Chapter 1 Introductions of WSNs

Chapter 1Introductions of WSNs

Outline

1.1. Architecture of WSNs

1.2. Applications of WSNs

1.3. Internet of Things

1.4. Issues and Challenges

Architecture of WSNs

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) Sensor Network is composed of a few sink nodes and

a huge number of sensor nodes

Sink node: A control center where user can retrieve data gathered from

sensor networks Static/Mobile

Wireless Sensor Networks Sensor node:

Sensing unit Processing unit

Transceiver unit Power unit Additional units

Power unit

SensorProcessorMemory

Transceiverunit

Powergenerator

ADC

GPS Motor

Processing unit

Sensing unit

Wireless Sensor Networks

Monitored Area

Event

Sink node

Sensor node

User

AB

C

Mobile Sensor

Source: http://www.ri.cmu.edu/research_project_detail.html?type=description&project_id=104&menu_id=261Source: http://blog.xbow.com/xblog/images/2007/06/27/imousemobilesensor.jpg

Motor

Ultra Sonic

Sensor Board

Mobile Sensor

GPS

Battery

Arm

500g payload

Packed with sensors(3MEMS gyros, 3 MEMS accelerometers, 3 magnetometers, GPS, and 1 barometric pressure sensor)

Brushless motors

Data recorder

Rotor blades

LED

Rotor blades

LEDBrushless motors

250g payload

10 on-board sensors: 3 accelerometers, 3

gyroscopes,3 magnetometers, and 1 barometric pressure

sensor Battery

Landing gear

Source: http://slashcool.com/stuff/gadgets/draganflyer-x6-uav.htmlSource: http://gizmodo.com/5334419/draganfly-x4-uav-tiny-camera+packing-ufo+looking-copter-is-cheaper-than-ever

Real Products of Sensor Nodes

Sensor Node Hardware Platforms Accsense, Inc. Ambient Systems mesh networks (Netherlands) Atlas (Pervasa/University of Florida) BEAN Project BTnode (ETH Zurich) COTS Dust (Dust Networks) EYES Project Fleck (CSIRO Australia) Glacsweb Hoarder Board Kmote (TinyOS Mall) Mica Mote (Crossbow) MicroStrain, Inc. Newtrax Technologies, Inc.

Particles (Particle Computer) Particles (TecO) PicoCrickets (Montreal, Canada) ScatterWeb ESB nodes SensiNet Smart Sensors (Sensicast

Systems) Sensor Webs (SensorWare

Systems) Smart Dust (Dust Networks) TIP Mote (Maxfor) Tmote (Moteiv) WINS (Rockwell) WINS (UCLA) WSN430 (INSA de Lyon/INRIA) Octopus II, Octopus X, Octopus N

(NTHU/Taiwan)

AutoSec Bertha BTnut Nut/OS COMiS Contiki CORMOS COUGAR DSWare eCos Enviro-Track EYESOS Global Sensor Networks;GSN Impala jWebDust LiteOS MagnetOS MANTIS MiLAN Netwiser OCTAVEX SenOS

Sensor Node Software Platforms SensorWare SINA SOS TinyDB TinyGALS TinyOS t-Kernel VIP Bridge

c@t (Computation at a point in space (@) Time ) DCL (Distributed Compositional Language) galsC nesC Protothreads SNACK SQTL

Programming languages

Static Sensors

MICA2 The first commercial product Applications

Wireless Sensor Networks Security, Surveillance and Force Protection Environmental Monitoring Large Scale Wireless Networks(1000+ nodes) Distributed Computing Platform

Source: http://www.xbow.com/Products/productdetails.aspx?sid=72

Static Sensors

MICA2DOT Applications

Wireless Sensor Networks Temperature and Environmental Monitoring Remote Data Logging Smart Badges, Wearable Computing

Source: http://www.xbow.com/Products/productdetails.aspx?sid=73

Static Sensors MICAz(Zigbee) Applications

Indoor Building Monitoring and Security Acoustic, Video, Vibration and Other

High Speed Sensor Data Large Scale Sensor Networks(1000+ Points)

Source: http://www.xbow.com/Products/productdetails.aspx?sid=164

Static Sensors TELOSB Applications

Platform for low power research development Wireless sensor network experimentation

