Chapter 14 EU: How did industrialization affect the American economy and social structure?

Chapter 14 EU: How did industrialization affect the American economy and social structure?

Chapter 14 EU: How did industrialization affect the American economy and social structure?

First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA

First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA

By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities => connected most major cities =>

Westward expansionWestward expansion

Cumberland (National Road), 1811-1852, 591

miles

Cumberland (National Road), 1811-1852, 591

miles

Erie Canal SystemErie Canal System

40’ wide, 4’ deep

Effects of:

Shipping $ down from $100 to $5.

Shipping days down from 20 to 6.

Land Values up, cities built.

Immigrants flooded NW

Erie Canal, 1820sErie Canal, 1820s

Begun in 1817; completed in 1825Begun in 1817; completed in 1825

Robert Fulton & the Steamboat

– “Fulton’s Folly”

Robert Fulton & the Steamboat

– “Fulton’s Folly”

1807: The 1807: The ClermontClermontMade rivers 2-way arteries.

By 1860 – 1000 ships

Principal Canals in 1840Principal Canals in 1840

Clipper ShipsClipper Ships

Fast, but small. Taken over by British “Teakettles”

The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)

1830 1830 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RROhio RR

By 1850 By 1850 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 31,000 31,000 mi.]mi.]

More RR in North, than South. Served to “isolate” the South. Could get from NY to Chicago in 2 days (3 weeks by canal)

Opposition came from investors in canals.

Dangerous, no schedule, various gauges.

TheRailroad

Revolution,1850s

TheRailroad

Revolution,1850s

Immigrant laborImmigrant laborbuilt the No. built the No. RRs.RRs.

Slave laborSlave laborbuilt the So. built the So. RRs. RRs.

Resourcefulness & Experimentation

Resourcefulness & Experimentation

Americans were willing to try Americans were willing to try

anything.anything.

They were first copiers, thenThey were first copiers, theninnovators.innovators.

1800 1800 41 patents were 41 patents were approved.approved.

1860 1860 4,357 “ “ “4,357 “ “ “

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791

Increased the Increased the demand for demand for

slave labor b/c slave labor b/c could harvest could harvest cotton more cotton more

efficiently for a efficiently for a higher profithigher profit

Eli Whitney’s Gun FactoryEli Whitney’s Gun Factory

Interchangeable PartsInterchangeable Parts Rifle Rifle (1798)(1798)

John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)

John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)

Could cut through the thick prairie sod on

the Great Plains frontier

Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper:

1831

Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper:

1831

Makes the harvest much faster & less

labor-intensive

Samuel F. B. MorseSamuel F. B. Morse

1840 – Telegraph1840 – Telegraph

Elias Howe & Isaac SingerElias Howe & Isaac Singer

1840s1840sSewing MachineSewing Machine

z They all regarded material advance as They all regarded material advance as the natural fruit of American the natural fruit of American republicanism & proof of the country’s republicanism & proof of the country’s virtue and promise.virtue and promise.

z ““Europe stretches to the Alleghenies; Europe stretches to the Alleghenies; America lies beyond.” - EmersonAmerica lies beyond.” - Emerson

The “American Dream”The “American Dream”

A German visitor in the 1840s, Friedrich List, A German visitor in the 1840s, Friedrich List, observed:observed:

Anything new is quickly introduced Anything new is quickly introduced here, including all of the latest here, including all of the latest inventions. There is no clinging to inventions. There is no clinging to old ways. The moment an old ways. The moment an American hears the word American hears the word “invention,” he pricks up his ears.“invention,” he pricks up his ears.

