Chapter 16 500-1500 Chapter 16 500-1500 Early Human Migrations

Chapter 16

500-1500

Chapter 16

500-1500

Early Human Early Human MigrationsMigrations

North American Societies

Section 1

Pgs. 440-445

North Am. Vs. South Am..

Less developed than MesoAmericaNo great empiresLeft few ruinsBUT:They created complex societiesLong-distance tradeConstruct magnificent buildings

4 different groups in N.Am:

1. Pacific Northwest2. Pueblo builders (Southwest)3. Mound Builders (Great Plains)4. Northeastern Tribes

1. Pacific Northwest

From Oregon to AlaskaImportant resources: Sea (whales), Coastal

forest(plentiful food)Differences in $$Wealth = Social Structure

– POTLACH– elaborate ceremony to show off rank & prosperity; give food, drink, etc.

2. Pueblo Builders (Southwest)

Harsher environment: dry, desertBUT they farmed…Used IRRIGATION to make corn, beans,

squashUsed potteryANASAZI (NC)-- Pueblos

“Anasazi” (NC) Who: Native Americans in Southwest USWhat: Group of Native Americans that built

impressive cliff dwellings on top of mesas(flat-topped hills) or in walls of canyons

Where: 4 corners of US: Utah, Arizona, Colorado, & New Mexico

When:Why: construction showed high degree of social

organization & inventiveness; were abandoned around 1200 from drought

3. Mound Builders (Great Plains)

Environment: Woodlands east of Mississippi River

700 BCE: The Adena made huge earthen mounds to bury dead

500 CE: Hopewell made larger and more plentiful mounds

Mississippian (NC) …Earthen Pyramids

“Mississippian” (NC)

Who: Native American Moundbuilders What: Moundbuilders; group of Native

Americans that created thriving villages based on farming & trade

Where: Mississippi, North AmericaWhen: 800-1500 CEWhy Imp: built mounds to bury their dead in; the

heart of the community was a 100-ft. high earthen pyramid with a wooden temple

4. Northeastern Tribes

Environment: WoodlandsTribes clashed over lands = Political alliances

to protect landBest ex: Iroquois (NC)…

“Iroquois” (NC) pg 444Who: Northeastern Native AmericansWhat: a group of tribes that spoke related

languages that formed the Iroquois League to protect land

Where: Northeast- Upper New York, Great Lakes Region

When: late 1500sWhy imp: they are the best example of a

political alliance to protect land in the NE.

Cultural Connections among N. Am. Societies (what they all had in common)Political:

– Iroquois Alliance– alliances of tribes that protected land from other tribes

Economic: – Traded–

• large trade networks along rivers & across the plains

Cultural: – Similar religious beliefs–

• belief in nature spirits– these ‘spirits’ gave rituals & customs to guide the Native Ams.

• Relig. Belief: Great respect for the land as the source of life

– Shared Social Patterns– • Family- basis for social org.

• Use of Totems: symbol of unity of a group or clan; used them in rituals or dances for imp events

Origins of the Origins of the Peoples of the Peoples of the Americas?Americas?

Origins of the Origins of the Peoples of the Peoples of the Americas?Americas?

Sculpture from the Sculpture from the AmericasAmericas

Major Pre-Columbian Major Pre-Columbian CivilizationsCivilizations

Section 2:

Maya- Brain Pop

Lands of the Lands of the MayansMayans

The The Yucatan Yucatan

PeninsulaPeninsula

The The Yucatan Yucatan

PeninsulaPeninsula

Environment

Highland region South Cool, cloud-wreathed

mountains from S. Mexico to El Salvador

Lowland region North Dry scrub forest of Yucatan

Peninsula Dense, steamy jungles of

Southeastern Mexico

Urban (city) centersBuilt spectacular cities: Tikal, Copan,

Palenque, etc. – Independent city-state– Ruled by a god-king– Served as center for religious ceremonies & trade

Monumental architecture:– Giant pyramids– Temples– Palaces– Elaborate stone carvings dedicated to the gods

Overview of Tikal Overview of Tikal (Guatemala)(Guatemala)Temple of the MasksTemple of the MasksTemple of the MasksTemple of the Masks

Tikal:Tikal:

Temple Temple of the of the MasksMasks

Chichen-Itza - Chichen-Itza - PyramidPyramid

Chichen-Itza - Chichen-Itza - ObservatoryObservatory

Chichen-Itza - Ball Chichen-Itza - Ball CourtCourt

Economy…

Linked through alliances & trade– Local products: Salt, flint, feathers, shells, honey– Craft goods: cotton textiles, jade– Cacao beans (chocolate) = currency!!!