Source: http://www.xbow.com/Products/productdetails.aspx?sid=252

NTHU Sensor Platform Octopus II Features

One light sensors One temperature-humidity sensor

Sensor board Humidity & Temperature sensor Light sensors Gyroscope Three axis accelerometer

NTHU Sensor Platform Octopus X Features

MCU (CC2431) SMA type antenna RF range ~ 100m

Sensor elements

Temperature/Humidity Sensor Ultrasonic Sensor GPS Receiver Module

Tri-Axis Accelerometer Module Color Sensor

Source: http://www.parallax.com/Store/Sensors/tabid/86/Default.aspx

PIR Sensor

Sensor elements

Compass Module Hall-Effect Sensor Gyroscope Module

Humidity Sensor QTI Sensor Sound Impact Sensor

Pressure Sensor

Piezo Film Vibra Tab Mass

Source: http://www.parallax.com/Store/Sensors/tabid/86/Default.aspx

Applications of WSNs

Applications of WSNs Entertainment Applications ( 遊戲應用 )

Security Applications ( 安全監控 )

Environment and Ecology ( 環境應用 )

Health Care ( 健康照護 )

Smart Home ( 智慧屋 )

Agricultural Applications ( 農業應用 )

Industrial Applications ( 工業應用 )

Military Applications ( 軍事應用 )

Art Applications ( 藝術應用 )

Entertainment Applications Wii (Nintendo - Game Player )

One main feature of the Wii Remote is its motion sensing capability, which allows the user to interact with and manipulate items on screen via gesture recognition.

Motion Sensor (Orientation Sensor + G-Sensor ) and Infrared Sensor

Source: http://www.nintendo.tw/

Entertainment Applications Wii Vitality Sensor

The device will sense the user's pulse and a number of other signals transmitted by Human’s bodies.

Source: http://www.nintendo.tw/

Security Applications

Disaster Relief and Guiding System Constructs the escape system with the Wireless Sensor Networks

Detects the high temperature area. Guide to the evacuation exit. Report to firemen.

Temperature Sensors

1F

2F

3F

EMG_exit sensor

EMG_stair sensor

ControllerBase Station

Control host

EMG

Source: Project Director : NCTU Department of Computer Science (Dr.Tseng,Yu-Chee)

Security Applications

(a) Sensor Node and Model

(b) Show the direction

Source: Project Director : NCTU Department of Computer Science (Dr.Tseng,Yu-Chee)

(d) Change the direction dynamically

Security Applications

Volcanic eruption Effective early warning systems Using Seismic Sensors to detect seismic event when eruption occurs.

Source: http://www.snm.ethz.ch/Projects/SensorNetworkExperimentalData

Security Applications

Underwater Sensor Network To detect shoal, marine life, etc. Sonar Sensor

Source: http://www.simrad.com/www/01/NOKBG0240.nsf/AllWeb/4596DFE234A68ECEC12573C50042F585?OpenDocument

Environment and Ecology

Source: Project- 「 Debris Flow Monitoring of Wireless Sensor Network 」 (National Tsing Hua University, Dr. Pai H. Chou)

Environment and Ecology Debris Flow Monitoring of Wireless Sensor Network

System Humidity Sensor, Temperature Sensor, Pressure Sensor, Optical Sensor

Environment and Ecology

The GlacsWeb Architecture Using the sensor to detect the movement of the glacier, then the sensor

sending a message to the system to monitor the glacier. Pressure Sensor, Temperature Sensors and Orientation Sensor

Source: K. Martinez, R. Ong, J. Hart, Glacsweb: a sensor network for hostile environments IEEE SECON’04

Base StationSensor node

Sensor node

Environment and Ecology

Habitat Monitoring on Great Duck Island Wireless sensor networks monitor the microclimates in and around nesting

burrow used by the Leach’s Storm Petrel Temperature, humidity, barometric pressure, mid-range infrared, and image

Source: http://www.greatduckisland.net/ (Intel Research Laboratory at Berkeley)

Health Care

WHMS - Wearable Health Monitoring Systems

Source: http://www.ece.uah.edu/~jovanov/whrms/

Health Hero Network Sensor network technology has been under development for years and has matured

to a great degree in the last few. Imagine a system where every person in the world had a chip that could monitor

their vital signs (heartbearts, body temperature etc) and then relay these to a central tracking facility such as a hospital or doctors office).

