Chapter 26 ImperialismAlliancesWar. Imperialism You got some and I want some, too

Chapter 26Chapter 26

ImperialismImperialism

AlliancesAlliances

WarWar

ImperialismImperialism

You got some and I You got some and I want some, too.want some, too.

These factors made it These factors made it possible for Europeans to possible for Europeans to impose their will on other impose their will on other peoples in the late 19peoples in the late 19thth centurycentury

Factors:Factors:Technological superiorityTechnological superiorityConfidence in their Confidence in their rightness of purpose & rightness of purpose & way of lifeway of life

Centrally organize Centrally organize nation-statesnation-states

New ImperialismNew Imperialism

Capital investmentsCapital investments Transform local economies & Transform local economies &

culturescultures Annexation?Annexation? Direct rule?Direct rule?

Less industrialized countriesLess industrialized countries Develop mines, railroads, bridges, Develop mines, railroads, bridges,

harbors, communication systemsharbors, communication systems

Motives for New Motives for New ImperialismImperialism

Strategic Strategic considerationsconsiderations

Political Political considerationsconsiderations

Chief advocates of the Chief advocates of the economic interpretation of economic interpretation of

imperialismimperialism

Vladimir LeninVladimir LeninJ. A. HobsonJ. A. Hobson

Religious groupsReligious groupsArgued Argued most most stronglystrongly

European European nations nations must must civilize civilize foreign foreign landslands

Scramble for Africa Scramble for Africa (transparency)(transparency)

An inaccessible continentAn inaccessible continent Only coastal areas to 1800Only coastal areas to 1800 Portuguese firstPortuguese first Stanley & LivingstoneStanley & Livingstone Leopold II (Belgium) becomes a Leopold II (Belgium) becomes a

playerplayer FranceFranceAlgeria, Morocco, TunisiaAlgeria, Morocco, Tunisia GB grabs Suez 1880sGB grabs Suez 1880s

Germany in AfricaGermany in Africa German German

imperialism imperialism centered in EAST centered in EAST AfricaAfrica

Bismarck—Bismarck—improve improve Germany's Germany's diplomatic diplomatic position in Europeposition in Europe

Congress of BerlinCongress of Berlin

African ResistanceAfrican ResistanceSamori Toure (Mandinka) fought Samori Toure (Mandinka) fought

French in West AfricaFrench in West AfricaQueen Yaa Asatewa (Asante) Queen Yaa Asatewa (Asante)

fought the British (1896)fought the British (1896)K. Menelik II (Ethiopia) defeated K. Menelik II (Ethiopia) defeated

Italy in Battle of AdowaItaly in Battle of AdowaZulu, Matabele, Mashone in Zulu, Matabele, Mashone in

Southern Rhodesia (1890s)Southern Rhodesia (1890s)

By 1900, all but By 1900, all but Ethiopia & Liberia Ethiopia & Liberia have been have been colonizedcolonized

Imperialist methods of Imperialist methods of governinggoverning

Europe could not afford to Europe could not afford to support coloniessupport colonies

Direct ruleDirect rule Indirect ruleIndirect ruleProprietaryProprietaryDay – to – day effect is sameDay – to – day effect is same

Impact on African societiesImpact on African societies

““settler” coloniessettler” colonies ““economic” colonieseconomic” colonies Clan & village Clan & village

relations disrupted relations disrupted & destroyed& destroyed

Infrastructure built Infrastructure built to serve exploitation to serve exploitation NOT developmentNOT development

Missionaries Missionaries collaborated with collaborated with colonists against colonists against African interestsAfrican interests

Moroccan CrisesMoroccan Crises Fashoda CrisisFashoda Crisis Boer War & Union of Boer War & Union of

South Africa (1900-South Africa (1900-10)10)

Other areas Other areas (transparency)(transparency)

Far East—Japan, ChinaFar East—Japan, ChinaIndiaIndiaIndonesiaIndonesiaONE BIG GAME OF ONE BIG GAME OF “RISK” “RISK” ™™

Great BritainGreat Britain

Opposed the idea of the idea of further further politicalpolitical interference in other landsinterference in other lands

EconomicEconomic interference interference was OKwas OK Did bring benefits to Britain’s coloniesDid bring benefits to Britain’s colonies

JapanJapan

““Open Door Open Door Policy”Policy”

Allowed Allowed businessmebusinessmen to trade w/ n to trade w/ Japan on Japan on equal termsequal terms

Treaty of San StephanoTreaty of San Stephano

Freed the Slavic Freed the Slavic states in the Balkans states in the Balkans from Ottoman rulefrom Ottoman rule

Where are the Where are the Balkans?Balkans?

