View
209
Download
3
Category
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
Chapter 4 Introduction to Nanochemistry. Chapter 4. Introduction to Nanochemistry. Periodicity of the Elements Chemical Bonding Intermolecular Forces Nanoscale Structures Practical Applications . Introduction to N anochemistry. 1. 4. Section 1: Periodicity of the Elements. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
Chapter 4Introduction to Nanochemistry
2
Introduction to Nanochemistry
Chapter 4
Periodicity of the ElementsChemical Bonding Intermolecular Forces Nanoscale Structures Practical Applications
3
| Section
Chapter |
Section 1: Periodicity of the Elements
Introduction to Nanochemistry 14
The Elements Periodic Table of the Elements Periodic Trends
4
| Section
Chapter |
The Elements
Periodicity of the Elements 14
Helium Atom−2 Neutrons and 2 protons in the nucleus−2 Electrons moving about the nucleus
An Element Is an Atom with a Unique Chemical IdentityThe Presence of 2 Protons in the Nucleus Is Unique to the Helium Atom−# Neutrons changes — helium isotopes−# Electrons changes — helium ions−# Protons changes — not helium!
5
| Section
Chapter |
The Elements
Periodicity of the Elements 14
Atomic PropertiesAtomic StructureQuantum Numbers and Electron Configurations
6
| Section
Chapter |
Atomic Properties
Periodicity of the Elements 14
Element Symbol — 1 or 2 LettersAtomic Number — Number of Protons in Element (Z)Mass Number — Number of Protons and Neutrons (A)Isotopes — Elements with Varying Numbers of Neutrons
7
| Section
Chapter |
Atomic Structure
Periodicity of the Elements 14
8
| Section
Chapter |
Quantum Numbers and Electron Configurations
Periodicity of the Elements 14
9
| Section
Chapter |
Periodic Table of the Elements
Periodicity of the Elements 14
10
| Section
Chapter |
Periodic Table of the Elements
Periodicity of the Elements 14
Metals NonmetalsMetalloids
11
| Section
Chapter |
Periodic Table of the Elements
Periodicity of the Elements 14
12
| Section
Chapter |
Typical Chemical Reactions
Periodicity of the Elements 14
1. Metal + Nonmetal → Salt−2 Al(s) + 3 Br2(g) → 2 AlBr3(s)
2a. Metal Oxide + Water → Metal Hydroxide−Na2O(s)+ H2O(l) → 2 NaOH(aq)
2b. Nonmetal Oxide + Water → Acid−CO2(g)+ H2O(l) → H2CO3(aq)
3. Metal Oxide + Acid → Salt + Water−NiO(s) + H2SO4(l) → NiSO4(aq) + H2O(l)
13
| Section
Chapter |
Periodic Trends
Periodicity of the Elements 14
Atomic NumberAtomic SizeIonization EnergyElectron AffinityElectronegativity
14
| Section
Chapter |
Periodic Trends: Atomic Number (Number of Protons in Nucleus)
Periodicity of the Elements 14
Increasing atomic number
Incr
easin
g at
omic
num
ber
15
| Section
Chapter |
Periodic Trends: Atomic Size
Periodicity of the Elements 14
Increasing atomic size
Increasing atomic size
16
| Section
Chapter |
Periodic Trends: Electron Affinity (atom + e— → atom— + energy)
Periodicity of the Elements 14
Increasing electron affinity
Incr
easin
g el
ectro
n affi
nity
17
| Section
Chapter |
Periodic Trends: Ionization Energy (atom + energy → atom+ + e— )
Periodicity of the Elements 14
Increasing ionization energy
Incr
easin
g io
niza
tion
ener
gy
18
| Section
Chapter |
Periodic Trends: Electronegativity
Periodicity of the Elements 14
Increasing electronegativity
Incr
easin
g el
ectro
nega
tivity
19
| Section
Chapter |
Section 2: Chemical Bonding
Introduction to Nanochemistry 24
Ionic BondsCovalent Bonds
20
| Section
Chapter |
Chemical Bonding
Introduction to Nanochemistry 24
Ionic BondsCovalent Bonds
21
| Section
Chapter |
Electronegativity Values
Chemical Bonding 24
Electronegativity Difference Between Atoms−≳ 1.7 Ionic −≲ 1.7 Covalent
22
| Section
Chapter |
Ionic Bonds
Chemical Bonding 24
Na + ½ Cl2 → [ Na+ + Cl– ] → NaCl