Health Care

Source: http://www.jasonernst.com/

Capsule Endoscope 11mm x 26mm

Data Recorder with Batery pack

which can be downloaded onto laptop computer

Antennae

Smart Home

Aegis - Smart Home Sensor Model : Octopus II with Orientation Sensor, G-Sensor, Infrared Sensor

and Gas Sensor

Source: Project Director : NCTU Department of Computer Science and Information Engineer Dr. Sheng-Tzong Cheng

The Oriental Fruit fly Ecological Monitoring and Early Warning System Sensor Model : Octopus II with Humidity Sensor, Temperature Sensor, Pressure

Sensor and Optical Sensor

Agricultural Applications

OctopusII

Source: National Taiwan University  Department of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engineering Dr. Joe-Air Jiang

Agricultural Applications Application of WSN technology in the Oriental fruit fly ecological

monitoring

Source: National Taiwan University  Department of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engineering Dr. Joe-Air Jiang

Agricultural Applications The wine making

The ice-wine which must be an exact temperature for a certain amount of time before it is harvested in order to qualify

To find out that the temperature is actually not quite cold enough yet. So all the workers are sent home and paid for three hours of work. If wireless sensors were used instead perhaps some money and time could be saved.

Humidity Sensor, Temperature Sensor

Source: http://www.jasonernst.com/

Agricultural Applications Greenhouses

Wireless sensor networks are also used to control the temperature and humidity levels inside commercial greenhouses

Temperature sensor, humidity sensor

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_sensor_network

Industrial Applications

LCD plants To prevent shaking of the glass substrate during processing Improve the productivity (increase 5%) Seismic Sensors 、 Displacement Sensors

Source: http://www.arrl.org, www.sounderpro.com.tw/Digital

Smart Parking in San Fransico, CA Drivers will be alerted to empty parking places either by displays on street

signs, or by looking at maps on screens of their smart phones. They may even be able to pay for parking by cell phone, and add to the

parking meter from their phones without returning to the car.

Source: http://gizmodo.com/5024678/san-francisco-set-to-deploy-smart-parking-sfpark-wi+fi-system

Industrial Applications

Source: http://paulmcleary.typepad.com/paul_mcleary/2009/07/technology-push-thats-really-waiting-for-a-requirements-pull.html

Mobile Sensor in the military• The robotic weapons now playing greater roles on the battlefield.

Military Applications

Military Applications Unattended ground sensor network for area force protection.

Source: http://www.tridsys.com/white-unattended-ground-sensors.htm

Art Applications - Interactive Art & Humanity

A Sidewalk of Sound Trees

Sensor

1.The weather.2.Interact with the viewer.

Source: Project- 「 Wireless Sensor Network in Interactive Art & Humanity (1),(2) 」 (Taipei National University of the Arts and Tamkang University )

Humidity Sensor, Temperature Sensor, Optical Sensor, Ultrasonic Sensor, Anemometer Sensor…

Art Applications - Interactive Art & Humanity WSN in Interactive Wall

Deploy the sensor in the wall to sense the data and show the image or text at the wall(LEDs).

Humidity Sensor, Temperature Sensor, Optical Sensor, Ultrasonic Sensor

Sensor

Source: Project- 「 Wireless Sensor Network in Interactive Art & Humanity (1),(2) 」 (Taipei National University of the Arts and Tamkang University )

Art Applications - Interactive Art & Humanity

‧Art Design - Sound Trees

‧Art Design - Interactive Wall

Source: Project- 「 Wireless Sensor Network in Interactive Art & Humanity (1),(2) 」 (Taipei National University of the Arts and Tamkang University )

Art Applications - Interactive Art & Humanity

MSOrgm (Motivational Sensitive Organism) A personal robot designed to interact with the viewer Camera and Infrared Sensor

Source: http://www.ntust.edu.tw , http://joelkatz1.wordpress.com

Art Applications - Interactive Art & Humanity

The Future Museum -Step Around Archival Taiwan Using the Diamond Touch Floor to sense the user's location and pressure Interactively control of the music and photo display.

