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Cell Cell StructureStructure
Two Types of CellsTwo Types of Cells ProkaryotesProkaryotes
Pro = beforePro = before Karyon = nucleusKaryon = nucleus Lacks:Lacks:
NucleusNucleus Internal Internal
compartments compartments (membrane bound (membrane bound organelles)organelles)
Small, simple, single-Small, simple, single-celled organismscelled organisms
BACTERIABACTERIA
EukaryotesEukaryotes Eu = trueEu = true Karyon = nucleusKaryon = nucleus Has:Has:
Nucleus Nucleus Internal Internal
compartments compartments (membrane bound (membrane bound organelles)organelles)
Complex, multi-celled Complex, multi-celled organismsorganisms
PLANTS & PLANTS & ANIMALSANIMALS
Prokaryotic CellsProkaryotic Cells
BacteriaBacteria Have no nuclei or internal compartmentsHave no nuclei or internal compartments Small, single-celled organismsSmall, single-celled organisms
Prokaryotic StructuresProkaryotic Structures
Cell wallCell wall surrounds the cell surrounds the cell
membrane and provides membrane and provides structure and supportstructure and support
Can have three shapes:Can have three shapes:coccus (spherical)coccus (spherical)bacillus (rod-shaped)bacillus (rod-shaped)spirillum (spiral) spirillum (spiral)
Flagella/CiliaFlagella/Cilia(Factory Vehicles)(Factory Vehicles)
threadlike threadlike structuresstructures
protrude from the protrude from the cell’s surfacecell’s surface
allows for allows for movementmovement
Eukaryotic CellsEukaryotic Cells
Animal Cells or Plant CellsAnimal Cells or Plant Cells Have a nucleus and organellesHave a nucleus and organelles Complex and multi-celledComplex and multi-celled
Eukaryotic StructureEukaryotic Structure
Animal Cell Plant Cell
All Cells Have:All Cells Have:
Cell (plasma) membraneCell (plasma) membraneCytoplasmCytoplasmRibosomesRibosomesDNADNA
Cell (Plasma) MembraneCell (Plasma) Membrane(POLICEMAN)(POLICEMAN)
Separates the cell from its environmentSeparates the cell from its environment Regulates what enters and exits the cellRegulates what enters and exits the cell Protects the cellProtects the cell
CytoplasmCytoplasm(RIVER)(RIVER)
Semi-fluid (jelly-like) interior of the cellSemi-fluid (jelly-like) interior of the cell What holds the cell’s structuresWhat holds the cell’s structures
CentriolesCentrioles(DIVIDERS)(DIVIDERS)
ONLY IN ANIMAL ONLY IN ANIMAL CELLSCELLS
Make microtubules Make microtubules (for cytoskeleton)(for cytoskeleton)
Help cells divideHelp cells divide Found in pairs next Found in pairs next
to nucleusto nucleus
NucleusNucleus(BRAIN)(BRAIN)
Control Control (information) (information) centercenter
Manages all cell Manages all cell functionsfunctions
Contains DNAContains DNA
Nuclear Membrane/EnvelopeNuclear Membrane/Envelope(GUARD OF NUCLEUS)(GUARD OF NUCLEUS)
Separates the nucleus from the Separates the nucleus from the rest of the cellrest of the cell
Regulates what enters and exits Regulates what enters and exits the nucleusthe nucleus
Protects the nucleusProtects the nucleus
NucleolusNucleolus(RIBOSOME MAKER)(RIBOSOME MAKER)
Found inside Found inside the nucleusthe nucleus
Makes Makes ribosomesribosomes
RibosomesRibosomes(BUILDERS)(BUILDERS)
Are “free” (scattered Are “free” (scattered in cytoplasm) or in cytoplasm) or attached to rough attached to rough endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum.reticulum.
