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Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 32
Assessment: the process of gathering information about people’s symptoms and the possible causes of these symptoms. Information gathered in an assessment is used to determine the appropriate diagnosis for a person’s problems.
Diagnosis: a label for a set of symptoms that often occur together.
Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 33
Considerations in Assessment Tools Validity: Accuracy
Face validity Content validity Concurrent validity Predictive validity Construct validity
Reliability: Consistency Standardization
Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 34
Types of Validity
Type Description Face
Content
Concurrent
Predictive
Construct
Test appears to measure what it is supposed to measure.
Test assesses all important aspects of phenomenon.
Test yields the same results as other measures of the same behavior, thoughts or feelings.
Test predicts the behavior it is supposed to measure.
Test measures what it is supposed to measure and not something else.
Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 35
Types of Reliability
Type Description
Test-Retest
Alternate Form
Internal
Interrater or Interjudge
Test produces similar results when given at two points in time.
Two versions of the same test produce similar results.
Different parts of the same test produce similar results.
Two or more raters or judges who administer a test to an individual and score it come to similar conclusions.
Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 36
The Clinical Interview
Intake interview (mental status exam) Appearance, behavior, thought processes, mood
& affect, intellectual functioning, orientation Structured Interview
Standard series of questions are asked
Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 37
Questionnaires
Symptom Questionnaires These questionnaires may cover a wide variety of
symptoms, representing several different disorders
Personality Inventories Questionnaires meant to assess people’s typical ways of
thinking, feeling, and behaving Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is the
most widely used personality inventory (now MMPI-2)
Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 39
Behavior Observations and Self-Monitoring Behavior Observation
Example: Watching a child interact with another child to see what provokes him or her
Self-Monitoring Example: Asking a client to keep track of the number of times per
day he or she engages in a specific behavior such as smoking a cigarette
Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 310
Intelligence Tests
Used to measure an individual’s intellectual strengths and weaknesses, particularly when mental retardation or brain damage is suspected
Used in schools to identify “gifted” children and those with intellectual difficulties.
Used in occupational settings and the military to evaluate adults’ capabilities for certain jobs or types of service.
Some examples: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test, and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children.
Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 311
Criticisms of Intelligence Tests
Little consensus as to what is meant by intelligence
Biased toward middle- and upper-class educated European Americans
Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 312
Neuropsychological Tests
Used to detect specific cognitive deficits such as a memory problem, as in dementia
Example: Bender-Gestalt
Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 313
Bender-Gestalt Test
.
Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 314
Brain-Imaging Techniques
Computerized tomography (CT): an enhanced X-ray procedure
Positron-emission tomography (PET): a picture of activity in the brain. Requires injecting the patient with a harmless radioactive isotope
Single photon emission computed tomography, or SPECT: similar to PET except that it is less accurate and less expensive
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): involves creating a magnetic field around the brain that causes realignment of hydrogen atoms in the brain
Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 315
Psychophysiological Tests Alternative to and less direct than MRI, CT, PET, and SPECT to detect
changes in the brain and nervous system that reflect emotional and psychological changes.
Electroencephalogram (EEG) Measures electrical activity along the scalp produced by the firing of specific
neurons in the brain. Used most often to detect seizure activity in the brain, and can also be used
to detect tumors and stroke. When EEG patterns over brief periods (such as half second) are recorded in
response to specific stimuli, such as the individual viewing an emotional picture, these EEG patterns are referred to as evoked potentials or event-related potentials.
Clinicians can compare an individual’s response to the standard response of healthy individuals.
Heart rate and respiration are highly responsive to stress and can be easily monitored. Sweat gland activity, known as electrodermal response (formerly called the galvanic skin response) can be assessed with a device that detects electrical conductivity between two points on the skin, which can reflect emotional arousal.
Difficult to administer, resulting in low validity and reliability.
Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 316
Projective Tests
Based on the assumption that, when people are presented with an ambiguous stimulus, such as an oddly shaped inkblot or a captionless picture, they will interpret the stimulus in line with their current concerns and feelings, their relationships with others, and conflicts or desires. (Projection)
Examples: Rorschach Inkblot Test Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) The Sentence Completion Test Draw-A-Person Test
Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 317
Challenges in Assessment
Resistance and Inability to Provide Information
Evaluating Children Difficulties in communication and reporting
Evaluating Individuals across Cultures Language barriers Different cultures experience different
psychological disorders differently
Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 319
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV
Axis I Clinical disorders
Axis IIPersonality disorders
Mental retardation
Axis IIIGeneral medical conditions
Axis IVPsychosocial and
environmental problems
Axis VGlobal assessment of
functioning
Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 320
Continuing Concerns About the DSM-IV-TR
Considering the Continuum Differentiating Mental Disorders from
Each Other Addressing Cultural Issues The Dangers of Diagnosis
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