Source: Project Director : Taipei National University of the Arts (Dr. Su-Chu Hsu)

Internet of Things

物聯網的定義 物聯網 (Internet of Things, IoT) 物物相聯的網際網路 在特定物體上植入各種微型感測晶片

貼上或嵌入無線射頻辨識 (RFID) 感測器 (Sensors) 無線通訊晶片

加速度計傾斜感測

特殊氣體感測器

溫濕度感測器RFID 條碼辨識系統 藍芽 /Zigbee/RF

無線通訊模組

物聯網的定義 使物体更具溝通能力

實現人與物的 “對話” 實現人與人的 “對話” 實現物與物的 “交流”

物聯網中的物體更具智慧 自動回報狀態 自動與物溝通 自動與人溝通 更易與人互動 更聰明地被人類使用

物聯網的定義讓實體世界 (Physical World)的各種資訊與網際網路連接 實體資訊感測設備 (Physical → Cyber) 數位資訊傳輸設備 (數位資訊交換與通訊 )

實現智慧化識別實現智慧化定位實現智慧化跟蹤實現智慧化監控實現智慧化管理 …

物聯網的定義

INTERNET

人與人通訊物與物通訊人與物通訊

物聯網的定義

人生活在實體世界，與實物互動越來越多的溝通在 數位世界 (Cyber World)

Web, YuTube, Facebook, Plurk, MSN, E-mail互動與溝通

人與人 人與物 物與物

欲達到此目的 , 物體需要更具智慧

物聯網的目的

實現 4A 聯網AnytimeAnywhereAnyoneAnything

目的智慧地球 (Smart Planet 、 Smart Earth)普及運算 (Pervasive Computing)

物聯網的重要性 思科科技預期： 2013年

物聯網裝置數量將暴增至 1 兆台！ 全球市場規模： 1700億美金！

美國權威諮詢機構 Forrester預測： 2020年 物聯網商機高達上兆元！

通訊大廠 Sony-Ericsson 預估： 2020年 全球上網的裝置超過 500 億項！ 物聯網的業務量將是互聯網的 30 倍！ 產值高達新台幣 10 兆元！

物聯網重要性

IBM ：「智慧的地球」在中國建立首個物聯網技術中心

智慧地球：藉由感知、聯網技術，達到智慧化生活與服務的目的

物聯網重要性

物聯網為 IBM 「智慧的地球」最關鍵的技術 (3I) 透徹的感知 (Instrumented) 全面的互聯互通 (Interconnected) 深入的智能化 (Intelligent)

物聯網的重要性 涵蓋技術及應用的產業鏈包括

感測器 晶片 硬體 網路 軟體 系統平台 產業加值應用 INTERNET

智慧電網智慧電網 (Smart Grid, SG)

電量的生產、分配及使用都能夠有智慧的運用提高使用 的 效率終端設備 (End devices)

感測器 (Sensors) 智慧電表 (Smart meters)