Congress of Berlin 1878Congress of Berlin 1878Check Russia’s intervention in Check Russia’s intervention in

the Slavic & Ottoman affairsthe Slavic & Ottoman affairsWas a blow to Russian Was a blow to Russian

ambitions—lost potential & ambitions—lost potential & actual territoriesactual territories

Met under Bismarck’s Met under Bismarck’s leadershipleadership

INFLUENCEINFLUENCE

““Jingoism”Jingoism” Super-patriotismSuper-patriotism ““We don’t want to We don’t want to

fight, But by jingo fight, But by jingo if we do, We’ve if we do, We’ve got the men, got the men, We’ve got the We’ve got the ships, We’ve got ships, We’ve got the money too. the money too. The Russians will The Russians will not have not have Constantinople!”Constantinople!”

AlliancesAlliances

““Let’s you and me gang Let’s you and me gang up on the other guy…”up on the other guy…”

Bismarck & AlliancesBismarck & Alliances

Complicated Complicated system of secret system of secret alliancesalliances

““honest broker”honest broker” Wanted no new Wanted no new

territory (Europe) territory (Europe) & preserve peace& preserve peace

Nemesis—William Nemesis—William IIII

Dual Alliance 1879Dual Alliance 1879

Germany Germany && Austria Austria would would come to each other’s aid if either come to each other’s aid if either were attacked by Russia (WWI)were attacked by Russia (WWI)

If either were attacked by another If either were attacked by another country—maintain neutralitycountry—maintain neutrality

Sought to isolate RussiaSought to isolate Russia

Triple AllianceTriple Alliance

GermanyGermanyAustriaAustriaItalyItaly—didn’t want to be left —didn’t want to be left

outout

Bismarck’s complicated Bismarck’s complicated system of alliances was system of alliances was upset by the accession of upset by the accession of William II to the German William II to the German throne….throne….

William II (Germany)William II (Germany)

Ruled by divine rightRuled by divine right Germany—leading Germany—leading

power of Europepower of Europe Victoria’s grandsonVictoria’s grandson Goofed when he Goofed when he

fired Bismarckfired Bismarck ““world policy”world policy”

Otto von Bismarck—legacyOtto von Bismarck—legacy

Clear & limited idea Clear & limited idea of nation’s goalsof nation’s goals

Resistance to Resistance to pressures for pressures for European European expansionexpansion

Knowledge of other Knowledge of other countries’ needs & countries’ needs & hopes hopes

A force for A force for unity & unity & European European stabilitystability

Peace Peace through through strengthstrength

More William IIMore William II

Hired Gen. Leo von Hired Gen. Leo von Caprivi as chancellorCaprivi as chancellor

Germany is enemy of Germany is enemy of GB—colonialismGB—colonialism

Facing Franco-Russian Facing Franco-Russian alliance--defensivealliance--defensive

Caprivi wants to ally Caprivi wants to ally w/GBw/GB

GB is fulcrum to GB is fulcrum to balance of powerbalance of power

William II William II

Envies & loves GB—wants navyEnvies & loves GB—wants navy Admiral Tirpitz—risk theoryAdmiral Tirpitz—risk theory

Germany can build a big enough fleet Germany can build a big enough fleet to do enough damage to make the to do enough damage to make the British navy inferior to other powers.British navy inferior to other powers.

Not so much a war threatNot so much a war threat ““Anything you can do, we can do Anything you can do, we can do

better!”better!”

Entente CordialeEntente Cordiale

GB & France GB & France France & RussiaFrance & Russia Not a formal treaty—patched up Not a formal treaty—patched up

colonial differences (GB & Fr)colonial differences (GB & Fr) Russia? Didn’t GB side w/Japan Russia? Didn’t GB side w/Japan

1904/5?1904/5? Fear of Germany makes strange Fear of Germany makes strange

bedfellows….zzzzbedfellows….zzzz

Triple Entente 1907Triple Entente 1907

Great BritainGreat Britain FranceFrance RussiaRussia

Triple EntenteTriple Entente

Vs. Vs.

