View
80
Download
0
Category
Tags:
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
CHAPTER 3 C OMPUTER S OFTWARE. E VOLUTION OF C OMPUTER P ROGRAMMING. First and Second Generation Languages. Machine language (1GL) Each instruction must be expressed in unique form for a particular computer Complete program consists of thousands of instructions - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
E. Wainright Martin Carol V. Brown Daniel W. DeHayesJeffrey A. Hoffer William C. Perkins
MANAGINGMANAGINGINFORMATIONINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY
FIFTH EDITION
CHAPTER 3
COMPUTER SOFTWARE
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 2
1. Machine language (1GL) Each instruction must be expressed in unique form for a particular computer Complete program consists of thousands of instructions Programming was tedious, time-consuming process
2. Assembly languages (2GL) Use computer itself to perform many aspects of the programming Create a machine language program as output, that is then used by the
computer’s control unit
First and Second Generation Languages
EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
Page 53
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 3
First and Second Generation Languages
EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
Page 53 Figure 3.1 Assembler Translation Process
SOURCEPROGRAM
OBJECTPROGRAM
(which can be directly executed
on computer)
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 4
3. Procedural Languages (3GL) Generally are machine independent. Express a step-by-step procedure developed by programmer Must be compiled or interpreted (translated into machine
language) Include FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, PL/1, PASCAL, ADA,
and C
Third and Fourth Generation Languages
EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
Page 53
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 5 Page 54 Figure 3.2 Compiling and Running a Procedural Language Program
SOURCEPROGRAM
OBJECTPROGRAM
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 6 Page 54 Figure 3.3 Interpreting and Running an Interpretive Language Program
SOURCEPROGRAM
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 7
4. Nonprocedural Languages (4GL) Also referred to as productivity languages Use more English-like statements for program instructions Easier to use, write, and less error-prone Use a built-in interpreter to convert to machine language Take much longer to execute than 3GLs Include FOCUS, CA-Ramis, IFPS, and SAS
Third and Fourth Generation Languages
EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
Page 55
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 8
Object-Oriented (Visual) Languages 3GLs with some 4GL features Built on idea of embedding procedures (methods) in
objects, and putting objects together to create an application
Include Smalltalk, C++, Java, and Visual Basic
Third and Fourth Generation Languages
EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
Page 55 Figure 3.4 The Software Iceberg
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 9
1. Applications software
2. Support software
Page 56
KEY TYPES OF SOFTWARE
Figure 3.4 The Software Iceberg
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 10
Programs written to accomplish particular tasks Diverse … some general-purpose and some specific Examples include:
General ledger accounting Portfolio management Sales forecasting Material requirements planning (MRP) Electronic mail Desktop publishing
Page 56-57
APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 11
Peachtree Accounting Complete Commercial accounting package for smaller businesses Includes general ledger, accounts receivable, accounts payable,
inventory, payroll, time and billing, job costing, fixed asset accounting, and analysis and reporting tools
$300 for single-user version
Page 58
APPLICATIONS SOFTWAREExamples of Applications Packages
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 12 Page 58 Figure 3.5 “My Business Page” from Peachtree Complete Accounting
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 13
Word processing Spreadsheets Presentation graphics Electronic mail and groupware Database management systems Desktop publishing Web browsers Statistical packages
Page 59-63
APPLICATIONS SOFTWAREPersonal Productivity Software
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 14
Word processing Used to create documents for printing Most popular is Microsoft Word Others are Corel WordPerfect, Lotus Word Pro, and Sun’s StarOffice
Writer All employ WYSIWYG
Page 59-60
APPLICATIONS SOFTWAREPersonal Productivity Software
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 15
Spreadsheets Used to create applications that fit a row-column format Most popular is Microsoft Excel Others are Lotus 1-2-3 and Corel Quattro Pro All employ rows, columns, cells, formulas, “what-if” analysis
Page 60
APPLICATIONS SOFTWAREPersonal Productivity Software
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 16 Page 61 Figure 3.6 Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 17
Database Management Systems Used to create databases similar to those on larger machines Most popular is Microsoft Access Others are FileMaker Pro, Corel Paradox, and Lotus Approach All employ a relational data model
Page 61
APPLICATIONS SOFTWAREPersonal Productivity Software
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 18
