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Chapter 25Chapter 25Part 5Part 5
RussiaRussia
Crimean War defeat signaled need for Crimean War defeat signaled need for modernizationmodernization
Russia lacked a middle class so no Russia lacked a middle class so no liberalism: economically, politically, liberalism: economically, politically, sociallysocially
But nobles not interested in But nobles not interested in modernizationmodernization
Alexander II 1855-81Alexander II 1855-81
Understood that serfdom was keeping Understood that serfdom was keeping Russia backRussia back
90% worked in agriculture90% worked in agriculture Serfdom led to peasant uprisings, poor Serfdom led to peasant uprisings, poor
agricultural output, exploitation of serfs agricultural output, exploitation of serfs by lordsby lords
Serfs could be conscripted for 25 yearsSerfs could be conscripted for 25 years Could be bought or sold with or without Could be bought or sold with or without
landland
The Emancipation Act The Emancipation Act 18611861
Abolished serfdomAbolished serfdom Peasants were free to move about, Peasants were free to move about,
engage in other occupations, enter engage in other occupations, enter contracts, own propertycontracts, own property
But most Russians lived But most Russians lived in Mirsin Mirs
Highly regulated communesHighly regulated communes Collective ownership of landCollective ownership of land Hard to leave village or make Hard to leave village or make
improvementsimprovements
ZemstvosZemstvos
1864: assemblies that administered 1864: assemblies that administered local areaslocal areas
Attempt at popular participationAttempt at popular participation
BUT nobles ended up controlling BUT nobles ended up controlling themthem
ReformsReforms
Relaxed censorshipRelaxed censorship
Liberalized educationLiberalized education
Some Judiciary improvementSome Judiciary improvement
Industrialization in Industrialization in RussiaRussia
Was stimulated by Railroad constructionWas stimulated by Railroad construction
Between 1860-80 RR mileage grew from Between 1860-80 RR mileage grew from 1,250 to 15,5001,250 to 15,500
Could export grain, supply and move Could export grain, supply and move troops, etctroops, etc
Stimulated manufacturing, modern Stimulated manufacturing, modern factory workers, suburbsfactory workers, suburbs
CriticsCritics
Radical populistRadical populist movements sought a movements sought a utopian agrarian order:utopian agrarian order:
Intelligensia: Intelligensia: hostile group of hostile group of intellectuals who believed that they intellectuals who believed that they should take over societyshould take over society
Nihilists: Nihilists: intellectuals who believed in intellectuals who believed in nothing but science. Wanted to wie out nothing but science. Wanted to wie out the social order and start from scratchthe social order and start from scratch
Alexander IIAlexander II
Became more conservative later in Became more conservative later in his reignhis reign
Was assassinated in 1881 by radicals Was assassinated in 1881 by radicals who bombed his carriage in St. who bombed his carriage in St. PetersburgPetersburg
Count S. Y. WitteCount S. Y. Witte
Oversaw Russian industrialism in Oversaw Russian industrialism in 1890’s1890’s
Courted Western investors, technologyCourted Western investors, technology Small rise in middle classSmall rise in middle class Trans-Siberian railroad = 5,999 milesTrans-Siberian railroad = 5,999 miles Went on the gold standard to Went on the gold standard to
strengthen government financesstrengthen government finances By 1900 great gains in petroleum By 1900 great gains in petroleum
export and steel production export and steel production
Industrial Workers Industrial Workers ExploitedExploited
Caused spread of Marxist thought Caused spread of Marxist thought and revolutionary movements…and revolutionary movements…(timing is everything)(timing is everything)
Economic ProblemsEconomic Problems
1/3 of farmland still not used1/3 of farmland still not used Food production could not keep up Food production could not keep up
with populationwith population By late 19By late 19thth century Russia the most century Russia the most
populous nation in Europepopulous nation in Europe Depression in 1899 wiped out earlier Depression in 1899 wiped out earlier
economic gainseconomic gains Above caused massive unemploymentAbove caused massive unemployment
Alexander III 18881-94Alexander III 18881-94
The most reactionary of the 19The most reactionary of the 19thth century czarscentury czars
Encouraged anti-Semitism through Encouraged anti-Semitism through pogroms (severe persecution of pogroms (severe persecution of Jews)Jews)
Many emigratedMany emigrated
ZionismZionism
Introduced by Theodore HertzelIntroduced by Theodore Hertzel
The movement for a Jewish The movement for a Jewish homeland in the holy landhomeland in the holy land
Nicholas II 1894-1917Nicholas II 1894-1917
Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05
Background: Both Russia and Japan Background: Both Russia and Japan increased their spheres of influence in increased their spheres of influence in Manchuria and both had their eyes on Manchuria and both had their eyes on KoreaKorea
1905: Japan defeated the entire Russian 1905: Japan defeated the entire Russian FleetFleet
Russia humiliatedRussia humiliated
Treaty of PortsmouthTreaty of Portsmouth
Teddy RooseveltTeddy Roosevelt Japan gained sphere of influence in Japan gained sphere of influence in
ManchuriaManchuria KoreaKorea ½ of Sakhalin Island½ of Sakhalin Island
Russia decided to concentrate on the Russia decided to concentrate on the BalkansBalkans
Revolution of 1905Revolution of 1905
Bloody Sunday: 200,000 peasants Bloody Sunday: 200,000 peasants and workers marched peacefully to and workers marched peacefully to the winter palace asking for reformsthe winter palace asking for reforms
Czar was not there but the army fired Czar was not there but the army fired upon the crowd killing manyupon the crowd killing many
Caused a general strike (peasants, Caused a general strike (peasants, workers, army staged revolts and workers, army staged revolts and mutiniesmutinies
Russia was paralyzedRussia was paralyzed
Forced Nicholas II to make concessions:Forced Nicholas II to make concessions:
Agreed to freedom of speech, assembly, Agreed to freedom of speech, assembly, presspress
Agreed to a Agreed to a Duma: Duma: advisory board. advisory board. Czar retained absolute veto and Duma Czar retained absolute veto and Duma members were divided so no real powermembers were divided so no real power
1907-14 mild economic 1907-14 mild economic recoveryrecovery
Peter Stolypin:Peter Stolypin: worked for agrarian reform: worked for agrarian reform:
Encouraged enterprising peasants: the Encouraged enterprising peasants: the KulaksKulaks
Tried to break up collective ownership of Tried to break up collective ownership of landland
Was assassinated by conspiracy of noblesWas assassinated by conspiracy of nobles
RasputinRasputin
Increasingly dominated Russian Increasingly dominated Russian court after 1911court after 1911
Not popular with masses or with Not popular with masses or with noblesnobles
Russia’s poor showing in WWI led Russia’s poor showing in WWI led directly to Russian Revolutiondirectly to Russian Revolution
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