Creating a Business-Friendly Climate

Creating a Business-Friendly ClimateSupreme Court Rulings:Supreme Court Rulings:

**Fletcher v. PeckFletcher v. Peck (1810) – upheld contracts (Georgia land (1810) – upheld contracts (Georgia land contracts)contracts)

** Dartmouth v. WoodwardDartmouth v. Woodward (1819) NH tried to revoke land (1819) NH tried to revoke land grant grant of Dartmouth Collegeof Dartmouth College ** McCulloch v. MarylandMcCulloch v. Maryland (1819) – Federal over state laws (1819) – Federal over state laws ** Gibbons v. OgdenGibbons v. Ogden (1824) – Congressional power to (1824) – Congressional power to regulate regulate commercecommerce

** Charles Rivers Bridge v. WarrenCharles Rivers Bridge v. Warren Bridge Bridge (1837) – rights to build a bridge (states v federal) (1837) – rights to build a bridge (states v federal) Taney Taney Court – J. Marshall died in 1835Court – J. Marshall died in 1835

General Incorporation Law General Incorporation Law passedpassed in New York, 1848. in New York, 1848.Laissez faire Laissez faire Gov’t is “hands-off” Gov’t is “hands-off” in economy.in economy.

Distribution of WealthDistribution of Wealthv During the American During the American

Revolution,Revolution,45% of all wealth in the top 45% of all wealth in the top 10% of10% ofthe population.the population.

v 1845 Boston 1845 Boston top 4% owned top 4% owned overover 65% of the wealth. 65% of the wealth.v 1860 Philadelphia 1860 Philadelphia top 1% top 1% ownedowned over 50% of the wealth. over 50% of the wealth.v The gap between rich and poor The gap between rich and poor waswas widening! widening!

New England Rules New England Rules SupremeSupreme

• No large-scale farming due to soilNo large-scale farming due to soil• Population = labor force + a market to sellPopulation = labor force + a market to sell• $$$ from shipping$$$ from shipping• Seaports = easy tradeSeaports = easy trade• Rivers to run factoriesRivers to run factories

Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory

System”)

Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory

System”)

Slater’s Textile Mills

The Lowell/Waltham System:

First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant

The Lowell/Waltham System:

First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant

Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814

Lowell MillLowell Mill

The Lowell mills employed young, unmarried girls from nearby farm families

New England Dominance in Textiles

New England Dominance in Textiles

Irish Immigrant Girls at LowellIrish Immigrant Girls at Lowell

Regional SpecializationRegional Specialization

EAST EAST IndustrialIndustrial

SOUTH SOUTH Cotton & SlaveryCotton & Slavery

WEST WEST The Nation’s The Nation’s “Breadbasket”“Breadbasket”

American Population Centers in 1820

American Population Centers in 1820

American Population Centers in 1860

American Population Centers in 1860

National Origin of Immigrants:1820 - 1860

National Origin of Immigrants:1820 - 1860

Why now?Why now?

1840’s potato famine – 2 million died. Stayed on seacoast, too poor to move.

Know-Nothing Party:

“The Supreme Order of the

Star-Spangled Banner”

Know-Nothing Party:

“The Supreme Order of the

Star-Spangled Banner”

“Nativist” party wanting immigration restrictions and naturalization laws strengthened. Catholics could not hold office, literacy tests to vote.

Became “American Party”

Changing Occupation Distributions:1820 - 1860

Changing Occupation Distributions:1820 - 1860

Chapter 14 AssignmentChapter 14 Assignment

• Due AT END OF CLASS!Due AT END OF CLASS!

• You may work with ONE person.You may work with ONE person.

• Counts as a “homework” gradeCounts as a “homework” grade

• For the following assignment please focus For the following assignment please focus on the EFFECTS of the innovations and on the EFFECTS of the innovations and progress of the time period relative to progress of the time period relative to long-term effects and SIGNIFICANCE.long-term effects and SIGNIFICANCE.

ACROSTICACROSTIC

• Using the term “market revolution” create an Using the term “market revolution” create an acrostic.acrostic.– Each letter should represent a SIGNIFICANT idea of Each letter should represent a SIGNIFICANT idea of

EFFECT from the time periodEFFECT from the time period– Each letter should be a single word.Each letter should be a single word.– Each word should reflect careful thought – NOT “M = Each word should reflect careful thought – NOT “M =

mechanization” (too easy!)mechanization” (too easy!)– Each word should have a small picture next to it.Each word should have a small picture next to it.– Please complete the assignment on the paper Please complete the assignment on the paper

provided.provided.