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Changing the economics of space
SEMW2010, Vilnius, Lithuania Oct 2010
Changing the Economics of SpaceSSTL Company Profile
Presentation Outline
• Space does not need to be expensive
• The development of Small Satellites has had dramatic effects
– Making some applications financially viable
– Creating new opportunities
– Widening access to space
• Small satellites are changing the economics of space
1. SSTL corporate overview
2. Overview of small satellite systems
3. SSTL programmes, technology and projects
Changing the Economics of Space
This is achieved through:
Rapid-response small-satellites built
from advanced terrestrial technology
SSTL within EADS
• “Autonomous Entity” within EADS Astrium NV
• Much stronger financial backing allows SSTL to prime
much larger contracts
• Access to additional
products and services
Astrium
Satellites
Astrium
ServicesSSTL
Tesat
Dutch Space
Etc…
Astrium
ST
N.V.
Astrium F
Astrium D
Astrium UK
Paradigm
Infoterra
Spotimage
SSTL - the company
UK-based satellite manufacturing company owned by EADS Astrium NV
(99%) and the University of Surrey (1%)
Formed in 1985, the Company now employs 300 staff and occupies dedicated
facilities in Surrey, Kent & Colorado
Changing the economics of space
Why small satellites?
Motivation for move towards small satellites
• The cost of failure of large projects
• Risk can never be reduced to zero
• The maturity of relevant technology, methods and applications
• Hands-on training for the next generation of scientists and engineers
• Fixed launcher mass/volume for deploying multi-satellite systems
7-10 year programmesare not unusual• User frustation with cost and timescales
What is a small satellite?
• Low mission cost
– NTE budgets: What can be achieved given a budget of „X‟
– “low cost” depends on context, e.g.
• <US100k to $1m in educational missions
• <US$10m for private missions
• <US$50m for small national missions
• <US$200m in Space Agencies
• Short schedules
– From 12 months up to 36 months
• “Innovative” or different approach from the norm
• Effective Design and Implementation Philosophy
– Engineering approach
• E.g. COTS
– Management principles
• E.g. What is important for this mission?
• E.g. “Skunk works”
– Organisational structure
• E.g. no major sub-contractors
– Simple operations concept
Some of these factors are subjective or relative
Categories
Small Satellites
Mini
Micro
NanoPico
Large Satellites
Mini
500kg
Micro
Nano/Pico
100kg
10kg
Large
Increasing trend towards launch of smaller satellites
Satellites launched
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Year
>500kg
Mini
Micro
Nano
A big role for Small Satellites
Smallsat trends in use/application
• Predominant use in specialised
communications such as Store &
Forward communications
appears to have ended
• Educational use is increasing
• Use as technology demonstrators
is increasing
• There is a steady use in security
applications
• There is a steady use in space
science missions
• Use in Earth Observation
missions is steadily increasing
Smallsat application evolution
<500kg
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
Communications
EO
Education
Science
Tech demo
Security
Totals launched
<500kg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
Mini
Micro
Nano
Smallsat trends in user/customer
• Steady background level of
amateur missions
• Security sector (mostly US)
were early adopters, and civil
users have now followed
• Commercial use so far
dominated by LEO comms
• Increasing use now in
educational missions
Smallsat customer evolution
<500kg
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
University / Academic
Commercial
Government
Security
Amateur / private
Totals launched
<500kg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
Mini
Micro
Nano
LEO-comms
Smallsat activity
• Many nations now manufacture, use, or procure
smallsats
Small Satellite ActivityUser and manufacturers
Active (45)
World Countries
What are the benefits of small satellites?
