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EARTH’S HUMAN & CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY
BIG QUESTION What factors bring about change in
cultures?Brainstorm and write in a one-paragraph response.
Main Idea: Geographers study how people and physical features are distributed on Earth’s surface.
WORLD POPULATION
POPULATION INCREASE IN INDIA https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=74ej9loZI-c
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cG3aZgZOlWM
Why is this a problem? How may it be solved?
POPULATION GROWTH The world’s
population has increased rapidly in the past two centuries, creating many new challenges.
More than 6 billion people live on the Earth today.
Has the population in our community increased or decreased in recent years? (Think about new schools opening)
REASONS FOR POPULATION GROWTH Death rate has
decreased Better health care Better living
conditions Food supplies
more available
Birth rate has increased High birth rates in
Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
Death rate (mortality rate) is the number of deaths per year fro every 1,000 people.
Birth rate is the number of children born each year for every 1,000 people.
http://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/world-life-expectancy-map
http://www.prb.org/publications/datasheets/2013/2013-world-population-data-sheet/world-map.aspx#map/world/population/2013
What conclusions can you draw from this map? List at least 3 on your paper
ISSUES WITH POPULATION GROWTH More food is needed for larger
populations. Warfare and crop failures can lead to
famine. Shortages of water & housing. More schools & hospitals required. Famine is a severe lack
of food.
KNOWLEDGE CHECK #1 (ANSWER ON A SEPARATE PIECE OF PAPER)
What has caused population growth in the last 200 years?
WHERE PEOPLE LIVE The Earth’s
population is not evenly distributed.
Land only covers 30% of the Earth’s surface.
Humans live on only half the available land.
Deserts, mountains, and ice-covered lands cannot support large numbers of people.
Do we live in an urban, suburban, or rural area? What are the advantages & disadvantages of living here?
TURN AND TALK Talk to your partner and convince them
of the right answer!
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION Even on usable land, population is not
evenly distributed. People prefer areas that include:
Fertile soil Mild climates Natural resources Water resources Cities (access to jobs)
POPULATION DENSITY Some parts of the world are thickly settled
while some areas are not. The eastern seaboard of the United States
(the area from Boston, MA to Richmond, VA) has a high population density.
The area of the United States that includes the Rocky Mountains (Montana to New Mexico) has a low population density.
Population density is the average number of people living in a square mile. To arrive at this figure, divide total population by total land area.
KNOWLEDGE CHECK #2 Why does much of the world’s
population live on a relatively small area of the Earth?
KNOWLEDGE CHECK #3
Answer with your flashcards (A, B, C, D)A population will most likely grow if…A. Its fertility rate is greater than its birthrateB. Its infant mortality rate is greater than its
mortality rateC. Its mortality rate is greater than its birth rateD. Its birthrate is greater than its mortality rate
POPULATION MOVEMENT Large numbers of
people migrate from one place to another.
Throughout history, millions of people have moved from one place to another.
People continue to move today as individuals or as part of a larger group.
Have you or your family ever moved?
ESSAY ASSIGNMENT- HOMEWORK Use internet research to identify at
least two potential problems that may result from a continued growth in world population. 2-3 paragraphs, describe one
problem /paragraph
TYPES OF MIGRATION Internal migration: moving from place to
place within the same country. Urbanization: growth of cities caused by
people moving from farm areas to cities in search of work.
International migration: moving from one country to another.
Emigrate: to leave the country where you were born and move to another country.
Immigrant: a person moving into a country from another country.
REASONS PEOPLE MOVE “Push” Factors: convince people to leave
their current home. (for example, a shortage of jobs.)
“Pull” Factors: attract people to come to a new place. (for example, availability of jobs.)
Refugees: people who are forced to flee to another country to escape wars, persecution, or disasters.
KNOWLEDGE CHECK #4- WRITE THEN TURN AND TALK
What are some reasons a person may leave a country? (Push factors)
What are some reasons a person may enter a country? (Pull factors)
IMPACT OF MIGRATION Country experiences a decrease in
population (this can ease overcrowding) If the skilled workers leave a country, it
can hurt that country’s economy. Positive effects on immigrant’s country:
bring new forms of music, art, foods, and language
Negative effects on immigrant’s country: nativists don’t like immigrants leading to violence and unjust treatment
EXIT TICKET What is one effect of migration on
another country?
KNOWLEDGE CHECK #5 Why have so many rural citizens
moved to cities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America?
USING ALL THE TERMS ON P. 1 AND THE FOLLOWING
Push factorPull factorLandimmigrant
VOCABULARY SORT Now that we’ve learned some vocab.
Terms, organize/sort them according to categories.
You make up the categories, and one term can be used in more than one category!
Examples: Factors that decrease population Factors that increase population Migration
Main Idea: Culture influences people’s perceptions about places and regions.
GLOBAL CULTURES
COMPLETE THE CHART
Culture
WHAT IS CULTURE? Culture refers to
the many shared characteristics that define a group of people.
Think about the clothes you wear, the music you listen to, and the foods you eat. These are part of your culture.
CULTURE Culture is the way of life of a group of
people who share similar beliefs and customs.
Eight things make-up a person’s culture: Social Groups Language Religion History Daily Life Arts Government Economy
SOCIAL GROUPS We all belong to multiple social groups. We all have social status Most groups have rules of behavior that
group members learn. Ethnic Group: group that shares a
language, history, religion, and some physical traits.
Examples: Old vs. young Male vs. female Student vs. worker Wealthy vs. middle class vs. poor
LANGUAGE Sharing a language is one of the
strongest unifying forces for a culture.
There are more than 2,000 languages spoken in the world.
Dialect: a local form of a language that may have a distinct vocabulary and pronunciation.
