has a 10-year life.
– Will generate incremental revenues of $100,000 and incremental expenses of $80,000 including depreciation.
What is the accounting rate of return on the investment project?
Accounting-Rate-of-Return MethodAccounting-Rate-of-Return Method
The accounting rate of return method is not recommendedThe accounting rate of return method is not recommendedfor a variety of reasons, the most important of which for a variety of reasons, the most important of which
is that it ignores the time value of money.is that it ignores the time value of money.
The accounting rate of return method is not recommendedThe accounting rate of return method is not recommendedfor a variety of reasons, the most important of which for a variety of reasons, the most important of which
is that it ignores the time value of money.is that it ignores the time value of money.
AccountingAccountingrate of returnrate of return
$100,000 - $80,000 $100,000 - $80,000 $140,000$140,000 = 14.3%= 14.3%==
Capital Budgeting PracticesCapital Budgeting Practices
Percent of managers who believe each technique is important.
Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Learning Objective
9
Learning Objective
9
Estimating Cash Flows:Estimating Cash Flows:The Role of Activity-Based CostingThe Role of Activity-Based Costing
ABC systems generally improve the ability of an analyst to estimate the cash flows associated with a proposed project.
ABC systems generally improve the ability of an analyst to estimate the cash flows associated with a proposed project.
Justification of Investments in Justification of Investments in Advanced Manufacturing Advanced Manufacturing
SystemsSystems
HurdleHurdlerates arerates aretoo hightoo high
HurdleHurdlerates arerates aretoo hightoo high
TimeTimehorizonshorizonsare tooare tooshortshort
TimeTimehorizonshorizonsare tooare tooshortshort
BiasBiastowardstowards
incrementalincrementalprojectsprojects
BiasBiastowardstowards
incrementalincrementalprojectsprojects
GreaterGreatercash flowcash flow
uncertaintyuncertainty
GreaterGreatercash flowcash flow
uncertaintyuncertainty
BenefitsBenefitsdifficult todifficult toquantifyquantify
BenefitsBenefitsdifficult todifficult toquantifyquantify
Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Learning Objective
10
Learning Objective
10
Inflation EffectsInflation Effects
Nominal Dollars
Real dollars
Nominal Dollars
Real dollars
End of Chapter 16End of Chapter 16
Recommended