CCS past present and futureCCS past present and future · CCS past present and futureCCS past...

CCS past present and futureCCS past present and future

Professor Stuart HaszeldineSCCS

University of Edinburgh

RSC, Edinburgh 22 July 2015

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk

Scottish Carbon Capture & Storage

Murchison House, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3LATelephone +44 (0)131 650 0270 www.sccs.org.uk

g y

CO2 : discovered in Scotland Old College 2011Old College 2011

Joseph Black was a student atstudent at Edinburgh from 1752-54

Original lab glassware discovered by Then taught in

Glasgow, and was Edinburgh

discovered by excavation in 2011. Now in

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Royal Society Chemistry, Chemistry in Energy, H-W Univ Edinburgh 22July2015

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Edinburgh Professor of Chemistry in 1766

Royal Scottish Museum

WHY CCS ?

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Royal Society Chemistry, Chemistry in Energy, H-W Univ Edinburgh 22July2015 3

Carbon embedded in electricity is constant

IEA 2015Tracking Clean Energy Progress Fig 2.2

Power sector (all sources) has not decarbonised at all since 1990.Growth in Renewables and Efficiency has matched the increased global demand

i l ik l 6 C i

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Royal Society Chemistry, Chemistry in Energy, H-W Univ Edinburgh 22July2015 4

Progress is very slow. Likely 4 to 6 C warmingCCS not needed to prevent 2C, but to reduce 4C 6C

Avoiding a carbon bubble1 tonne CO2 out = 1 tonne CO2 in

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk5Royal Society Chemistry, Chemistry in Energy, H-W Univ Edinburgh 22July2015Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk

Faster fossil carbon extraction now ≠ Mitigation later ….

What does CCS do ?

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Royal Society Chemistry, Chemistry in Energy, H-W Univ Edinburgh 22July2015 6

UK is a fossil carbon state, ALL-energy RES

Many large EUMany large EU industrial States need a carbon

storage solution

27% EU target for 2030

UK NL BE DE PL 13-18 %

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What does CCS look like ?look like ?

expensive

FINANCE

t iuncertain

CONFIDENCE

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk8www.sccs.org

90% CO2 reduction on site75% along whole chain

Geological CO2 storage

CO2 storage is geologically secure

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk

Eiffel Tower: 325mgeologically secure(millions of years)

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CO2 capture and storage since 1996 : Sleipners ce 996 S e p e

1 Mt CO /1 Mt CO2 / yr

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Recent examples : Learning for CCS

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Full-scale full chain CCS projectsBoundary Dam, Sask.Boundary Dam, Sask. Texas Clean Energy Project, Texas Clean Energy Project, TxTx..

PostPost--combustion aminecombustion amine110MW, 1Mt/110MW, 1Mt/yryr, 2, 2ndnd Oct 2014Oct 2014

IGCC coal + EORIGCC coal + EOR245MW, 2245MW, 2--3Mt/3Mt/yryr, by 2017, by 2017

Kemper County, Miss.Kemper County, Miss. QUEST, Alb.QUEST, Alb.

IGCC coal + EORIGCC coal + EOR Heavy oil HHeavy oil H22 upgraderupgrader

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk

IGCC coal EORIGCC coal EOR582 MW, 3.5 Mt/582 MW, 3.5 Mt/yryr, May 2015, May 2015

yy 22 pgpg1.1Mt/1.1Mt/yryr, Late 2015, Late 2015

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Industry: Vacuum swing, Port Arthur, Texas

Air Products 2 x units vacuum swing solid adsorbtion, 90% capture, 97% purity, 1 Mt CO2/yr 159km pipe to Hastings field EOR 1 6 3 Mbbl/yr

Operating 2013 steam reformer for H2

1 Mt CO2/yr 159km pipe to Hastings field EOR 1.6 – 3 Mbbl/yr. 28 MWe steam and operations. Upscale potential 56 Mt CO2/yr in USA

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Operating 2013, steam reformer for H2 Embedded in Valero refinery