Ca + Cl2 → [ Ca+2 + Cl– + Cl– ] → CaCl2
23
| Section
Chapter |
Covalent Bonds
Chemical Bonding 24
24
| Section
Chapter |
Molecules with Functional Groups
Chemical Bonding 24
25
| Section
Chapter |
Polar Covalent Bonds
Chemical Bonding 24
Electronegativity3.5 Oxygen2.1 Hydrogen
26
| Section
Chapter |
Section 3: Intermolecular Forces
Introduction to Nanochemistry 34
Dipole-Dipole InteractionsHydrogen Bonding
27
| Section
Chapter |
Charge Carrier
Intermolecular Forces 34
IonsDipoleInduced Dipole
28
| Section
Chapter |
Dipole Interactions
Intermolecular Forces 34
29
| Section
Chapter |
Hydrogen Bonding
Intermolecular Forces 34
Liquid Water Ice
30
| Section
Chapter |
Hydrogen Bonding: Watson-Crick Base Pairs
Intermolecular Forces 34
31
| Section
Chapter |
Section 4: Nanoscale Structures
Introduction to Nanochemistry 44
Polymers and CopolymersDendrimersSelf-Assembled MonolayersNanoparticlesQuantum DotsCarbon NanotubesFullerenes
32
| Section
Chapter |
Polymers and Copolymers
Nanoscale Structures 44
33
| Section
Chapter |
Dendrimers
Nanoscale Structures 44
34
| Section
Chapter |
Self-Assembled Monolayers
Nanoscale Structures 44
35
| Section
Chapter |
Self-Assembled Monolayers
Nanoscale Structures 44
36
| Section
Chapter |
Self-Assembled Monolayers
Nanoscale Structures 44
Functional Groups−Layer-by-layer (LbL)/electrostatic self-
assembly (ESA)
Substrates−Gold• Biocompatible• Inert
−Other metals−Silicon oxides• Optical transparency
37
| Section
Chapter |
Nanoparticles
Nanoscale Structures 44
Gold NanoparticlesQuantum Dots
38
| Section
Chapter |
Gold Nanoparticles
Nanoscale Structures 44
1 to >100 nmUniform Size DistributionRed Color, Not GoldEasily Modified Surface PropertiesGold Is Inert in Biological Organisms
39
| Section
Chapter |
Quantum Dots
Nanoscale Structures 44
40
| Section
Chapter |
Quantum Dots
Nanoscale Structures 44
41
| Section
Chapter |
Carbon Allotropes
Nanoscale Structures 44
Carbon Nanotube
C60 Fullerene
sp3 Carbon: Diamondsp2 Carbon: Graphite, Graphene, Fullerenes, Carbon Nanotubes
42
| Section
Chapter |
Carbon Nanotubes
Nanoscale Structures 44
Multi Walled Nano Tube
43
| Section
Chapter |
Carbon Nanotubes
Nanoscale Structures 44
Exploring Structures−Fibers• Typical lengths: 1-100 μm
−Containers• Adding end caps• Enclosing atoms, molecules, C60 fullerenes• Enclosing carbon nanotubes (i.e., multi-
walled nanotubes)−Surface modification• Via van der Waals interactions• Via chemical reactions
44
| Section
Chapter |
C60 Fullerenes
Nanoscale Structures 44
C60
45
| Section
Chapter |
Section 5: Practical Applications
Introduction to Nanochemistry 54
Drug DeliveryBiological SensorsSolar CellsNanocatalysts
46
| Section
Chapter |
Drug Delivery
Practical Applications 54
β-cyclodextran camptothecin
47
| Section
Chapter |
Drug Delivery
Practical Applications 54
60 nm Nanoparticle
(m ≈ 17, MW 97 kDa)
48
| Section
Chapter |
Biological Sensors
Practical Applications 54
Selectivity in Biological Matrix−Differentiate among similar
biomolecules
Sensitivity to Biological Concentrations−Sensitive detectors−Chemical/biological amplification
Efficient−Cost effective−Throughput/turnaround time
49
| Section
Chapter |
Biological Sensors
Practical Applications 54
50
| Section
Chapter |
Solar Cells
Practical Applications 54
Current and Potential Applications−Improve efficency• >1 Electron per photon• Moving electrons
between electrodes−Alternatives to silica• Polymer matrix
−Cost reduction• Alternative photon absorbers
51
| Section
Chapter |
Nanocatalysts
Practical Applications 54
52
| Section
Chapter |
Nanocatalysts
Practical Applications 54
Encapsulated Enzyme Particles−Isolatable−Enhanced stability• From thermal denaturation• From proteolytic enzymes
Recommended