Make (synthesize) Make (synthesize) proteinsproteins
ChromatinChromatin(DNA)(DNA)
Genetic informationGenetic information DNA provides the DNA provides the
instructions for all instructions for all the activities that the activities that occur in a celloccur in a cell
Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum(TRANSPORTERS/ASSEMBLY LINE)(TRANSPORTERS/ASSEMBLY LINE)
Network of membranes (2 Kinds)Network of membranes (2 Kinds)
Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum(TRANSPORTERS/ASSEMBLY LINE)(TRANSPORTERS/ASSEMBLY LINE)
Rough ERRough ERRibosomes Ribosomes attachedattached
Move proteins Move proteins through cellthrough cell
Where proteins Where proteins are madeare made
Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum(TRANSPORTERS/ASSEMBLY LINE)(TRANSPORTERS/ASSEMBLY LINE)
Smooth ERSmooth ERNo ribosomes attachedNo ribosomes attachedMake lipids; break down toxic Make lipids; break down toxic substancessubstances
Golgi Apparatus/BodyGolgi Apparatus/Body(MAILMAN/UPS)(MAILMAN/UPS)
Processes, packages and ships new Processes, packages and ships new proteinsproteins
Flattened membraneFlattened membrane
VesiclesVesicles(VEHICLES)(VEHICLES)
Small sac that transports thingsSmall sac that transports things Takes newly made proteins from Takes newly made proteins from
the ER to the Golgi apparatus the ER to the Golgi apparatus
VesicleER Golgi apparatus
new proteins
LysosomesLysosomes(TRASHMAN)(TRASHMAN)
Contain digestive Contain digestive enzymesenzymes
Digest worn out Digest worn out cell parts, food, cell parts, food, or invadersor invaders
VacuolesVacuoles(WAREHOUSE/STORAGE)(WAREHOUSE/STORAGE)
Stores water, food, wastes, and other Stores water, food, wastes, and other materialsmaterials
VacuolesVacuoles(WAREHOUSE/STORAGE)(WAREHOUSE/STORAGE)
When full gives When full gives plants rigidityplants rigidity
Animal cells only have Animal cells only have small vacuolessmall vacuoles
Plants have a CENTRAL VACUOLEPlants have a CENTRAL VACUOLEVery largeVery large
MitochondriaMitochondria(POWERPLANT)(POWERPLANT)
Produces energy Produces energy for the cellfor the cell
Uses food Uses food (glucose) and (glucose) and oxygen to make oxygen to make energyenergy
Have own DNA Have own DNA and ribosomesand ribosomes
CytoskeletonCytoskeleton(FRAMEWORK)(FRAMEWORK)
Microscopic fibersMicroscopic fibersMicrotubules and Microtubules and
MicrofilamentsMicrofilaments
CytoskeletonCytoskeleton(FRAMEWORK)(FRAMEWORK)
Microfilaments:Microfilaments:threadlike structures made up of threadlike structures made up of
the protein actinthe protein actinproduce a tough, flexible produce a tough, flexible
framework that supports the cellframework that supports the cellhelp with movementhelp with movement
MicrotubulesMicrotubuleshollow structures made of tubulins hollow structures made of tubulins
(protein) that help maintain cell shape(protein) that help maintain cell shapeplay an important role in cell divisionplay an important role in cell divisionbuild projections from the cell surface—build projections from the cell surface—
cilia and flagella—that enable some cells cilia and flagella—that enable some cells to swim rapidly through liquidsto swim rapidly through liquids
CytoskeletonCytoskeleton(FRAMEWORK)(FRAMEWORK)
PLANT CELL ONLY!!!PLANT CELL ONLY!!!
ChloroplastChloroplast(CHEF)(CHEF)
Produce energy for cell by Produce energy for cell by photosynthesisphotosynthesis
Convert light energy into food energyConvert light energy into food energy Store as starchStore as starch
ONLY IN PLANT CELLSONLY IN PLANT CELLS Leukoplasts Leukoplasts
(COOKIE (COOKIE JARS)JARS)
Stores starchStores starch
Chromoplasts Chromoplasts (CRAYOLAS)(CRAYOLAS)
Stores colored Stores colored pigmentspigments
Cell WallCell Wall(SKELETON)(SKELETON)
ONLY IN PLANT CELLSONLY IN PLANT CELLS (and prokaryotes)(and prokaryotes)
Surrounds cell membraneSurrounds cell membrane Supports and protects cellSupports and protects cell
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONLEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
CELLCELL
The basic unit of life.The basic unit of life.
What is a group of cells working What is a group of cells working together?together?
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONLEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
TISSUETISSUE
A group of similar cells working A group of similar cells working together to perform a function.together to perform a function.
What is a group of tissues working What is a group of tissues working together?together?
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONLEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
ORGANORGAN
A group of similar tissues working A group of similar tissues working together to perform a function.together to perform a function.
What is a group of organs working What is a group of organs working together?together?
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONLEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
SYSTEMSYSTEM
A group of similar organs working A group of similar organs working together to perform a function.together to perform a function.
What is a group of organ systems What is a group of organ systems working together?working together?
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONLEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
ORGANISMORGANISM
A group of similar organ systems A group of similar organ systems working together to perform a working together to perform a function.function.
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