• Reducing the cost of entry into space
– Achieving more missions within fixed budgets
– Ownership for all - a mission focused and dedicated to the owner‟s specific task,
rather than sharing a government mission that has aggregated demand
• Reducing the time to get into orbit
– More frequent mission opportunities
– Responding rapidly from initial concept to orbital operation
• Making constellations and formation flying financially viable
– Higher spatial coverage
– Higher temporal resolution
– Larger apertures
• Making new space opportunities financially viable
– Scientific investigations
– Commercial ventures
– Public good
A bus provides a more cost effective service than a car when measured as a cost/person/unit distance, yet the less efficient car is more affordable to the average user
Analogy: The cost of transporting people from point A to point B
“Lowest cost” vs “most cost effective”
Lowest costProbably achieves goal fasterGets to the exact destination
Most cost effectiveTakes longerDestination is a compromise
Small satellites are largely targeted at lowest cost solutions to a specific problem
Changing the economics of space
Surrey Satellite Technology
Overview of activities
A history of success
HERITAGE: Flight proven - low risk
RESULTS: All projects fixed price, delivered on-time and on-budget
SUCCESS: Very high mission success – 100% mission success in last 10
years – proven equipment and full redundancy
CUSTOMERS: Variety of customers including many “blue chip” operators as well
as 15 successful training programmes
34 Satellites completed ~200 satellite years on-orbit experience
9 Further satellites (35-43) – currently being prepared for launch
18 payloads in progress (4 optical, 14 navigation)
Overview of SSTL spacecraft
SSTL# Mission Launch Orbit Mass
(kg)
Customer Payloads
1 UoSAT-1 1984 Delta 560 km 52 UoSurrey, UK Research
2 UoSAT-2 1984 Delta 700 km 60 UoSurrey , UK S&F, EO, rad
3 UoSAT-3 1990 Ariane-4 ASAP 900 km 45 UoSurrey , UK S&F
4 UoSAT-4 900 km 47 UoSurrey /ESA Technology
5 UoSAT-5 1991 Ariane-4 ASAP 900 km 48 SatelLife, USA S&F,EO, rad
6 KitSat-1 1992 Ariane-4 ASAP 1330 km 49 KAIST, Korea LEO comms
7 S80/T 1330 km 50 Matra, France S&F,EO, rad
8 HealthSat-2 1993 Ariane-4 ASAP 900 km 44 SatelLife, USA S&F
9 PoSAT-1 900 km 49 Consortium, Portugal S&F,EO, rad
6B* KitSat-2 900 km 49 KAIST, Korea S&F ,EO, rad
10 Cerise 1995 Ariane-4 ASAP 735 km 50 CNES/DGA, France ELINT
11 FASat-Alfa 1995 Tsyclon 873 km 55 FACH, Chile S&F,EO
12 FASat-Bravo 1998 Zenit-2 835 km 55 FACH, Chile S&F,EO
13 Thai-Phat-1 835 km 55 MU, Thailand S&F,EO
14 UoSAT-12 1999 DNEPR 650 km 312 SSTL and NTU, Singapore EO, Comms
15 Clementine 1999 Ariane-4 ASAP 735 km 50 CNES/DGA, France ELINT
16 Tsinghua-1 2000 Cosmos 650 km 8.3 UoTshinghua, PR China EO, Comms
17 SNAP-1 650km 50 SSTL Technology
18 TiungSAT-1 2000 DNEPR 1020 km 51 ATSB, Malaysia EO, Comms
19 PicoSAT 2001-Athena 650 km 67.2 USAF, USA Military
20 AISat-1 2002 Cosmos 700 km 82 CNTS, Algeria EO-DMC
21 NigeriaSat-1 2003 Cosmos 700 km 82 NASDRA, Nigeria EO-DMC
22 UK-DMC 700 km 90 BNSC/STL, UK EO-DMC
23 BILSAT 700 km 130 TUBITAK, Turkey EO-DMC
24 TopSat 2005 Cosmos 700 km 114 MoD, UK EO
25 Beijing-1 700 km 163 BLMIT, P.R.China Commercial
EO / DMC
26 GIOVE-A 2005 Soyuz 22,000km 649 ESA Navigation
27 CFESat 2006 Atlas-5 ESPA 600km 163 LANL, USA Science
28-32 RapidEye x5 2008 DNEPR 700km 154 MDA/RapidEye Gmbh, Germany Commercial
EO
33 Deimos-1 2009 DNEPR 700km 90 UoSurrey , UK S&F
34 UK-DMC-2 700km 90 Deimos, Spain Technology
Overview of SSTL missions under contract
# Mission Launch Orbit Mass Customer Payloads Status
35 N2 2010 LEO-SSO 300 NASDRA, Nigeria EO Awaiting Launch
36 NX 2010 90 NASDRA, Nigeria EO Awaiting Launch
37 Kanopus-1 2011 LEO 200 VNIIEM/FSA, Russia EO Delivered
38 Kanopus-2
(BELKA)
LEO 200 VNIIEM/FSA, Russia EO Delivered
39 Kanopus-3 2012 LEO 200 VNIIEM/FSA, Russia EO Delivered
40 Sapphire 2012 LEO 100 MDA/DND, Canada Space