Agriculture = basis of Maya life – (all MesoAmerica)– Slash-and-Burn agriculture

Farming = $wealth$ = Social structure…

Mayan Mayan Cultivation Cultivation of of

MaizeMaize

Chac, God of Rain Chac, God of Rain -->-->

Chac, God of Rain Chac, God of Rain -->-->

Mayan Drinking Mayan Drinking Cup for ChocolateCup for Chocolate

Mayan Underground Mayan Underground Granaries: Granaries: ChultunesChultunes

Social Structure:Maya King–

regarded as holy, hereditary

Religion…Influenced most aspects of Maya life…Polytheistic good vs. evil gods: corn, death, rain, war4 directions & colors:

– North:White– South: Yellow– East: Red– West: Black

Worship:– Pray & make offering– Pierced & cut their bodies– Human sacrifice– usually captured enemies

Tikal - Wall Mask of Tikal - Wall Mask of the Rain Godthe Rain God

Achievements:Mathematics:

– Astronomy– Concept of zero: precise calculations = – 260-day religious Calendar; 365-day solar calendar– Base-20 number system

Written language– Most advanced writing system in ancient Americas– Glyphs (NC)– Codex (NC)– Popol Vuh- most famous Maya history book

Mayan Mayan GlyphsGlyphs

Mayan Mayan MathematicsMathematics

sky king house child citysky king house child city sky king house child citysky king house child city

Mayan Mayan GlyphsGlyphs

What: 800 hieroglyphic symbols; Mayan writing system

Where: Maya, MexicoWhen: Why imp: used this to record historical events

Who: Mayans

“Codex” (NC)

Who: (you should know it)What: bark-paper historical book that had

important events that happened to the MayansWhere:(you should know it)When: Why imp: only 3 of these have survived– this

tells us about the ancient Mayan civilization

“Maya” (NC) – (you need to figure this one out…) Who:What:Where:When:Why imp:

PakalPakal: The Maya : The Maya AstronautAstronaut

Section 3:

Lands of the Lands of the AztecsAztecs

The beginning, BEFORE the Aztecs:Teotihuacan (“City of the Gods”)- 1st major

civilization of central Mexico (just outside Mexico city today)

Center of thriving trade network that extended far into Central America– Most valuable item: OBSIDIAN (NC)

Grew for centuries- then ABRUPTLY declined– Invasion? – Conflict among ruling classes?

….then came the “Toltecs”

New warlike group of people that ruled for 300yrs over Central Mexico (900-1200)

Built pyramids & temples; tall pillars for warriorsBased on conquestHuman sacrifice of captured prisoners of warNew leader wanted:

– No more sacrifice– Worship a new god…

Quetzalcoatl: The God of Wisdom The God of Wisdom

& Learning& LearningWhat: god of the Toltecs; Focused on Wisdom & Learning NOT war!

When: 1000 CEWhere: Central Mexico

Why: The new Toltec leader Wanted them to worship him = followers of War god rebelled= downfall of Toltecs= Coming of the AZTECS!

…and finally- The Aztecs!!(NC)Who: “’the Mexica”; a poor, nomadic people

from harsh deserts of N. Mexico What: they created the Aztec Empire, one of the

greatest in Ancient America Where: Northern MexicoWhen:1200- Why imp: the greatest empire of Mesoamerica;

based empire on military conquest; sacrificed war captives; Tenochtitlán was the capital

Aztec View of Aztec View of TenochtitlanTenochtitlan

Ruins of the City Ruins of the City Center, TenochtitlanCenter, Tenochtitlan

Tenochtitlan: The Tenochtitlan: The “Venice” of the “Venice” of the

AmericasAmericas

Aztec Aztec ChinampaChinampa or or Floating Garden:Floating Garden:

15ft. to 30ft. wide15ft. to 30ft. wide

Tenochtitlan - Tenochtitlan - ChinampasChinampas

“Triple Alliance” (NC)