RELIGION In many cultures, religious beliefs and
practices help people answer basic questions about life’s meaning.
More than 2/3’s of the world’s population follow one of the five major religions.
The major religions are Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, & Judaism.
HISTORY History shapes how a culture views
itself and the world. Stories about the challenges and
successes of a culture support certain values and help people develop cultural pride.
Cultural holidays enable people to celebrate their heritage.
DAILY LIFE Food, clothing, and shelter
are basic human needs. Do you use chopsticks or a
fork? Do you live in an apartment
or a house? Do you wear sandals or
sneakers?
ARTS Through music, painting,
sculpture, dance, and literature, people express what they think is beautiful and meaningful.
Arts can also tell stories about important figures and events in a culture.
GOVERNMENT Governments fulfill the need to
prevent conflict so people can live together.
Democracy: power is held by the people.
Dictatorship: The leader rules by force, individual freedoms are limited.
Monarchy: government is led by a king or queen who inherits power by being born into the ruling family.
ECONOMY People in every culture must
earn a living. An economy’s success can be
seen in people’s quality of life—how well they eat and live and what kind of health care they receive.
CULTURAL CHANGE Cultures are
constantly changing and influencing each other.
New inventions & technology can change a culture.
Change in one culture can influence other cultures.
What influences from other cultures can you see in your community?
ACCULTURATION The blending and cultural change
that results in the meeting of two or more cultures.
KNOWLEDGE CHECK #6 Describe three elements that help unify
a culture. How can different cultures better live
together in the same place? (assimilation)
What may be some challenges inAcculturation?
INVENTIONS & TECHNOLGY Humans were once hunter-gatherers. The Agricultural Revolution led to
civilizations. Civilizations led to cities, governments,
religions, and writing systems. 1700s: the Industrial Revolution
changes society. Computers, mass communication, &
medical technology have greatly influenced recent cultures.
Civilizations: highly developed cultures.
CULTURAL DIFFUSION Cultures influence each other. This can happen through trade,
migrations, conquest, and mass communication.
Trade is still the most common way to spread culture.
Television, movies, and the Internet are major influencers today.
Cultural Diffusion: The process of spreading ideas from one culture to another.
KNOWLEDGE CHECK Describe one way that cultural diffusion
takes place.
REGIONAL AND GLOBAL CULTURES As countries and
regions share cultural traits, a global culture is emerging.
A culture region is an area that includes different countries that share similar cultural traits.
What do you have in common with a student who lives across town or across the country?
CULTURE REGIONS The countries in each culture region
generally have similar social groups, governments, economic systems, religions, languages, ethnic groups, and histories.
There are nine major culture regions in the world: U.S & Canada; Latin America; Europe; Russia; North Africa, Southwest Asia & Central Asia; Africa south of the Sahara; South Asia; East Asia & Southeast Asia; Australia, Oceania & Antarctica.
GLOBAL CULTURE Recent advances in communications &
technology have helped break down barriers between culture regions.
Individual economies now rely greatly upon each other for resources & markets.
As global culture grows, local cultures become less important.
Globalization: the development of a worldwide culture with an interdependent economy.
KNOWLEDGE CHECK #7 What are culture regions? How and why do cultures change?
Main Idea: Patterns of economic activities result in global interdependence.
RESOURCES, TECHNOLOGY, AND WORLD TRADE
NATURAL RESOURCES Earth’s resources
are not evenly distributed, nor do they all exist in endless supply.
What natural resources can you name?
NATURAL RESOURCES Natural Resources: materials
from the Earth that people use to meet their needs.
Such resources provide food, shelter, goods, & energy.
Examples include soil, trees, wind, & oil.
RENEWABLE RESOURCES Renewable Resources: natural
resources that cannot be used up or that can be replaced.
Examples include the sun, wind, water, rivers, and forests.
NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES Nonrenewable Resources: natural
resources that are finite, or limited in supply.
Examples include iron ore, gold, oil, and coal.
KNOWLEDGE CHECK Which energy resources are renewable?
Nonrenewable?
ECONOMIES & TRADE An economy is
the way people use and manage resources.
What kinds of goods and services do the people in your community produce?
ECONOMIC SYSTEMS Economic System: the method used to
answer what goods and services to produce, how to produce them, and who will receive them.
Traditional Economy = individuals decide what to produce and how to produce it. Technology usually limited.
Command Economy = government makes decisions about resources.
Market Economy = supply and demand; businesses & consumers force decisions.
Mixed Economy = the U.S. has a mixed economy.
DEVELOPED & DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Developed Country: has a mix of
agriculture, a great deal of manufacturing, and service industries; rely on technology; workers have high incomes.
Developing Country: A country with little industry that relies heavily on agriculture; workers have low incomes.
Newly Industrialized Countries: there were once developing countries that are now working towards being a developed country.
WORLD TRADE Trade is important because most
countries have more than what they need of one resource, but not enough of another.
Export: sell to other countries resources that are in abundance.
Import: buy from other countries resources a country does not have.
Both developed & developing countries rely on trade.
BARRIERS TO TRADE Tariffs: taxes to increase the price of
imported goods—encourage purchase of products made within your country.
Quota: a limit on how many items of a particular product can be imported from a certain nation.
FREE TRADE Recently, many countries have
eliminated trade barriers. Free Trade: the removal of trade
limits so that goods flow freely among countries.
INTERDEPENDENCE & TECHNOLOGY Free trade is leading to increased
globalization. More Interdependence: countries
rely on each other for ideas, goods, services, and markets.
Interdependence has occurred due to increased technologies—trains, airplanes, telephones, & the Internet.
KNOWLEDGE CHECK Explain why trade barriers exist, and
describe two types of trade barriers.
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