Presentation Graphics Used to create largely textual business presentations Most popular is Microsoft PowerPoint Others are Corel Presentations and Lotus Freelance Graphics All allow embedding of clip art, photos, graphs, and other media
Page 61-62
APPLICATIONS SOFTWAREPersonal Productivity Software
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 19
World Wide Web Browsers Used to access information on the Web Requires ISP service to link PC to Internet Create documents for printing Most popular are Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator … both free! Both employ standard hypertext-based approach (way to link text and media objects to each other) Use pull technology – browser requests a Web page before it is sent to desktop Use push technology – data sent to client without requesting it (such as e-mail)
Page 62-63
APPLICATIONS SOFTWAREPersonal Productivity Software
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 20
Electronic Mail Preferred way of communicating in business today Easy to use and precise
Groupware Incorporates e-mail and other productivity features, such as calendaring,
scheduling, and document sharing
Page 63
APPLICATIONS SOFTWAREPersonal Productivity Software
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 21
Office Suites Popular software applications bundled together and sold as a single package
(suite) Used for home or office Most popular is Microsoft Office Others are Corel WordPerfect Office, Lotus SmartSuite, and Sun StarOffice
Page 64
APPLICATIONS SOFTWAREPersonal Productivity Software
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 22 Page 64
APPLICATIONS SOFTWAREPersonal Productivity Software
Microsoft Office 2003
Edition Applications Purpose Retail price
Standard Word
Excel
PowerPoint
Outlook
Word processing
Spreadsheets
Presentation graphics
E-mail, scheduling
$399
Small Business
Adds:
Publisher Desktop publishing
$449
Professional Adds:
Access Database management
$499
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 23
User communicates with operating system software to control hardware and software resources
Communication made easier with a graphical user interface (GUI) feature
Page 66
SUPPORT SOFTWAREThe Operating System
Operating system – complex program that controls operation of computer hardware and coordinates other software
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 24 Page 66
SUPPORT SOFTWAREThe Operating System
Job Control Language (JCL) – keyed instructions from the computer user to communicate with the operating system
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 25 Page 66-67
SUPPORT SOFTWAREThe Operating System
Multiprogramming – employed on larger machines to overlap input and output operations with processing time, keeping the CPU busy and speeding up execution
Multitasking – similar to multiprogramming, but employed on microcomputers
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 26
Virtual Memory Concerned with management of main memory Makes it appear more memory available than actually is Used only on larger computers Permits multiprogramming to operate more efficiently
Page 67
SUPPORT SOFTWAREThe Operating System
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 27 Page 67
SUPPORT SOFTWAREThe Operating System
Multiprocessing – work that takes place when two or more CPUs are installed on same computer system
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 28
Sources of Operating Systems
Microcomputers: MS-DOS, PC-DOS, Windows XP Midrange systems: OS/400 Large systems: VM and MVS
Page 68
SUPPORT SOFTWAREThe Operating System
Proprietary systems – most popular type of operating systems, written for a particular computer hardware configuration
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 29
Sources of Operating Systems
Examples: UNIX and Linux
Page 68
SUPPORT SOFTWAREThe Operating System
Open systems – not tied to any particular computer system or hardware manufacturer – will run on virtually any computer system
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 30
Sources of Operating Systems
Enhanced operating system to allow for sharing disk drives and printers handling server side of client/server applications
Page 68
SUPPORT SOFTWAREThe Operating System
Network operating systems (NOS) – software running on a server that manages network resources and controls the operation of a network
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 31
Sources of Operating Systems
Major players include: UNIX and Linux Microsoft Windows NT, 2000 Server, 2003 Server Novell NetWare
Page 68
SUPPORT SOFTWAREThe Operating System
Network operating systems (NOS) – software running on a server that manages network resources and controls the operation of a network
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 32
Procedural languages (3GL) Require logical thinking Entail development of a detailed step-by-step procedure Can be developed using structured programming
Page 69
SUPPORT SOFTWAREThird Generation Languages
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 33
Advantages: Program logic easier to follow Maintenance and correction easier and faster Do not use GO TO logic
Page 70
SUPPORT SOFTWAREThird Generation Languages
Structured programs – divided into modules, where each has one entry and one exit point
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 34 Page 70
SUPPORT SOFTWAREThird Generation Languages
Table 3.1 Stages in the Program Development Process