Who: AztecsWhat: a political alliance between Aztec

&Texcoco & Tlacopan to help build the empire larger

Where: Northern MexicoWhen: 1428Why: became the leading power & gained

control over neighboring regions– made Aztec Empire big and powerful

Aztec MathAztec Math

Aztec WritingAztec Writing

Aztec Sun Stone -- Aztec Sun Stone -- CalendarCalendar

Aztec Sun MotifsAztec Sun Motifs

Aztec Aztec CodexCodex (15c Manuscript)(15c Manuscript)

The The Aztecs Aztecs WereWereFierce Fierce WarriorsWarriors

Aztecs Sacrifice Aztecs Sacrifice Neighboring Tribes Neighboring Tribes to the Sun Godto the Sun God

Heart SacrificeHeart Sacrificeon an Aztec Temple on an Aztec Temple

PyramidPyramid

Wall of Skulls, Wall of Skulls, TenochtitlanTenochtitlan

Sacrificial Statue, Sacrificial Statue, TenochtitlanTenochtitlan

Aztec GoldAztec Gold

“Montezuma II” (NC)

Who: last Emperor of AztecsWhat: He weakened the Aztec EmpireWhere: Aztec Empire, Northern MexicoWhen: 1503- Why: Aztec Empire declined under him = He

asked for more sacrifice victims = people were mad & rebelled = they were very weak = Spanish came and took over!! = no more Aztecs!

Section 4:

Lands of the Lands of the IncasIncas

“Pachacuti” (NC)

Who: Incan rulerWhat: powerful & ambitious, he took the

Incan throne & made the Incan Empire greatWhen: 1438Where: Incan Empire, Peru, So. Am. Why: He conquered all of Peru for the Incans

and established a gov’t & made the Incan Empire great and Extensive- (large)

Cuzco: ACuzco: Ancient Capital ncient Capital of the Incaof the Inca

(11,000 ft. above sea level)(11,000 ft. above sea level)

Machu PicchuMachu Picchu

Machu PicchuMachu Picchu

Things that unified the Incans:Rulers divided their territory & its people into

manageable units, governed by a central bureaucracy (gov’t)

Created an efficient economic system to support the empire- little freedom in trading– the gov’t controlled it all (Econ)

Created an extensive road system to tie it together. (Road system)

Single official language: Quechua Founded schools to teach Incan ways.

“Allyu” (NC)Who: Incans What: An age-old form of community cooperation;

extended family groupWhere: Incan Empire, Peru, S. Am. When:Why: Incan social system was based on this;

Undertook tasks too big for a single family: build irrigation; turned into a governing system based on decimal system in order to organize people

“Mita” (NC) Who: IncansWhat: The Incan gov’t demanded the people pay

tribute in the form of laborWhere: Incan Empire, Peru, S. Am. When: Why: It required all able-bodied citizens to work for

the state a certain number of days every year. They worked on farmlands, produced craft goods for state warehouses, or help with public works projects. Similar to Communism.

Incan Suspension Bridges

Incan Suspension Bridges

Incan Terrace Incan Terrace FarmingFarming

Incan Digging Incan Digging SticksSticks

Maize in Incan Maize in Incan PotteryPottery

& Gold Work& Gold Work

Over 100 Different Over 100 Different Types of Potatoes Types of Potatoes

Cultivated Cultivated by the Incansby the Incans

Produce from a Produce from a Typical Incan Typical Incan Market Market

Incan Ceramic JarsIncan Ceramic Jars

PeanutPeanutPeanutPeanut PotatoPotatoPotatoPotato SquashSquashSquashSquash

Cacao Cacao GodGod

Cacao Cacao GodGod

Cacao PodCacao PodCacao PodCacao Pod

“Quipu” (NC)

Who: IncansWhat: set of knotted strings used to record dataWhere: Incan Empire, today Peru. South Am. When: 1200-1500sWhy: helped the Incans keep records for

government and history by counting

The The QuipuQuipu: : An Incan An Incan DatabaseDatabase

Incan MummiesIncan Mummies

Inca Gold & SilverInca Gold & Silver

“Inca” (NC)

Who: IncansWhat: the largest empire in the AmericasWhere: “Valley of Cuzco”, Peru, Andes

Mountains, South AmericaWhen: 1200s-1500sWhy: built a powerful and extensive empire in

South America- the largest empire ever seen in the Americas; Model for later Communist governments;