智慧電網的架構

燃煤發電廠

核能電廠

天然氣電廠

抽蓄水力

慣常水力

用戶端

智慧電網用電流程圖分散式電網

管理系統

風力發電

海洋溫差

二次電池系統

生質燃料汽電共生

太陽能發電電力雙向交流之網路

智慧電網感知層 ~ 用電量即時偵測消費者的角度

監視能源的消耗 使用能源的習慣

提供服務 追蹤能源使用高峰 通知忘記關閉的裝置

Cloud ServerApplication

Service

Power Meter Zigbee Receiver

智慧家庭 ( 建築 ) 電能管理

感測器

Home Gateway

人機控管介面

AMI

LAN資料收集器 WAN

AMI 控制中心

先進配電 AMI自動化

物聯網應用於智慧運輸

75 km 雲端運算雲端運算

雲端伺服器雲端伺服器

雲端資料庫雲端資料庫交通部

即時路況

雷達

高速公路即時路況系統

物聯網應用於智慧運輸

http://www.iot-flag.net/

物聯網應用於智慧運輸 紅綠燈 / 平交道 / 匝道管制燈號

增加緊急事件的應變能力中央控制系統中央控制系統

RFID tag

RFID reader

物聯網應用於智慧運輸

板橋 307 撫遠街 即將抵達南松山即將抵達南松山

車內站名顯示器車頭 LED顯示器

車內站名播報 影像偵測

USB身分辨識

操作 / 設定面板

車載機

乘客到站站名播報和顯示駕駛員駕駛安全輔助行駛路線即時派遣和溝通

物聯網應用於智慧運輸

車道偏離前方防撞側邊盲點警示

駕駛酒駕檢測

超速、行進間車門開啟、偏移路線、急加速急減速偵測

超速統計報表急加速、急減速統計報表偏移路線統計報表行進間車門開啟次數統計報表

駕駛行為稽核

不良駕駛行為及時通知

強化行車安全管控

行駛前酒測

車輛安全

物聯網的需求—全民健康醫療照護

各式生理量測設備生理量測設備 各式雲終端設備各式雲終端設備

物聯網的需求—全民健康醫療照護

各式生理量測設備各式雲終端設備

獨居老人

社工看護

幼兒保母母

醫護人員

救護工具

Issues and Challenges of WSNs

Issues

Deployment Localization Communication Data Gathering Coverage Tracking Navigation Underwater Issues Visual Sensor Networks

Deployment

WSN deployment Full coverage (monitoring quality) Minimal number of sensor nodes (cost)

Existing deployment schemes Random deployment Robot deployment AA

Deployment

Random Deployment Coverage hole A large number of sensor nodes (hardware cost)

Mobile Sensors Mobility overcomes hole problem Hardware cost

Deployment Robot Deployment

Regularly deploy static sensor nodes Easy to obtain full coverage by using minimal number of

static sensors Low hardware cost Easy and simple

Deployment Challenges

There have obstacles in the monitor region.

A

Hole Problem Dead-End Problem

Communications The communication of the WSN

Network Layer Protocol Multi-casting Uni-casting

MAC Scheduling Sleep-Wakeup Contention

Periodic Query

Sink

1. Request using flooding• Frequency: 1/10 min• Duration: 24hr• Attribute: Temperature

2. Report using multi-hop and tree structure

3. Report

http://big5.wallcoo.com/nature/sz194-Tree-and-grassland_blue_sky/html/wallpaper5.html

Event Driven

http://big5.wallcoo.com/nature/sz194-Tree-and-grassland_blue_sky/html/wallpaper5.html

Sink

1. Request using flooding• Frequency: 1/10 min• Duration: 24hr• Attribute: Temperature

2. Event happen

3. Report

Communications Challenges

How to find the shortest path from event point to sink ? How to balance the lifetime of all the sensors?

The techniques used to identify the position of each sensor node are central to such location-aware operations.

Localization

LocationLocation

??

What is Localization in WSN? Ability to determine the locations of sensors Utilize some help from localization services like GPS

Importance of Localization Identifying the location of an event or a sensor of interest Helping in routing and coverage optimization

Localization

Challenges Accuracy vs. Complexity/Cost

Availability and Feasibility of accurate location systems. (e.g. GPS is not available indoor)

Localization

Data Gathering

Recent years have witnessed a surge of interest in efficient data gathering schemes in WSNs. Routing protocol

Distributed data compression Efficient transmission schedule Hierarchical infrastructure

Mobile sensor data gathering Data MULEs (Data collector)

Data Gathering

Mobile sensor data gathering Radically solves the non-uniformity of energy consumption

among sensors. The mobile data collector works well not only in a fully

connected network, but also in a disconnected network.

SenCar (data mule)

Sensors

Sink

Data Gathering The total time of a data gathering tour mainly consists of

Data uploading time Moving time

Data Gathering Challenges

How to select the position of polling point to increase the efficiency of data gathering?

How to combine mobile data gathering with multi-antenna to technique to reduce data upload time?

How to combine mobile data gathering with routing technique to reduce the total time of a data gathering ?

Coverage

Coverage is a fundamental problem in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs).