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 35
Most popular procedural languages: BASIC C COBOL
Page 70-75
SUPPORT SOFTWAREThird Generation Languages
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 36 Page 71 Figure 3.9 BASIC Program
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 37 Page 72 Figure 3.10 C Program
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 38 Page 73 Figure 3.11 COBOL Program
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 39 Page 73 Figure 3.11 COBOL Program
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 40 Page 74 Figure 3.11 COBOL Program
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 41
Other procedural languages: FORTRAN PL/1 PASCAL ADA
Page 74
SUPPORT SOFTWAREThird Generation Languages
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 42
Nonprocedural languages: Use very high-level instructions Require fewer instructions Easier to write, modify, understand
Example: FOCUS
Page 75
SUPPORT SOFTWAREFourth Generation Languages
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 43 Page 76 Figure 3.12 FOCUS Program and Output
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 44
Most popular: HTML: used to create Web pages XML: used to facilitate data interchange
among Web applications
Page 72-73
SUPPORT SOFTWAREMarkup Languages
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 45
Requires more computing power Has built-in GUI Neither 3GL nor 4GL … new paradigm Creates objects only once and stores for reuse Object examples:
Text box, check box, entity in an organization Languages:
Smalltalk, C++, Java, Visual Basic.NET
Page 78
SUPPORT SOFTWAREObject-Oriented Programming
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 46 Page 80 Figure 3.13A Visual Basic Program
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 47 Page 81 Figure 3.13B Visual Basic Screen Layout
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 48
HTML Server-side programming languages:
Perl Java Servlets and Java Server Pages Microsoft Active Server Pages (ASP, ASP.NET) ColdFusion
Page 83-86
SUPPORT SOFTWARELanguages for Developing Web Applications
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 49 Page 84 Figure 3.17 Grocery Store HTML Form
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 50 Page 85 Figure 3.17
HTML and ASP.NET codeto accompany Grocery Store HTML Form
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 51 Page 86 Figure 3.18
Program to Process Data from Grocery Store HTML Form
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 52 Page 86 Figure 3.19 Grocery Store Confirmation Web Page
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 53 Page 86 Figure 3.19
Code to Generate Confirmation Web Page
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 54
DBMS – support software used to create, manage, and protect organizational data
Database – shared collection of logically related data organized to meet organizational needs
Relational DBMS Most common type Data arranged in simple tables Records related by storing common data in each
associated table Examples: Microsoft Access and SQL Server, Paradox,
DB2, and Ingres
Page 87
SUPPORT SOFTWAREDatabase Management Systems
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 55
Sequential – arranges records physically adjacent and in order by some (usually unique) sort key
Direct – uses key for records placed so that they are rapidly accessed from DASDs
Page 88
SUPPORT SOFTWAREFile Organization
Figure 3.20 File Organizations
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 56
SUPPORT SOFTWARE
Indexed Compromise between
sequential and direct
Record keys only arranged in sequence in a separate table, along with location of rest of data associated with that key
Popular types include ISAM and VSAM
Page 88
File Organization
Figure 3.20 File Organizations
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 57 Page 89 Figure 3.21 Relationship Schemes
Relational DBMSs use this scheme
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 58
Growth slower than anticipated Radically changed nature of systems analyst and
programmer jobs
Page 88
SUPPORT SOFTWARECASE Tools
Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) – collection of software tools to help automate all phases of the software development life cycle
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 59
Large computers need to control workstations and terminals Example software: IBM’s CICS, TSO, and CMS
LANs and WANs Need to connect to the Internet Web browsers Telenet File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Page 88-90
SUPPORT SOFTWARECommunications Interface Software
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 60
More complexity of hardware/software arrangements Less concern with machine efficiency More purchased applications More programming using object-oriented and visual languages More emphasis on applications that run on intranets and the Internet More user development More use of personal productivity software
Page 90-91
THE CHANGING NATURE OF SOFTWARE
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 61
More complexity of hardware/software arrangements Less concern with machine efficiency More purchased applications More programming using object-oriented and visual languages More emphasis on applications that run on intranets and the Internet
Page 92
THE SOFTWARE COMPONENT OF THE INFORMATION SYSTEMS INDUSTRY
Recommended