Power: new oxycombustion: Drax White Rose

Drax coal8 % UK electricity

448 MW new coal and biomass. Alstom Oxy-combustion power plantProducing 2 Mt CO2 / yr new pipe, to aquifer dome storageC tl UK l t l t 5% CO2 St t > 2018 i l 2023

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Currently UK largest plant, 5% CO2. Start > 2018, commercial 2023Storage undergoing initial drilling 2013, 70 km offshore

Capture layout next to Drax

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www.whiteroseccs.co.uk

Oxycombustion

www.whiteroseccs.co.uk

Upscaled Air Separation technology

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Upscaled Air Separation technologyNew, multiple and large oxy – boiler, burner, heater

Post-combustion amine CCS – in Scotland

2 750 tonnes CO / day

Peterhead to Goldeneye will capture 1 M tonnes CO2/ yr from 2018

2,750 tonnes CO2 / day

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Peterhead to Goldeneye will capture 1 M tonnes CO2/ yr from 2018First CCS in the world on gas-fuelled power plant

Peterhead: overview– World First first full-scale– World First first full-scale

CCS project on a gas-based power station

– Where capture at Peterhead Power Station; storage in depleted Goldeneye gas

Goldeneye Platform

p y greservoir (100 KM offshore)

– Impact 10 million tonnes of CO captured over a 10 to 15CO2 captured over a 10 to 15-year period (90% CO2 capture from one turbine)

St Fergus Terminal

– Funding UK Government support for both capital & operating expenses

g

Peterhead Power Stationp g p– Technology Cansolv post-

combustion capture using upgraded amines

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upgraded amines

Peterhead : Onshore capture and compression refit

bCO2 pipe to subsea

capture

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UK CCS : Peterhead - Capture• Cansolv post-combustion

• Own-brand di-amine

• Removes 90% CO2At 3.5% – 25% concn.

16-18% penalty

•SO2 reduce to 10-20 ppm•NO2 reduced

• Shenzhen, then Beijing 2004 B d D 20142004, Boundary Dam 2014

Post combustion amineEvolved from refinery and petrochemicals

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Tested at power plantScale-up 20x to 3,300 tCO2/day, Boundary Dam Sk

Platform, reservoir and multiple seal

Unstaffed

Reservoir: 3km

modelling, g,geochemistry, retention and leak scenarios,

BACKUP All situationsAll situations

examined with mitigation

3 seal layers,

Reservoir

y ,CO2 lateral movement

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BUILD 2016 –operate 2019

UK industry CCS, d E h d Oil Rand Enhanced Oil Recovery

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UK plans “Phase II” after first two projects

1km+

Research, development and innovationChapter 14

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1km+

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ccs-policy-scoping-document

Tees-side ; UK’s largest complex

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Existing 5 Mt CO2/yr. Possible 50 Mt /yr. Low cost capture. Local network. Needs new pipe offshore to storage or EOR. Operating 2024 …

INDUSTRY IN SCOTLAND

Keeping C intensive industry d 9 / CO2 l

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– needs 9 Mt/yr CO2 cleanup

Industry capture : through existing pipelinesEDINBURGH/ GRANGEMOUTH ABERDEEN

Feeder 10 : 3.8 Mt/yr Captain Clean AND 3.5 Mt/yr CO2Feeder 10 : 3.8 Mt/yr Captain Clean AND 3.5 Mt/yr CO2West Lothian St Fergus

EDINBURGH/ GRANGEMOUTH ABERDEEN

Fife Ethylene Plant, 0 6 Mt/yr

CHP Grangem’th Refinery 0 5 Mt/yr

Grangemouth Refinery 0 5 Mt/yr

Total3.0

Total3.0 0.6 Mt/yr Refinery, 0.5 Mt/yr Refinery, 0.5 Mt/yr

Kinneil oil terminal,

Mt CO2 / yr

Mt CO2 / yrKinneil oil terminal,

0.5 Mt/yr/ yr/ yr

Fife NGL Plant, 0.1 Mt/yr

CHP Grangem’th Chems, 0.5 Mt/yr

Grangemouth Chems, 0.3 Mt/yr

D b i 20% f S tti h GHG i i 13 5 Mt/ CO2 b 2021

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Decarbonises 20% of Scottish GHG emissions 13.5 Mt/y CO2 by 2021Now eligible for Energy Union 2030 Innovation Fund support ?

