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Chapter 12 Section 2The Partition of Africa
Lesson Objectives
• Explain why European contact with Africa increased during the 1800s.
• Understand how Leopold II started a scramble for colonies.
• Describe how Africans resisted imperialism.
Look at the map: Africa in early 1800’s had many regions, hundreds of languages, varied
governments
North Africa
• Sahara Desert, fertile land along Mediterranean
• Ruled by Ottoman Empire
West Africa
• Grassland regions – Jihad – Islamic reform
movement, a holy struggle to revive & purify Islam
– New Islamic states – trade, farming, herding
• Forests regions – Asante kingdom– Traded with Europeans
& Muslims
East Africa
• Strongly Islamic• Port cities – Mombasa,
Kilwa– Cargoes were slaves– Ivory & copper were
exchanged for cloth & firearms from India
Southern Africa
• Early 1800’s in turmoil• Shaka united Zulus• 1830’s Zulus battled
Boers
Slave Trade
• Early 1800’s European nations began to outlaw slave trade
• Continued in East Africa to Middle East & Asia
• Freed slaves– 1787 British organized
Sierra Leone as colony for freed slaves
– U.S. did the same for Liberia, became independent republic
European Contact with Africa Increased
• Difficult geography & diseases kept European from reaching interior; medical advances & river steamships changed things
• Explorers – early 1800’s tried to map the source & course of African rivers– Niger– Nile– Congo
Missionaries
• Goal was to win native Africans to Christianity– Built schools & medical
clinics with churches– Paternalistic view of
Africans – saw them as children in need of guidance
Dr. David Livingstone
• Best-known explorer/missionary– Criss-crossed Africa for 30
years– Opposed slave trade– Opened up interior of Africa
to Christianity & trade– 1869 journalist, Henry
Stanley, went to Central Africa to find Livingstone (hadn’t heard from for years)• Found Livingstone in 1871 in
Tanzania• “Dr. Livingstone, I presume.”
King Leopold II of Belgium
• He started scramble for colonies
• Hired Stanley to explore the Congo River Basin– Arrange treaties with
African basins
• Result - other European nations followed Belgium
Berlin Conference
• European nations met to avoid bloodshed/war over African lands– Recognized Leopold’s private
claims in Congo Free State– Free trade on Congo & Niger
Rivers– No European nations claim
any African land w/out setting up a government office first
– By 1850 European nations redrew the map of Africa
Belgians in Congo
• Exploited riches – copper, rubber, ivory– Brutalized villagers
• Leopold II forced to give up colony to Belgian government, became Belgian Congo in 1908
French in Africa
• French empire in Africa as large as U.S.– 1830’s invaded &
conquered North Africa (violent takeovers)
– Tunesia– Colonies in West &
Central Africa
British in Africa • Smaller, heavily populated regions, rich
in resources• Parts of East & West Africa, Egypt,
Sudan• Southern Africa & Cape Colony from
French– Clashed w/ Boers (descendants of Dutch
settlers)– Many Boers fled British rule & migrated
north– Gold & diamonds discovered
• Led to Boer War; British won• British won but at great cost
• 1910 Brits united Cape Colony & former Boer lands into Union of South Africa– Govternmen run by whites– Complete racial segregation
Other European nations
• Portuguese – Angola– Mozambique
• Italy– Libya– Southern end of Red Sea
• Germany– Eastern Africa– Southern Africa
How Africans Resisted Imperialism
• Algerians battled French for years• British battled:– Zulu in southern Africa– Asante in West Africa; Queen Yaa Asnatewaa– Queen Nehanda of Shona in Zimbabwe – captured
& executed
Germans Fought
• Yao• Herero• Fierce battle– 1905, Maji-Maji Rebellion– Germans won by using scorched earth policy –
burned farmlands & starved people
Ethiopia
• Ancient Christian kingdom, highlands of East Africa & number of kingdoms
• 1800 ruler Menelik II modernized his country– European experts to plan
roads, bridges, set up schools
– Imported weapons & had Europeans train army
– Able to defeat Italian at battle of Adowa
Western-educated African elite (upper class)
• Some rejected own culture• Others were nationalists & moved for
independence
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