Triple AllianceTriple Alliance

Bismarck’s Bismarck’s nightmarenightmare

Possible 2 front war Possible 2 front war with France & Russiawith France & Russia

~ Germany needed a ~ Germany needed a contingency plan for a two-contingency plan for a two-front war ~ Schlieffen Plan front war ~ Schlieffen Plan (WWI)(WWI)

Dr. ZhivagoDr. Zhivago

A brief look at the A brief look at the Russian Revolution & Russian Revolution &

the Provisional the Provisional Government Government

The Outbreak of the The Outbreak of the Russian Revolution (p.916-Russian Revolution (p.916-917)917)

Let’s take a look Let’s take a look at this documentat this document

Russian miscellanyRussian miscellany

Provisional Government—Duma w/ Provisional Government—Duma w/ Constitutional Democrats (Constitutional Democrats (CadetsCadets))

Soviet—council of workers/soldiersSoviet—council of workers/soldiers Organized by Organized by MensheviksMensheviks—needed —needed

the bourgeois before the proletariat the bourgeois before the proletariat revolution could be achievedrevolution could be achieved

Alexander KerenskyAlexander Kerensky—moderate —moderate socialistsocialist Took over leadership of Provisional Govt.Took over leadership of Provisional Govt.

Provisional GovernmentProvisional Government

Failed in Russia in 1917Failed in Russia in 1917Disillusionment with the WarDisillusionment with the War

Provisional govt. continued to Provisional govt. continued to support itsupport it

Shortage of foodShortage of foodGrowing demand by peasants Growing demand by peasants

for land reformfor land reform

Vladimir Lenin--BolshevikVladimir Lenin--Bolshevik

German interventionGerman intervention Saw opportunity to ally Saw opportunity to ally

peasants & workerspeasants & workers MoreMore/less failure/less failure Fled to FinlandFled to Finland Leon Trotsky (collaborator) jailedLeon Trotsky (collaborator) jailed

Force of personalityForce of personality CharismaCharisma

Bolshevik SuccessBolshevik Success

Right-wing countercoup against P.G.Right-wing countercoup against P.G.—failed—failed

Opportunity for Trotsky—Petrograd Opportunity for Trotsky—Petrograd sovietsoviet

Lenin backLenin back Trotsky organized coup—Nov6—Trotsky organized coup—Nov6—

bloodybloody Bolsheviks rule RussiaBolsheviks rule Russia

Bolshevik (Communist) Bolshevik (Communist) DictatorshipDictatorship

Nationalized land—gave to Nationalized land—gave to peasant proprietorspeasant proprietors

Church property nationalizedChurch property nationalizedRUSSIA OUT OF WWIRUSSIA OUT OF WWI

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1918Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1918 Yielded Poland, Baltic states, Yielded Poland, Baltic states,

UkraineUkraine Pay many rubles (war indemnity)Pay many rubles (war indemnity)

1918-1921 Civil War1918-1921 Civil War

““Reds” v. “Whites”Reds” v. “Whites” Reds supported RevolutionReds supported Revolution White opposed White opposed

Revolution/supported the CzarRevolution/supported the Czar

19181918

Czar Nicholas Czar Nicholas II & family II & family murderedmurdered

No going back No going back Trade one Trade one

absolute ruler absolute ruler for anotherfor another

By 1921 Lenin and his supporters were in firm control of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

Peace?Peace?

Kinda, maybe, sortaKinda, maybe, sorta

OrOr

Previews of coming Previews of coming attractions….attractions….

German defeatGerman defeat

German army disintegrated—German army disintegrated—William II abdicated—Nov. 9, 1918William II abdicated—Nov. 9, 1918

Germany defeated? How? No Germany defeated? How? No foreign troops on German soil…foreign troops on German soil…

Germans expected a negotiated & Germans expected a negotiated & mild settlementmild settlement

““Gee, golly whiz! We’re sorry!”Gee, golly whiz! We’re sorry!”

Changes withIN/withOUT Changes withIN/withOUT EuropeEurope

FascismFascism Inevitable progress based on Inevitable progress based on

reason, science & reason, science & technologytechnologygave way to cynicism, gave way to cynicism, nihilism, dictatorship, official nihilism, dictatorship, official racism, class warfareracism, class warfare

Europe no longer the center of the Europe no longer the center of the worldworld

PeacemakersPeacemakersObstaclesObstacles

Limited secret sessionsLimited secret sessions Public opinionPublic opinion Wilson’s idealismWilson’s idealism

Compromise difficultCompromise difficultNationalismNationalism

Redraw map of Europe? How?Redraw map of Europe? How?