The Coverage of the WSNs Area coverage Target coverage Barrier coverage

Area Coverage Two kind of covering sensor for solving problem

Static sensor Mobile sensor

Monitoring area

Area Coverage Static sensor

How to cover all of the interested area by minimum sensors?

How to modulate wake-up and sleeping mechanism?

Monitoring area

Area Coverage

Mobile sensor How to select the minimum mobile sensors to cover all of

the hole?

Barrier Coverage

USA

Intruder

Sensors

Barrier Coverage Challenges

How to establish k-barrier coverage by minimizing sensors number?

How to as extended as possible lifetime?

Target Coverage

Target node

Static sensor

Subset 1

Subset 2

Subset 3

1 2 3 …

Time Slot

Target Coverage

Challenges Connectivity. How to modulate wake-up and sleeping mechanism? How to cover more targets by the minimum sensors?

Object tracking is an important issue of wireless sensor networks.

Tracking

Challenges Improve tracking accuracy How can we track the target according to tracking quality

that users require? Minimize of sensor nodes Long network life time

How to track more than one target at the same time?

Mobile TargetSensor Node

Tracking

Navigation Evacuation

Safe

Route

Navigation Problem & Challenges

Evacuation of disaster When the disaster occur, how to decide a security route

and guide the users keep away from dangerous region by wireless sensor networks?

Target tracking & guiding How to predict the trajectory of moving targets and guide

the users to catch up with targets by wireless sensor networks?

Underwater WSNs

Recently, there has been a growing interest in monitoring the marine environment. scientific exploration commercial exploitation coastline protection

Underwater WSNs

Buoys

Radio

Acoustic

Acoustic

Data Sink

Seabed Sensor

Mobile sensor

TKU

Underwater WSNs

Challenges Challenges posed by Acoustic Channel

Impact of Ocean Current Acoustic Wave Propagation Low Propagation Speed High and Variable Propagation Delay High Bit Error Rates Limited Bandwidth Low Battery Power

Underwater WSNs Challenges

Problems Associated with MAC Protocol of UWSNs Network Topology and Deployment in UWSN Energy Consumption Synchronization Hidden Node and Exposed Node Problem High Delay Associated in Handshaking Power Waste in Collision Centralized Networking

Visual Sensor Networks Assume that the shape of monitor region is known. How to deploy camera sensor

minimum number of camera nodes 1-coverage , 2-coverage , or k-coverage

Random deployment of camera sensors To monitor the dynamic changes of the shape of monitor

region Camera sensor

Mobility & Rotation Mobility & Non-rotation Non-mobility & Rotation Non-mobility & Non-rotation

Visual Sensor Networks

Visual Sensor Networks Challenges

How to cover the monitoring area

by minimum number of camera nodes

by minimum moving distance of camera nodes

by minimum rotation angle of camera nodes

Find maximum number of sets of camera nodes Schedule each set of camera nodes to sleep or wake up

Achieve 1-coverage, or 2-coverage,or k-coverage

Reference http://www.ri.cmu.edu/research_project_detail.html?type=description&project_id=104&menu_id=261

http://blog.xbow.com/xblog/images/2007/06/27/imousemobilesensor.jpg

http://slashcool.com/stuff/gadgets/draganflyer-x6-uav.html

http://gizmodo.com/5334419/draganfly-x4-uav-tiny-camera+packing-ufo+looking-copter-is-cheaper-than-ever

http://www.xbow.com/Products/productdetails.aspx?sid=72

http://www.xbow.com/Products/productdetails.aspx?sid=73

http://www.xbow.com/Products/productdetails.aspx?sid=164

http://www.xbow.com/Products/productdetails.aspx?sid=252

http://www.wsnc.ntu.edu.tw/Files/SuperNode.pdf

http://www.wsnc.ntu.edu.tw/Files/SimpleNode.pdf

http://epl.cs.nthu.edu.tw/download/Eco_ptt_video/(ver1.2)20080620_ECO.ppt

http://hscc.cs.nthu.edu.tw/project

http://www.wsnc.ntu.edu.tw/Files/Octopus--_0913_V1_2%20%5B----%5D.pdf

http://www.parallax.com/Store/Sensors/tabid/86/Default.aspx

http://www.nintendo.tw/

http://www.digitalsun.com/index.html

http://www.ntust.edu.tw

http://joelkatz1.wordpress.com

Project Director : Taipei National University of the Arts (Dr. Su-Chu Hsu)

http://www.jasonernst.com/

Reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_sensor_network

Project Director : NCTU Department of Computer Science (Dr.Tseng,Yu-Chee)

http://www.snm.ethz.ch/Projects/SensorNetworkExperimentalData

http://www.simrad.com/www/01/NOKBG0240.nsf/AllWeb/4596DFE234A68ECEC12573C50042F585?OpenDocument