New Gasifier IGCC coal : Summit PowerCaptain sandstone Primary CO2

formation for added storage if needed

Injection for EOR Hub Development

Drives incremental 30,000 bopd of oil recovery, or 330 million barrels over CCEP’s 30 year plant life,

plus added amounts from other sources Existing offshore pipelines +

new Peterhead pipeline

CO2 store starts at Goldeneye Field

proven by Peterhead

Existing Feeder 10 pipeline

new Peterhead pipeline

Peterhead creates St Fergus as CO2 hub imports UK and UE

pipelineLinking central Scotland

and the central North Sea

CCEP #1: 570MW Plant at Grangemouth

CCEP #2: Another power plant

Second of a kind IGCC Power Plant (After TCEP)

and/or industrial CO2 sources in Central Scotland to fill Feeder 10 to

capacity

with 90+% carbon capture3.8MT/yr – no pollutants

Phase 2: Integrated coal Gasification and CCS. Makes heat, H2, chemicals ….

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk 27Royal Society Chemistry, Chemistry in Energy, H-W Univ Edinburgh 22July2015

Phase 2: Integrated coal Gasification and CCS. Makes heat, H2, chemicals …. And electricity. Proven storage at Goldeneye provides confidence.

Phase 3: Follow-on is 3.8Mt CO2/yr – enables EOR and reduced carbon

Gasification of solid organic fuels

Capture : Rectisol cold methanol 400-1000 psi

• Siemens gasification technology proven in Germany before Siemens bought the technology and scaled it up, with numerous sales in Canada, the U.S., and China, where the gasifiers are already operating in chemical production facilities;• air separation technology is mature and widely used for commercial• air separation technology is mature and widely used for commercial production of pure gas from the atmospheric constituents of air;• Linde Rectisol® gas cleanup process that removes acid gases like sulfur dioxide and captures the carbon dioxide has been deployed and used internationally for

EOR ?

decades;• power island is a state-of-the-art Siemens F-class combustion turbine matched with a steam turbine in combined cycle operation, identical to a natural gas combined cycle power island Modifications include special combustion turbine

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Summit Power, Grangemouth 2014

combined cycle power island. Modifications, include special combustion turbine gas-firing nozzles for the low-carbon, high-hydrogen syngas fuel

CO2-EOR

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EOR could provide additional incomereduces electricity selling pricereduces electricity selling price

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Summit Power, Grangemouth 2014

CO2-EOR stores carbonP CO i j tiGreen Oil

UK (Forties) 24

Pure CO2 injectionGreen Oil

Saudi 40

CO2EOR 54 - 60Blue/Red

US domestic 56

2Oil

Mexico 82

CTL 113

Reduced venting/flaring

CO2EOR 129 - 135All values in kgCO2e/bblData from (Mangmeechai, 2009)

Black Oil

CO2-EOR can produce extra oil with less carbon cost than more “difficult” oil

If CO2 EOR f ll d b CO2 di l t d Chttp://www.sccs.org.uk/exp

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk31Royal Society Chemistry, Chemistry in Energy, H-W Univ Edinburgh 22July2015

If CO2-EOR followed by CO2 disposal stored CRapid CO2 storage with Profit

ertise/reports/sccs-co2-eor-joint-industry-project

CCS f Ai CCCS next future : Air Capture

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Air capture

Carbon engineering, Calgary

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Fisher Tropsch diesel – Audi (De)

Turning wind power into hydrocarbonhydrocarbon ….

CO2 (air) COCO + H2 (water) Blue Diesel

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk 34Royal Society Chemistry, Chemistry in Energy, H-W Univ Edinburgh 22July2015

CO + H2 (water) Blue Diesel€ 1.50 / litre (no tax)

Air Capture: Carbon Cycle Ltd (UK)

Solid absorbents. Very low energy penaltyPilot plant exists

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Scale up 2017 – air or industry capture

Making CCS work, and how long …. ?