surveillance
Passed CDR
41 ADS-1b 2010 LEO 90 Not disclosed Passed TRR
42 KGS 2012 LEO 160 Contract KO
43 ESMO 2015 Lunar 120 ESA Technology Contract KO
March 2009
Kanopus
N2, NX
SapphireKZ-MR
Optical payload capability
1982
2001
1991
1992
2004
2002
1998/2001
2000
20132005
2007
1987
1990
Subsystems
GPS
Power systems• Regulators• Batteries
TM/TC• Transmitters• Receivers• Antennas
Propulsion
Data Handling• Computers• Networks• Data recorders
Solar Panels
Structure• Primary structure• Separation systems• Mechanisms
Payloads, cameras
BasicPlatform:
ComplexPlatform:
MissionEnabling:
ADCS• Controllers and software• Sensors• Actuators
SSTL capabilities
Full mission capability from definition through to launch,
commission, operations & exploitation
Mission Definition and Design
Sub Systems Design and Manufacturing
Assembly & Integration
Testing
Environmental Testing
Launch
Mission Commission & Operations
Image Processing & Application
SSTL’s products & services
Core satellite products:
– SSTL 100, compact modular platform
– SSTL 150/300, enhanced modular platforms
– SSTL 900, geostationary modular platform
– Ability to rapidly design and qualify custom platforms
Sub-system products:
– Optical, RF Payloads
– Bus equipment
SSTL offers launch services and can supply ground systems or
operate satellites on behalf of its customers:
– using a global network of compatible ground stations
Training programmes
Know How Transfer and Training (KHTT)
• Provision of Training to Customer staff, in the form of
theoretical, hands-on and practical, instruction, tasks
or exercises related to a specific Satellite Project
• KHTT is carefully tailored to suit the customer:
1. Customer with a programme to develop national Capability
(SSTL has extensive heritage in this area, 15 previous
customers)
2. Technical organisations wanting to utilise SSTL approach
3. Training for Satellite Users / Product Licensing
Hand-on training and capacity building programmes
Nation Period Team Mission
Kazakhstan, KGS (2010-2011) 10 KZ-MR
USA, NASA / MSU (2007-2008) 3 Magnolia
Nigeria, NARSDA (2006-2008) 25 NigeriaSat-2
Nigeria, NARSDA (2001-2003) 12 NigeriaSat-1
Turkey, Bilten (2001-2003) 12 BILSAT-1
Algeria, CNTS (2000-2002) 12 AlSAT-1
China, Tsinghua Uni. (1998-1999) 12 Tsinghua-1
Malaysia, ATSB (1996-1998) 9 TiungSat-1
Singapore, NTU (1995-1997) 2 UoSAT-12 (payload)
Thailand, MU (1995-1997) 12 Thai-Phutt
Chile, FACH (1994-1998) 8 FASAT-A&B
Japan, Fujitsu (1992-1994) 3 (FjSAT)
Portugal (1992-1994) 6 PoSAT-1
S.Korea, KAIST (1989-1993) 12 KITSAT
S.Africa (1989-1992) 2 UoSAT 3/4/5
Pakistan, Suparco (1984-1988) 10 BADR-1
• 7 Space Agencies / Space programmes formed
• 6 Priming own space missions
• 2 Spin-out companies
All but 1 remain active in space
SSTL 100 - Compact modular platform
Lowest cost solution for operational
missions
Key parameters:
– 5-year design life
– Station keeping through cold-
gas propulsion system
– 8-80 Mbit/sec downlink (S-Band or X-Band)
– 16-32 Gbits on-board data store
– 3-axis attitude control system
– Payload accommodation: 35kg, 110W
(Peak), >50W (Average)
Flight heritage:
– Microsat-70 (14 missions)
– SSTL-100 (AlSat-1, Bilsat, NigeriaSat-1,
UK-DMC, Deimos-1, UK-DMC2)
Mission results – DMC
Fires: prediction, trackingFlooding, disaster response
Deforestation & Land Cover Global Science, Climate change
Multispectral imagery at 32m and 22m GSD
DMC – 2nd generation launched
29 July 2009 – Successful launch of UK-DMC2 and Deimos-1
UK-DMC-2 Imagery – Glaciers
UK-DMC-2 Imagery – Oil Slick
UK-DMC-2 Imagery – Forest Fires
UK-DMC-2 Imagery – Agriculture
SSTL 150/300 - Enhanced modular platforms
High-performance operational missions
Key parameters:
– 7-10 year design life
– Station keeping through Xenon propulsion system
– 105-210 Mbit/sec downlink (X-Band)
– 128 Gbits on-board data store (Hard disk option for 2 Tbits)
– 3-axis attitude control system
– Typical Payload accommodation: 70kg, 200W (Peak), 100W (Av.)
