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Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
12.1 Structure and Function of Vertebrates
12.2 Fishes
12.3 Amphibians
12.4 Reptiles
12.5 Birds
12.6 Mammals
Table of ContentsChapter Preview
12.1 What Is a Vertebrate?
12.2 Fishes
12.3 Amphibians
12.4 Reptiles
12.5 Birds
12.6 Mammals
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
Chapter Preview Questions
1. A group of similar cells that perform a specific function is called a(n)
a. organ.
b. tissue.
c. organ system.
d. organism.
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
Chapter Preview Questions
1. A group of similar cells that perform a specific function is called a(n)
a. organ.
b. tissue.
c. organ system.
d. organism.
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
Chapter Preview Questions
2. The major cause of extinction of species is
a. a change in the environment.
b. new diseases.
c. over-killing by predators.
d. competition with other species.
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
Chapter Preview Questions
2. The major cause of extinction of species is
a. a change in the environment.
b. new diseases.
c. over-killing by predators.
d. competition with other species.
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
Chapter Preview Questions
3. The term for the extinction of many organisms at the same time is
a. Permian extinction.
b. Pangaea.
c. Cambrian explosion.
d. mass extinction.
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
Chapter Preview Questions
3. The term for the extinction of many organisms at the same time is
a. Permian extinction.
b. Pangaea.
c. Cambrian explosion.
d. mass extinction.
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
Chapter Preview Questions
4. Most animals reproduce
a. sexually only.
b. asexually only.
c. with alternating sexual and asexual stages.
d. by binary fission.
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
Chapter Preview Questions
4. Most animals reproduce
a. sexually only.
b. asexually only.
c. with alternating sexual and asexual stages.
d. by binary fission.
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
Two friends are looking at fishes in an aquarium. One friend refers to the fishes as animals. The other friend argues that
fishes aren’t animals because they don’t have four legs. Which friend is correct? Explain your answer.
How does the structure of vertebrates help them to function?
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
Greek Word Origins
Greek Word Meaning of Greek Word Key Term
amphibios living a double lifeamphibian An animal that spends part of its life cycle on land and part in water
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
Greek Word Meaning of Greek Word Key Term
chordé string, cordchordate An animal that has a flexible rod that supports the animalís back
Greek Word Origins
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
Greek Word Meaning of Greek Word Key Term
therme heatendotherm An animal that produces enough heat within its body to control its body temperature
Greek Word Origins
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
Apply It!
1. How does the meaning of amphibian relate to the Greek word fromwhich it comes?An animal that lives for part of its life on land and part in water is livinga double life.
2. Can you think of an English word besides chordate that mightcome from the Greek word chordé?Sample: cord
3. In the list of key terms on the next page, find another termbesides endotherm that might come from the Greek wordtherme. Then look up the meaning of the key term and checkhow its meaning relates to the meaning of endotherm.An ectotherm is an animal whose body does not produce much internalheat. An endotherm, in contrast, is an animal whose body does produce internal heat to maintain its temperature.
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
End of Chapter Preview
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
Section 1: What Is a Vertebrate?
What are the characteristics of chordates and vertebrates?How have scientists been able to infer the relationships of major groups of vertebrates?How do vertebrates differ in the way they control body temperature?
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
Ancient Jawless Fish
Look backward in time, into an ocean 530 million years ago. There you see a strange-looking creature—a jawless fish—that is about as long as your index finger.
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
Characteristics of Chordates
This lancelet shows the characteristics of a chordate: a notochord, a nerve cord down its back, and gill slits.
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
Evolution of Vertebrates
The pattern of vertebrate evolution is branching.
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
Links on Vertebrates
Click the SciLinks button for links on vertebrates.
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
Vertebrates
Click the Video button to watch a movie about vertebrates.
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
End of Section: What Is a Vertebrate?
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
Section 2: Fishes
What are the characteristics of chordates and vertebrates?How have scientists been able to infer the relationships of major groups of vertebrates?How do vertebrates differ in the way they control body temperature?