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Global : storage ready ?

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk 37Royal Society Chemistry, Chemistry in Energy, H-W Univ Edinburgh 22July2015www.GlobalCCS Institute.com

Global: project pipeline

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk 38Royal Society Chemistry, Chemistry in Energy, H-W Univ Edinburgh 22July2015

Good progress to 2020, then …. STOP. Need to plan Now

UK “triple lock” on CCS development1) Contract for Difference – pays OPEX Government guarantees generator a price funded1) Contract for Difference – pays OPEX, Government guarantees generator a price, funded by consumers, and generator may pay back. Can be short (hourly), or long (annual)

Payment to electricity generator

2) Emissions Performance standard: stipulated kg CO2 /kW hr power

3) Carbon floor price – determines extra tax on fossil fuel for energy. Makes coal same price as gas kg CO2 /kW hr power p g

Triple tension: Generator, Government(s), RegulatorCheck: Levy Control Framework

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk39Royal Society Chemistry, Chemistry in Energy, H-W Univ Edinburgh 22July2015

Check: Levy Control Framework. Total subsidy payment allocated across all energy technologies by Treasury

What does £ 1Bn buy ?

• 50% shares in 2 CCS projects and £3 Bn OPEX liabilityy

• 1 year of 22,000 secondary school teachers

• 40 new secondary schools

• 2 new big hospitals• 2 new big hospitals

• 1 nuclear submarine power plant

• 3 days of the UK NHS

• 125 miles of railway electrification

Since 2007, the UK has allocated £1 Bn to fund CCS CAPEX

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By 2015, spent £ 4 x FEED engineering studies = £150 M And spent £125 M on R & D. Will £900 M remaining fund 2 x CCS projects ?

Learning rates – fast start, but expect decades

CCS

CCS

2015 2050

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Royal Society Chemistry, Chemistry in Energy, H-W Univ Edinburgh 22July201541

CCS originally projected to be un-precedented rapid growth. LOST 10 yearsNOW requires : Laws, targets, OPEX funds, projects, cost reduction, knowledge share

Cost curve: develop CCS early for long term value

First appearance of technologies, controlled by carbon price / tonne CO2 e

CCS d £40 80 / 10 15 l d i i i

ETI Clarke 2013 Scottish Oil Club

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk 42Royal Society Chemistry, Chemistry in Energy, H-W Univ Edinburgh 22July2015

CCS needs £40 - 80 /tonne. 10-15 year lead-in time + persistenceIf CCS not developed, then 2.5x more expensive RES

CCS = climate insuranceL f h 1 10 000 ( l k l h )Loss of house 1 : 10,000 per year (0.01% likely to happen)

cost to household £ 700 per year

Global change 4 5 (80% lik l t h )Global change 4 : 5 more than 2C by 2050 (80% likely to happen) cost to household £ 200 per year

(for all UK fossil electricity CCS)

C t b kCosts can be known : Price comparison website ….UK Electricity with coal + gas (+ £200) = 100% RES Electricity

CCS is not optional.It is essential for the campaign to reduce global change

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It is essential for the campaign to reduce global change CCS needs to be enabled for action – then States and markets will decide

Royal Society Chemistry, Chemistry in Energy, H-W Univ Edinburgh 22July2015

Conclusion: UK CCS – ready to go… almostNOW

Legal & storageLegal & storage

• Capture, Transport, Storage all exist

• Expense high per tonne, needs chemistry R & D

• Needs serial build learning storage claim

storage claim

l

• Needs serial build learning

• Government persistence ?

RegulationRegulationInvestors finance

b i

Investors finance

b i

Politics→ Confidence→

Demand→ businessbusinessDemand→Profit→

NEEDNEED

• Follow through UK projects

• EU action global sharing

ScienceScienceTechnologyTechnology

• EU action, global sharing

• Reliable decarbonisation plans

• Mandate on carbon storage

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END

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