Flight heritage:– TopSat, DMC+4, CFESat, Rapideye (5
Satellites), NigeriaSat-2 (2010)
Mission results- Tehran, Iran
DMC+4 - 4m PAN Image
Data Fusion: simultaneous acquisition of MS & PAN
Mission results – California & UK
• TopSat Images– 2.8m Pan
– 5.6m 3-band
Multispectral
(RGB)
Agricultural area near Sao Paulo (Brazil), acquired by
CHOROS (RapidEye 4) on Nov 11 2008
Space Segment
- 2 of the 5 RapidEye spacecraft -
Changing the economics of space
Looking to the future
Next generation optical system
Nigeriasat-2 contract signed in
November 2006
– Hi-Res imager, 2.5m PAN & 5m GSD
4-band multispectral
20km swath
– Medium-Res Imager, 32m GSD
4-band multispectral
320km swath
– 7 year life
– Advanced imaging modes
– Dual X-band downlink (300Mbps)
– 150,000 km2 per day (1 station)
SSTL 900 - Geostationary modular platform
“Beyond LEO” - designed for MEO, GEO, HEO, Interplanetary Orbits
Two variants:
– GMP-D, Direct Injection
– GMP-T, GTO Injection
Key parameters:
– 12+ year design life
– Station keeping through hydrazine or bi-prop propulsion system
– Modular & flexible design
– Payload accommodation (GMP-T)
• 200kg, 2.5kW (Typical comms)
• 260kg, 1.0kW (Other apps)
Flight heritage:
– ESA GIOVE-A (2005-)
– Development through ESA ARTES-4
GIOVE-A Satellite
• GIOVE-A was the first Galileo Satellite
• Test bed for claiming ITU frequencies, flight testing Galileo equipment,
generating representative signals and characterising radiation environment –
required 2 year life (now operating for >4 years)
• Delivered in 28months for €28M; launched 28 December 2005, Navigation
signals generated 12 January 2006
• 2008 – ESA declares “Full Mission Success”
Galileo – Full Operational Capability (FOC)
SSTL’s role in Galileo FOC:
– EC programme, ESA procurement
– Payload prime for 14 satellites
– Working with OHB-System
– £200m+ contract for SSTL
– Satellites ready from H2 2012
– Production line delivery of 1 satellite every
6 weeks
Beyond LEO - the Moon
MoonLITE:
- A polar orbiter for communication, navigation plus orbital remote sensing
- Multiple micro-penetrators far-side and near-side deployment and in-situ geophysics & geochemistry
ESMO:
– European Student Moon Orbiter
– ESA & European Universities
– Launch 2014
Ultra-high resolution EO system
SSTL can provide a system that is capable of providing
0.6-metre GSD (RGB) images of 95% of the Earth’s land
surface in 2.5 years
– Applications – mapping, web based GIS
The system includes…
– An ultra hi-res satellite
• 16km swath
• Final product, 0.6-metre GSD RGB imagery
– Ground network & systems…
Huge commercial potential:
– Raw imagery costs $0.20 /km2
(currently sold at $20 /km2)
Project status
8/2008 – 7/2009 – “One Year, Seven Satellites”
Contracts underway for 9 further satellites:
– NigeriaSat-2 (2.5m, 5m, 32m) plus NX
– Vniiem “Kanopus” (3 satellite platforms)
– Sapphire – Canadian surveillance of space mission
– A rapid paced commercial mission
– Kazakhstan medium resolution imaging mission
– ESMO – European Student Moon Orbiter
– Galileo – 14 Navigation payloads
Potential for Lithuania in Space
• Space is now part of our daily lives. Weather forecasting, satellite navigation, satellite television and long distance communication are all essential.
• Space is also necessary to solve problems which are increasingly global such as climate change, food security and fresh water management. Few of these problems stop at national borders.
• Space is a high tech industry, with a high value-added index per employee, and can therefore help improve the economy and develop export opportunities.
• A space programme must be sustainable. Applications using small satellites are a cost effective means to develop capability
Changing the economics of space
Changing the economics of space
Thank you
© Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd.
Tycho House, 20 Stephenson Road, Surrey Research Park, Guildford, Surrey, GU27YE, United Kingdom
Tel: +44(0)1483803803 | Fax:+44(0)1483803804 | Email: info@sstl.co.uk | Web:www.sstl.co.uk
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