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LectureLecture

0303Computer CommunicationsComputer Communications& Networks& Networks

Communication Protocol ArchitectureCommunication Protocol Architecture

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Networking Protocols:Networking Protocols:

Set of rules, that govern the communicationbetween devices

These rules dictates the actual implementation of

communication tasks

Usually implemented as software modules residing

in OS, NIC, networking devices, etc.

When data is ready to transmit, these software are

executedThese prepare the data for transmission

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Protocol Architecture:Protocol Architecture:

We have to perform a lot of communication tasksImplementing all these tasks in a single module will

make the implementation much complex

Need to divide these complex tasks into simpler

modules

Individual modules should be independent enough

from each other

Each module is implemented as a separate layer inthe architecture

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Protocol models:Protocol models:

Initially each vendor developed its own protocols:Novel network protocolsDECnet

IBMs NetBIOS

These were proprietary protocolsA device using one vendors protocol was not ableto communicate with the device using othervendors protocol

There was a need to develop some standardprotocols:

OSI Reference Model

TCP / IP Protocol Suite

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Layered Architecture:Layered Architecture:

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OSI Reference ModelOSI Reference Model

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OSI Reference Model:OSI Reference Model:

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)Developed by the International Organization for

Standardization (ISO), Geneva, Switzerland

Seven layers architecture

Each layer performs a subset of the required

communication functions

Each layer provides services to the next higher

layerChanges in one layer should not require changes inother layers

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OSI Reference Model: contOSI Reference Model: cont

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Layers & Headers:Layers & Headers:

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Layers & Headers: contLayers & Headers: cont

PDU = Protocol Data Unit

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Why layered architecture?Why layered architecture?

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Application Layer:Application Layer:

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Presentation Layer:Presentation Layer:

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Session Layer:Session Layer:

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Transport Layer:Transport Layer:

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Network Layer:Network Layer:

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Data Link Layer:Data Link Layer:

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Physical Layer:Physical Layer:

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TCP / IP Protocol SuiteTCP / IP Protocol Suite

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TCP / IP Protocol Suite:TCP / IP Protocol Suite:

Developed by IAB & IETFIAB = Internet Architecture Board

IETF = Internet Engineering Task Force

Evolved from US DoD project ARPANETARPANET = Advanced Research Projects Agency NETwork

Stack can be divide into 4 or 5 layers

Most popular network protocol modelBasis of Internet

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TCP/IP Development Timeline:TCP/IP Development Timeline:

BSD = Berkley Software Distribution

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TCP / IP Protocol Suite: contTCP / IP Protocol Suite: cont

HTTP = Hyper Text Transfer ProtocolFTP = File Transfer Protocol

SMTP = Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

DNS = Domain Name Service

SNMP = Simple Network Management

Protocol

TCP = Transmission Control Protocol

UDP = User Datagram Protocol

IP = Internet Protocol

ICMP = Internet Control Message

Protocol

IGMP = Internet Group Management

Protocol

ARP = Address Resolution ProtocolRARP = Reverse ARP

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Communication over TCP/IP:Communication over TCP/IP:

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Communication over TCP/IP: cont...Communication over TCP/IP: cont...

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Encapsulation & Protocol Headers:Encapsulation & Protocol Headers:

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Standards Organizations:Standards Organizations:

Famous organizations that define network/communication standards are:

ISOInternational Standardization Organization

IETFInternet Engineering Task Force

IEEEInstitute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

ETSIEuropean Telecommunication Standard Institute

ITUInternational Telecommunication Union

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Questions ???Questions ???