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
Characteristics of Fishes
Most fishes obtain oxygen through gills. Water flows into the mouth of the fish and then over its gills. Oxygen moves into the blood and is delivered to the cells of the fish.
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
Bony Fishes
A bony fish has jaws, scales, a pocket on each side of the head that holds the gills, and a skeleton made of hard bones.
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
End of Section: Fishes
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
Section 3: Amphibians
What is the life cycle of an amphibian?How are adult amphibians adapted to living on land?
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
What Is an Amphibian?During its metamorphosis from tadpole to adult, a frog’s body changes dramatically.
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
Living on Land
Many adult amphibians have lungs, a heart with three chambers, and a double-loop circulatory system.
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
Respiration and Circulation Activity
Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about respiration and circulation.
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
More on The Frog Life Cycle
Click the PHSchool.com button for an activity aboutthe frog life cycle.
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
End of Section: Amphibians
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
Section 4: Reptiles
What adaptations allow reptiles to live on land?What are the characteristics of each of the three main groups of reptiles?What environmental change may have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs?
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
Adaptations for Life on Land
The membranes and shell of an amniotic egg protect the developing embryo.
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
The Sex Ratio of Newly Hatched Alligators
The temperature of the developing eggs of the American alligator affects the sex ratio of the young. (Sex ratio is the number of females compared with the number of males.)
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
The Sex Ratio of Newly Hatched Alligators
29.4ºC
Reading Graphs:
At which temperature(s) did only females hatch?
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
The Sex Ratio of Newly Hatched Alligators
The warmer the incubation temperature, the greater the proportion of males.
Drawing Conclusions:
What effect does the temperature of developing eggs have on the sex of the baby alligators?
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
The Sex Ratio of Newly Hatched Alligators
According to the graph, out of the 50 alligators that were incubated at 31.7ºC, about 40 (or 80%) were males. So 80% of 100 eggs (80) could be expected to hatch as males.
Calculating:
If 100 eggs developed at 31.7ºC, about how many of the young would be male?
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
Extinct Reptiles–The Dinosaurs
Climate change may have caused the extinction of dinosaurs and other organisms.
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
More on Reptiles
Click the PHSchool.com button for an activity about reptiles.
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
Interpreting Fossils
Click the Video button to watch a movie aboutinterpreting fossils.
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
End of Section: Reptiles
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
Section 5: Birds
What are the main characteristics of birds?
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
Characteristics of Birds
The bodies of most birds have adaptations for flight.
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
Characteristics of Birds
Air sacs and a four-chambered heart help birds obtain oxygen and move it to their cells.
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
Characteristics of Birds
Birds have four-chambered hearts and double-loop circulatory systems that efficiently move oxygen to their cells.
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
Respiration and Circulation Activity
Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about respiration and circulation.
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
Characteristics of Birds
Some birds like this hawk have a crop and a gizzard. The crop stores food, and the gizzard crushes food.
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
End of Section: Birds
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
Section 6: Mammals
What characteristics do all mammals share?What are the main groups of mammals and how do they differ in their reproduction?
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
Diversity of Mammals
The three main groups of mammals are monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals.
kangaroo spiny anteater giraffe
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
Mammal Diversity
This circle graph shows the percentage of species of some types of mammals.
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
Mammal Diversity
21.8 %
Reading Graphs:
What percentage of species are bats?
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
Mammal Diversity
78.2 %
Calculating:
What percentage of species are not bats?
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
Mammal Diversity
The group with the greatest number of species, rodents, would be the tallest.
Graphing:
Suppose you used the data shown in the circle graph to make a bar graph. Which bar would be tallest?
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
Mammal Diversity
100; no, you do not have to add them because it is a circle chart—the entire chart stands for 100 percent of the items counted— in this case, mammal species.
Predicting:
What total should all the percentages in the pie chart add up to? Do you have to add the percentages to obtain your answer? Explain
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
Links on Mammals
Click the SciLinks button for links on mammals.
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
End of Section: Mammals
Chapter 12 What Is a Vertebrate?
QuickTake Quiz
Click to start quiz.
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