Project- 「 Debris Flow Monitoring of Wireless Sensor Network 」 (National Tsing Hua University, Dr. Pai H. Chou)

K. Martinez, R. Ong, J. Hart, Glacsweb: a sensor network for hostile environments IEEE SECON’04

Project Director : NPUST Department of Information Management (Dr. Hsu-Yang Kung)

http://www.greatduckisland.net/ (Intel Research Laboratory at Berkeley)

http://www.ece.uah.edu/~jovanov/whrms/

Project Director : NCTU Department of Computer Science Dr. Yu-Chee Tseng

Project Director : NCTU Department of Computer Science and Information Engineer Dr. Sheng-Tzong Cheng

National Taiwan University  Department of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engineering Dr. Joe-Air Jiang

http://www.dailywireless.org/2007/08/16/grape-networks/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_sensor_network

http://www.arrl.org, www.sounderpro.com.tw/Digital

http://gizmodo.com/5024678/san-francisco-set-to-deploy-smart-parking-sfpark-wi+fi-system

http://paulmcleary.typepad.com/paul_mcleary/2009/07/technology-push-thats-really-waiting-for-a-requirements-pull.html

http://www.tridsys.com/white-unattended-ground-sensors.htm

Project- 「 Wireless Sensor Network in Interactive Art & Humanity (1),(2) 」 (Taipei National University of the Arts and Tamkang University )

Reference Ying Tan, Steve Goddard, Lance C. P´erez , “A Prototype Architecture for Cyber-Physical Systems”

Aniruddha Gokhale*, Sherif Abdelwahed , Nagarajan Kandasamy , “High-confidence Software for Cyber Physical Systems”

Cyber-Physical Systems Executive Summary Prepared by the CPS Steering Group

Safe composition of complex medical systems (https://agora.cs.illinois.edu/display/mdpnp/Home)

Recommend Reading IF Akyildiz, W Su, Y Sankarasubramaniam, “A survey on sensor networks,” IEEE Communications Magazine, Aug. 2002

IF Akyildiz, W Su, Y Sankarasubramaniam, E Cayirci, “Wireless sensor networks: a survey,”  Computer Networks, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 393-422, March 2002.

A Mainwaring, D Culler, J Polastre, “Wireless sensor networks for habitat monitoring,” ACM International Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications, 2002.

IF Akyildiz, IH Kasimoglu, “Wireless sensor and actor networks: research challenges,” Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 351-367, Oct. 2004.

P. H. Chou, Y. C. Chung, C. T. King, M. J. Tsai, B. J. Lee, and T. Y. Chou, “Wireless Sensor Networks for Debris Flow Observation,” ICUDR, 2007

K. Martinez, R. Ong, and J. Hart, “Glacsweb: a sensor network for hostile environments,” IEEE SECON, 2004

A. Milenkovic, C. Otto, E. Jovanov, “Wireless Sensor Networks for Personal Health Monitoring: Issues and an Implementation,” Computer Communications Elsevier, 2006

E. Jovanov, A. Milenkovic, C. Otto, P. C. de Groen, “A wireless body area network of intelligent motion sensors for computer assisted physical rehabilitation,” Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 2005

Trident's Family of Unattended Ground Sensors, http://www.tridsys.com/white-unattended-ground-sensors.htm

Y. Tan, S. Goddard, L. C. P´erez , “A Prototype Architecture for Cyber-Physical Systems,” ACM SIGBED 2008

A. Gokhale, S. Abdelwahed , N. Kandasamy , “High-confidence Software for Cyber Physical Systems,” ACM ASE 2007