World turmoilWorld turmoil

Fear of the spread of Fear of the spread of BolshevismBolshevismBavariaBavariaHungaryHungary

Fear of Germany (France)Fear of Germany (France)

Treaty of Treaty of VersaillesVersailles

A mixture of idealism & A mixture of idealism & cynicismcynicism

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles

BIG 4BIG 4Woodrow WilsonWoodrow WilsonDavid Lloyd GeorgeDavid Lloyd GeorgeGeorges ClemenceauGeorges ClemenceauVittorio Emanuele Vittorio Emanuele OrlandoOrlando

Woodrow Wilson--USAWoodrow Wilson--USA

Fourteen PointsFourteen Points……rights of rights of

nationalities to nationalities to self-determinationself-determination

Absolute valueAbsolute valueDifficultiesDifficultiesLeague of NationsLeague of Nations

Peace settlement (ToV)Peace settlement (ToV)

5 treaties5 treaties ““Open covenants openly arrived at”Open covenants openly arrived at”

Yeah, right!Yeah, right! Germany presented with treatyGermany presented with treaty

Dictated--Non negotiatedDictated--Non negotiated Peace without victorsPeace without victors

Excluded USSR & GermanyExcluded USSR & Germany Wilson—forces of realityWilson—forces of reality

Colonies?Colonies?

Colonial areasColonial areasmandatesmandatesEncouraged toward Encouraged toward

independenceindependenceActually little advance Actually little advance

mademade

Provisions of Treaty of Provisions of Treaty of VersaillesVersailles

GermanyGermany Reduction of forceReduction of force 100,000 men army100,000 men army NavyNavycoastal defense force onlycoastal defense force only No heavy weaponsNo heavy weapons Territorial concessionsTerritorial concessions $5 Billion payments to Allies (GB, Fr.) $5 Billion payments to Allies (GB, Fr.)

annuallyannually Ensure France’s safetyEnsure France’s safety

US guarantee aid to France if attackedUS guarantee aid to France if attacked

Germany?Germany? Didn’t accept sole responsibility for Didn’t accept sole responsibility for

warwar Lost territories w/ natural resourcesLost territories w/ natural resources Were required to admit guiltWere required to admit guilt Forced to accept total treatyForced to accept total treaty

Social Democrats & Catholic Center Party Social Democrats & Catholic Center Party formed new government—representatives formed new government—representatives accepted Treatyaccepted Treaty

Weimar Republic (govt. until 1933)Weimar Republic (govt. until 1933)

Provisions of Treaty of Provisions of Treaty of VersaillesVersailles

Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary disappeared disappeared 5 states5 states

AustriaAustria HungaryHungary Czechoslovakia (Slovaks, Czechs, Czechoslovakia (Slovaks, Czechs,

Ruthenians)Ruthenians) Yugoslavia (Serbs, Croats, Slovenes)Yugoslavia (Serbs, Croats, Slovenes) RomaniaRomania

Impact of PeaceImpact of Peace Weimar Republic blamed for terms Weimar Republic blamed for terms

of Treatyof Treaty France wants security from France wants security from

Germany & RhinelandGermany & Rhineland Germany shamed & overburdenedGermany shamed & overburdened Britain & USA isolationistBritain & USA isolationist Eastern Europe is economic & Eastern Europe is economic &

nationalist messnationalist mess

It was not a peace without It was not a peace without victors. It did not put an end to victors. It did not put an end to imperialism, but attempted to imperialism, but attempted to promote the national interests promote the national interests of the winning nations. It of the winning nations. It violated the principles of violated the principles of national self-determination by national self-determination by leaving significant pockets of leaving significant pockets of minorities outside the borders minorities outside the borders of their national homelands. of their national homelands. KOT 925KOT 925

Greatest weakness of the Greatest weakness of the peace was its failure to peace was its failure to accept reality. Germany & accept reality. Germany & USSR must play an USSR must play an important part in European important part in European affairs—yet were excluded affairs—yet were excluded from the settlement & the from the settlement & the League of Nations. (KOT League of Nations. (KOT 925)925)

The tragedy of the Treaty of The tragedy of the Treaty of Versailles was that it was Versailles was that it was neither conciliatory enough neither conciliatory enough to remove the desire for to remove the desire for change, even at the cost of change, even at the cost of war, nor harsh enough to war, nor harsh enough to make another war make another war impossible. KOT 926impossible. KOT 926